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À travers différents exemples de sites situés au croisement entre la rivière, ou l’un de ses chenaux, et une voie ou entre deux chemins, il est possible d’établir plusieurs constats qui puisent dans le schéma d’occupation d’une portion de vallée et dans le tissu hiérarchique et social. Through various examples of sites located at the crossroads between the river, or one of its channels, and a road or between two roads, it is possible to establish several findings that draw on the occupation pattern of a portion of the valley and on the hierarchical and social fabric. A través de distintos ejemplos de sitios emplazados en la encrucijada del río -o de uno de sus canales- con una vía o entre dos caminos es posible hacer varios balances, los cuales se basan en el esquema de la ocupación de una porción del valle y en el entramado jerárquico y social.

In this research, expert opinions on universal mobility in the footpaths of urban India have been critically appraised. Universal mobility (as a component of universal design) is still a largely ignored urban parameter in India despite an increase of 732.20% in the specially-abled and 105.25% in the elderly between 1911 and 2011. A total of 257 experts from the field of architecture and planning hailing from 66 cities in India were interviewed for this research. It was found that despite nationally implemented universal design guidelines, footpaths in 42.8% of the cities do not have universal mobility. In total, 74.7% of the respondents identify the dimension of the footpath as the most important factor for implementing universal mobility. The results of this study indicate the importance of universal design in improving the quality of life in Indian cities, and how urban local bodies can play a significant role in the process by using Public Private Partnership (hereafter, PPP) models and a new accessibility audit checklist.

The common scientific approaches to the reasoning of problems are mathematical reasoning or statistical reasoning. Mathematical or formal reasoning is usually deductive, therein one reason from general assumptions to specifics using symbolic logic and axioms for multi criteria decision-making. Mathematical probability, which is the basis of all statistical theories, had its beginning in the past. The aim of this paper is to explore a number of the mathematical and statistical aspects of the disposition and behavior of road frontage activities, which are of importance in pedestrian behavior as considered. It's shown that number of crossings from right to left is proportional to the pedestrian on the right (PXRL∝ NR) and therefore, the number of crossings left to right is proportional to the pedestrians on the left (PXLR∝ NL). Frequency distributions of the pedestrians generated for a given shopping string arterial were of 4 kinds, one related to pedestrians passing through not crossing the road, not going into and out of outlets. The second kind related to pedestrians crossing the road for the aim of going into and out of outlets, etc. the third kind related to pedestrian going into shops and eventually, the fourth kind related to others, e.g. Pedestrians generated from parking vehicles, buses, etc. A formula is given for the frequency with crossing from left to right and right to leave based on the land-use activities on the left and right. In considering the capacity of road systems it should be remembered that increases in traffic flow generally produce corresponding decreases in speed. However, it's an assumption that a rise in population generated along the footpath can cause the crossing the road, and usually produce corresponding decreases in vehicle speed. The paper concludes with aconstatationof the pedestrian movements at a continuing rate that expressed in mathematical form.

Solar footpath is a series of solar panel interlink to each other The outer layer of solar panel is covered with mild steel(MS). The tempered glass is attached to mild steel fabrication. Glass is tempered is such a way that it can bear up to 1 ton of load, various test are taken on glass like 1) ball drop test, 2) fragmentation test 3) light transmission test. Lithium battery is used to store the energy produce form the solar panel. The plus point of this design is that even if few panels get damage due to natural calamity other panel will still continue producing energy. Keywords: Photovoltaic cell, Tempered glass, Solar footpath

To date, several macro-level walkability measures have been proposed, but microscale and audit-based walkability approaches prove to be highly effective to support realistic, quick and cheap mechanisms for pedestrian-friendly environments. Yet, walkability audits are time- and cost-intensive solutions, because they require several streetscape observations. This study aims to investigate whether a multiple linear regression model of urban form- and function-related variables can effectively predict an audit-based average walkability indicator. For this purpose, we use a virtual, brief and reliable audit tool (MAPS-Mini) in Athens city centre in order to collect street-level data and in turn to construct a microscale walkability indicator (dependent variable). Moreover, our approach suggests a flexible statistical model of open-source data, with six exploratory variables of the macro-level built environment: angular integration, population density, transit stop density, pedestrian street density, retail and entertainment activity density, and building height. The results indicate that audit-based average walkability scores can be effectively estimated, as the regression model can explain about 82% of the variation. Furthermore, the density of retail and entertainment activities was indicated as the strongest correlate of more walking-friendly streetscapes, while some urban policy implications include the promotion of footpath repairs and better-engineered crossings.

In this research, the condition of universal mobility, in the centers of historic Indian cities, has been critically analyzed. Implementing universal design guidelines (especially universal mobility standards) in the centers of historic Indian cities is comparatively challenging, due to the high-density, ever-increasing population, and organic urban development. The rising number of elderly and specially abled people also add a demographic challenge to universal mobility. The focus of this research is to understand the extent to which universal mobility guidelines can be implemented in the centers of historic Indian cities. The dataset for this research is derived from a field survey of 69 footpath stretches from the centers of 5 historic cities in India, namely Jaipur, Jodhpur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, and Chennai. Footpath stretches in the centers of these historic cities were evaluated based on several factors pertaining to universally designed infrastructure and universal mobility features. Such comprehensive research on universal mobility in footpaths of historic Indian cities has not been previously conducted. The findings of this research indicate the poor condition of universal mobility in the studied areas. Furthermore, the results can be useful for assessing the extent of implementation of universal mobility in the centers of other historic Indian cities.

