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El diagnóstico que Raúl Prebisch formuló a fines de los años cuarenta desde la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL-ONU) dio lugar a un programa de investigación que más tardíamente denominaría “estructuralismo latinoamericano”, el cuál ejerció una importante influencia a nivel regional debido a su capacidad de articular las tendencias empíricas vigentes en la economía mundial con elementos novedosos provenientes de la teoría económica heterodoxa de su tiempo. Las ideas estructuralistas inspiraron el diseño de las pautas de intervención estatal con vistas a la industrialización y se extendieron en el tiempo, incluyendo diversas y variadas contribuciones intelectuales que refinaron el programa, entre las que se destacan las de Furtado, Cardozo y Faletto; Sunkel, Pinto, Graciarena, entre otros. El estructuralismo perduró hasta la renovación teórica impulsada por la CEPAL -denominada neo-estructuralismo- liderada por Fernando Fajnzylber a principios de los años noventa, que resultó tributaria del balance crítico de las experiencias nacionales de industrialización en la región y reemplazó el apoyo a la estrategia sustitutiva de importaciones por la de integración activa en los mercados mundiales en el contexto de ascenso del neoliberalismo. El artículo tiene el propósito de aportar a la construcción de las claves explicativas del cambio de programa de investigación y propuesta de política de desarrollo por parte de la CEPAL-ONU durante la última década del siglo XX. Para ello se consideran las continuidades y rupturas en relación con el posicionamiento al interior del campo intelectual de la economía, los núcleos teóricos propuestos y el tipo de proyectos de industrialización impulsados para la región.

This essay reviews the following works: The El Mozote Massacre: Human Rights and Global Implications. By Leigh Binford. Revised and expanded ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016. Pp. 400. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780816532162. Stories of Civil War in El Salvador: A Battle over Memory. By Erik Ching. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. 362. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469628660. The Politics of Transitional Justice in Latin America: Power, Norms, and Capacity Building. By Ezequiel A. González-Ocantos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. $18.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781108799089. The Feathers of Condor: Transnational State Terrorism, Exiles and Civilian Anticommunism in South America. By Fernando López. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016. Pp. 375. £57.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781443897099. Eruptions of Memory: The Critique of Memory in Chile, 1990–2015. By Nelly Richard. Translated by Andrew Ascherl. Pp. xxvi + 189. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018. Pp. 224. $22.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781509532285. Exile, Diaspora, and Return: Changing Cultural Landscapes in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. By Luis Roniger, Leonardo Senkman, Saúl Sosnowski, and Mario Sznajder. Pp. 304. $82.00 hardcover. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. ISBN: 9780190693961. Surviving State Terror: Women’s Testimonies of Repression and Resistance in Argentina. By Barbara Sutton. New York: New York University Press, 2018. Pp. v + 325. $35.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781479829927. Memory, Truth, and Justice in Contemporary Latin America. Edited by Roberta Villalón. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017. Pp. vi + 274. $41.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781442267251.

The current research studies the coupled combustion inside the furnace and the steam generation inside the radiant and convection tubes through a typical Once-Through Steam Generator (OTSG). A 3-D CFD model coupling the combustion and the two-phase flow was developed to model the entire system of OTSG. Once the combustion simulation was converged, the results were compared to field data showing a convincing agreement. The CFD analysis provides the detailed flow behavior inside the combustion chamber and the stack, as well as the two-phase flow steam generation process in the radiant and convective sections. The flame shape and orientation, the velocity, the species, and the temperature distribution at the various parts of the furnace, as well as the steam generation and the steam distribution inside the pipes were investigated using the developed CFD model

La presente intervención está orientada a aportar elementos para pensar los desafíos que plantea el proceso de construcción de programas económicos más justos, democráticos y emancipatorios por parte de economistas con filiaciones heterodoxas en la actual coyuntura en la Argentina. Para ello se parte de introducir, muy sintéticamente, un marco conceptual desde el cual se concibe la praxis de las y los economistas como intelectuales inmersos en un campo de poder específico, el campo intelectual de la Economía. Este campo se encuentra delimitado a nivel nacional en términos políticos e institucionales, pero mantiene un fuerte vínculo, de dependencia estructural en el caso argentino, con el internacional y actúa como receptor selectivo de corrientes de pensamiento y propuestas de programas económicos provenientes de los principales centros de producción y divulgación de conocimiento a nivel mundial. A continuación, se describen y caracterizan algunos de los rasgos de la estructura de este campo intelectual así como de las tendencias que han predominado en su funcionamiento a lo largo de la historia con el fin de identificar, a partir de ello, los condicionamientos que este impone en su especificidad a las posibilidades de construcción colectiva de programas económicos emancipatorios en la actual coyuntura. Finalmente, y a modo de reflexión final, se realiza una propuesta orientada a fortalecer estas posibilidades considerando los condicionamientos analizados.

Mano de obra (2002) de Diamela Eltit puede leerse como una exploración de la ciudadanía chilena de la posdictadura y una reflexión acerca de los procesos de transformación (y desintegración) que acompañan el desmembramiento de las subjetividades colectivas y populares del pasado. Eltit pone en cuestionamiento el modelo de redemocratización basado en la vigilancia ciudadana y la supremacía del consumo. Si bien no puede negarse la fuerza arrasadora de las imágenes de desintegración social en Mano de Obra, es posible acercarse al texto desde los intersticios de resistencia femenina e intermitente que están anclados en la corporalidad y la escritura. El género sexual sirve en la narrativa de Eltit para dar cuenta, simultáneamente, del ensamblaje de la discursividad patriarcal dentro del paisaje económico y cultural chileno y de las fallas a través de las cuales se filtran expresiones de rebeldía y resistencia. Mi intención en este ensayo es nomadismo desorganizado del componente femenino y corporal como estrategia de subversión frente a nuevas formas de vigilancia y dominación del neoliberalismo globalizador.Mano de obra (2002) by Diamela Eltit can be read as an exploration of Chilean citizenship during the postdictatorship and of the processes of transformation (and disintegration) that accompany the dismembering of the collective and popular subjectivities of the past. Eltit questions the model of redemocratization based on citizenship vigilance and consumerism supremacy. Even if the devastating force of the images of social disintegration cannot be denied in Mano de Obra, it is still possible to approach the text from the interstices of feminine resistance, a model of intermittent subversion that is anchored in corporeality and in writing. In Eltit's narrative, gender serves to expose simultaneously the assembling of patriarchal discourse within the Chilean economic and cultural landscape and of the cracks through which expressions of rebellion and resistance can escape. My intention in this essay is to rethink the disorganized nomadism of the feminine and corporeal component as a strategy of subversion against the new forms of the globalized neoliberal vigilance and domination.

Resumen: La literatura testimonial de ex presos políticos uruguayos se establece como escenario para examinar las diferentes transformaciones que se producen a partir de la pretensión fundamental de ser reconocidos como víctimas de violaciones a los derechos humanos desde el propio cuerpo y desde el pensamiento de él Asimismo y a partir de un cruce de los acercamientos al cuerpo y a lo visible, este ensayo propone una poética del testimonio justamente en la transformación de la materialidad de la voz (como grito desarticulado asociado a la tortura) en una voz articulada que trae al campo de lo visible (en un sentido político) simultáneamente las denuncias a las violaciones de los derechos humanos y la articulación de una subjetividad ético-política que se proyecta hacia el futuro. Palabras clave: víctimas, cuerpo, pensamiento, voz, sufrimiento Abstract: The uruguayan political prisoners testimonial literature it's established as a scene for inspect the different transformations which are generated from the fundamental ambition of being recognized as victims of violation of the Human Rights since the thinking about him. Likewise, and from an exchange of the approaches to the body and the observableness, this essay proposes a poetics from the testimony precisely during the transformation of the material nature of the voice (as a broken cry associated to the torture) in an articulated voice that brings to the realm of the visible (in a political way) simultaneously the reports to the violations of the Human Rights and the articulation of an ethical and political subjectivity which it's projected to the future. Key words: victims, body, knowledge, voice, suffering

Mano de obra (2002) de Diamela Eltit puede leerse como una exploración de la ciudadanía chilena de la posdictadura y una reflexión acerca de los procesos de transformación (y desintegración) que acompañan el desmembramiento de las subjetividades colectivas y populares del pasado. Eltit pone en cuestionamiento el modelo de redemocratización basado en la vigilancia ciudadana y la supremacía del consumo. Si bien no puede negarse la fuerza arrasadora de las imágenes de desintegración social en Mano de Obra, es posible acercarse al texto desde los intersticios de resistencia femenina e intermitente que están anclados en la corporalidad y la escritura. El género sexual sirve en la narrativa de Eltit para dar cuenta, simultáneamente, del ensamblaje de la discursividad patriarcal dentro del paisaje económico y cultural chileno y de las fallas a través de las cuales se filtran expresiones de rebeldía y resistencia. Mi intención en este ensayo es repensar el nomadismo desorganizado del componente femenino y corporal como estrategia de subversión frente a nuevas formas de vigilancia y dominación del neoliberalismo globalizador.

The article discusses the law and the features of feminism, examining rape and femicide in a 2018 court ruling in Argentina Ana Forcinito University of Minnesota. It notes that there is a sentence of eight years for two of those charged with the crime of selling drugs to minors, the problematic decision. It states that the first women's strike had taken place in October 2016, precisely, following the rape and femicide of Lucia Perez.

This article discusses the life and work of Chilean literary and cultural critic Hernán Vidal. The author comments on Vidal's thoughts and theories regarding Latin American civilization, history, and politics. She gives particular focus to Vidal's critique of the period of dictatorship in Chile during the 1970s and 1980s, including human rights violations and cultural production. The development of justice administration both during and following Chile's dictatorship is examined and a comparative study of Chilean and Latin American culture is also provided.

Body size varies enormously among mammalian species. In small mammals, body growth is typically suppressed rapidly, within weeks, whereas in large mammals, growth is suppressed slowly, over years, allowing for a greater adult size. We recently reported evidence that body growth suppression in rodents is caused in part by a juvenile genetic program that occurs in multiple tissues simultaneously and involves the downregulation of a large set of growth-promoting genes. We hypothesized that this genetic program is conserved in large mammals but that its time course is evolutionarily modulated such that it plays out more slowly, allowing for more prolonged growth. Consistent with this hypothesis, using expression microarray analysis, we identified a set of genes that are downregulated with age in both juvenile sheep kidney and lung. This overlapping gene set was enriched for genes involved in cell proliferation and growth and showed striking similarity to a set of genes downregulated with age in multiple organs of the juvenile mouse and rat, indicating that the multiorgan juvenile genetic program previously described in rodents has been conserved in the 80 million years since sheep and rodents diverged in evolution. Using microarray and real-time PCR, we found that the pace of this program was most rapid in mice, more gradual in rats, and most gradual in sheep. These findings support the hypothesis that a growth-regulating genetic program is conserved among mammalian species but that its pace is modulated to allow more prolonged growth and therefore greater adult body size in larger mammals.

We have previously demonstrated that fibulin-7 (Fbln7) is expressed in teeth by pre-odontoblast and odontoblast cells, localized in the basement membrane and dentin matrices, and is an adhesion molecule for dental mesenchyme cells and odontoblasts. Fbln7 is also expressed in blood vessels by endothelial cells. In this report, we show that a recombinant C-terminal Fbln7 fragment (Fbln7-C) bound to Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) but did not promote cell spreading and actin stress fiber formation. Fbln7-C binding to HUVECs induced integrin clustering at cell adhesion sites with other focal adhesion molecules, and sustained activation of FAK, p130Cas, and Rac1. In addition, RhoA activation was inhibited, thereby preventing HUVEC spreading. As endothelial cell spreading is an important step for angiogenesis, we examined the effect of Fbln7-C on angiogenesis using in vitro assays for endothelial cell tube formation and vessel sprouting from aortic rings. We found that Fbln7-C inhibited the HUVEC tube formation and the vessel sprouting in aortic ring assays. Our findings suggest potential anti-angiogenic activity of the Fbln7 C-terminal region., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

In embryonic growth cartilage, Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) participate in a negative feedback loop that regulates chondrocyte differentiation. Postnatally, this region undergoes major structural and functional changes. To explore the organization of the Ihh–PTHrP system in postnatal growth plate, we microdissected growth plates of 7-day-old rats into their constituent zones and assessed expression of genes participating in the h–PTHrP feedback loop. Ihh, Patched 1, Smoothened, Gli1, Gli2, Gli3, and Pthr1 were expressed in regions analogous to the expression domains in embryonic growth cartilage. However, PTHrP was expressed in resting zone cartilage, a site that differs from the embryonic source, the periarticular cells. We then used mice in which lacZ has replaced coding sequences of Gli1 and thus serves as a marker for active hedgehog signaling. At 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age, lacZ expression was detected in a pattern analogous to that of embryonic cartilage. The findings support the hypothesis that the embryonic Ihh–PTHrP feedback loop is maintained in the postnatal growth plate except that the source of PTHrP has shifted to a more proximal location in the resting zone.

The mammalian growth plate undergoes programmed senescence during juvenile life, causing skeletal growth to slow with age. We previously found that hypothyroidism in rats slowed both growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and growth plate senescence, suggesting that senescence is not dependent on age per se but rather on chondrocyte proliferation. However, one alternative explanation is that the observed slowing of growth plate senescence is a specific consequence of hypothyroidism. We reasoned that, if delayed senescence is a general consequence of growth inhibition, rather than a specific result of hypothyroidism, then senescence would also be slowed by other growth-inhibiting conditions. In this study, we therefore used tryptophan deficiency to temporarily inhibit growth in newborn rats for 4 weeks. We then allowed the animals to recover and studied the effects on growth plate senescence. We found that structural, functional, and molecular markers of growth plate senescence were delayed by prior tryptophan deficiency, indicating that the developmental program of senescence had occurred more slowly during the period of growth inhibition. Taken together with previous studies in hypothyroid rats, our findings support the hypothesis that delayed senescence is a general consequence of growth inhibition and hence that growth plate senescence is not simply a function of time per se but rather depends on growth.

Children grow, but adults do not. The cessation of growth in multiple organs is the end result of a progressive decline in cell proliferation beginning in early life. The mechanisms responsible for this growth deceleration are largely unknown. Using expression microarray and real-time PCR, we identified a common program of gene expression in lung, kidney, and liver during growth deceleration in juvenile rats. Gene ontology analyses and siRNA-mediated knockdown in vitro indicated that many of the down-regulated genes are growth promoting. Down-regulated genes in the program showed declining histone H3K4 trimethylation with age, implicating underlying epigenetic mechanisms. To investigate the physiological processes driving the genetic program, a tryptophan-deficient diet was used to temporarily inhibit juvenile growth in newborn rats for 4 wk. Afterward, microarray analysis showed that the genetic program had been delayed, implying that it is driven by body growth itself rather than age. Taken together, the findings suggest that growth in early life induces progressive down-regulation of a large set of proliferation-stimulating genes, causing organ growth to slow and eventually cease.

Growth plates are spatially polarized and structured into three histologically and functionally distinct layers-the resting zone (RZ), proliferative zone (PZ), and hypertrophic zone (HZ). With age, growth plates undergo functional and structural senescent changes including declines of growth rate, proliferation rate, growth plate height and cell number. To explore the mechanisms responsible for spatially-associated differentiation and temporally-associated senescence of growth plate in an unbiased manner, we used microdissection to collect individual growth plate zones from proximal tibiae of 1-week rats and the PZ and early hypertrophic zones of growth plates from 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-week rats and analyzed gene expression using microarray. We then used bioinformatic approaches to identify significant changes in biological functions, molecular pathways, transcription factors and also to identify specific gene products that can be used as molecular markers for individual zones or for temporal development., (Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mammalian somatic growth is rapid in early postnatal life but then slows and eventually ceases in multiple tissues. We hypothesized that there exists a postnatal gene expression program that is common to multiple tissues and is responsible for this coordinate growth deceleration. Consistent with this hypothesis, microarray analysis identified more than 1600 genes that were regulated with age (1 vs. 4 wk) coordinately in kidney, lung, and heart of male mice, including many genes that regulate proliferation. As examples, we focused on three growth-promoting genes, Igf2, Mest, and Peg3, that were markedly down-regulated with age. In situ hybridization revealed that expression occurred in organ-specific parenchymal cells and suggested that the decreasing expression with age was due primarily to decreased expression per cell rather than a decreased number of expressing cells. The declining expression of these genes was slowed during hypothyroidism and growth inhibition (induced by propylthiouracil at 0-5 wk of age) in male rats, suggesting that the normal decline in expression is driven by growth rather than by age per se. We conclude that there exists an extensive genetic program occurring during postnatal life. Many of the involved genes are regulated coordinately in multiple organs, including many genes that regulate cell proliferation. At least some of these are themselves apparently regulated by growth, suggesting that, in the embryo, a gene expression pattern is established that allows for rapid somatic growth of multiple tissues, but then, during postnatal life, this growth leads to negative-feedback changes in gene expression that in turn slow and eventually halt somatic growth, thus imposing a fundamental limit on adult body size.