Walking is the most common movement in human life. When a person walks, he distributes energy to the road surface in the form of impact, vibrations, sound etc, due to the transfer his weight on the road exterior, through foot falls on the ground during a every steps. This energy Can be tapped and transformed in the practical form such as in electrical form. In order to develop a procedure to connect footstep energy, we are developing a footstep electricity generating device. This device, if embedded in the footpath can varying foot impact energy into electrical energy. The working principle, when a pedestrian step on the upper plate of the device, the plate will dip down to some extent due to the weight of the pedestrian. The descendant movement of the plate results in sturdiness of the piezoelectric materials fitted in the device to produce electrical energy the device was worked by persons walking over to it. However, if there is determined movement of pedestrians over the device, a large amount power will be a formed in this research a prototype of the power producing tiles is developed and studied under varying loading environments to inspect the feasibility of the technology.

As the most basic travel mode of residents, walking trip takes place more frequently in residential districts. It is of great significance to study the land use characteristics of the residential district suitable for walking in order to create a good walking environment and land use model. In this paper, 18 residential blocks in Xi'an are taken as the research object, based on the relevant data of the pedestrian flow rate and land use of residential blocks, this paper analyzes the interactive relationship between the non-commuting hours during the week, the commuting hours during the week and the weekends by using the multiple linear regression model, and the land use characteristics of residential blocks under the guidance of walking trip are revealed. The results show that the land use factors related to pedestrian flow rate are mainly 9 factors, such as building density, buildings mixing degree, mixing degree of business functions and density of functional formats. In different hours, walking trips have different demands on various elements of land use. During the non-commuting hours during the week, the demand for walking trips for building density, mixing degree of business functions, density of functional formats and footpath area ratio is large. During the commuting hours during the week, the demand for walking trips for buildings mixing degree, density of functional formats, road network connectivity, and green area ratio of footpath is large. During the weekends, the demand for building density, density of functional formats, road network density, and footpath density is large. Through the above analysis, the optimization strategy is proposed for residential blocks in Xi 'an, which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization and transformation of the space environment of residential blocks to promote walking trip.

Distraction from mobile devices increases pedestrian risks at intersections. Innovative interventions are currently installed at road and rail intersections to alert pedestrians. These interventions will be effective only if pedestrians modify their behaviour. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) posits that behaviour changes as a result of behavioural intention, which is affected by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. However, the link between intention and actual behaviour is often overlooked. The current study aims to investigate this link and apply this theoretical framework to interventions for distracted pedestrians. We conducted a day-time field study at three railway level crossings in New Zealand with such interventions reminding pedestrians to look for trains: in-ground flashing lights located at footpath level, an audio warning message, and in-ground flashing lights combined with the audio warning message. Participants (N = 34, Mean age 33.6, SD = 8.6 years) walked through level crossings while performing a distractor task (visual and auditory distraction) or when not distracted. Actively checking for trains from both sides of the crossing was used as a measure of actual behaviour. All three interventions were perceived as useful (5.1 ± 0.4) and easy to use (5.6 ± 0.2) and resulted in positive intention to use the technology (5.8 ± 0.3). Statistical analyses confirmed that the TAM constructs - particularly perceived usefulness - affected intention, and intentions lead to behavioural change with improved crossing behaviours. This study highlights the importance of perceived usefulness and intentions to use the interventions with reducing distracted pedestrian behaviours.

User perception plays a critical role in pedestrian infrastructure usage. Indeed, the perceptional influence varies across individuals, and it is imperative to consider their response heterogeneity in modelling individual travel intentions. The present study develops a novel framework to understand the pedestrian perception, and further identify their impact on future travel decisions. In this framework, the individual pedestrian perception of an area is captured using a Level of Service (LOS) index, and the overall set of LOS is categorized using a clustering methodology. The future travel behavior is modelled using a single-step estimation that incorporates the effect of both response heterogeneity and latent individual correlation. The proposed framework is utilized in estimating the LOS categorization and the future willingness to walk in the city of Coimbatore, India. The results found a significant response heterogeneity among respondents in Coimbatore, and consequently emphasized the need for incorporating these taste variations in the travel behavior models. An increase in LOS encouraged the respondents to walk, and further, walk longer. Moreover, females were willing to pursue walking and/or walk more distance compared with males. The positive ordinal interval for LOS ‘A’ to ‘C’ indicated an acceptability for this LOS range among pedestrians compared with LOS ‘E’ to ‘F’ having a negative range. In the individual assessment of LOS variables, almost all study areas were found requiring an improvement with respect to the management of footpath vendors and footpath cleanliness.

A Level Crossing remains as one of the highest risk assets within the railway system often depending on the unpredictable behaviour of road and footpath users. For this purpose, interlocking through automated safety systems remains a key area for investigation. Within Europe, 2015–2016, 469 accidents at crossings were recorded of which 288 lead to fatalities and 264 lead to injuries. The European Union’s Agency for Railways has reported that Level Crossing fatalities account for just under 28% of all railway fatalities. This paper identifies suitable obstacle detection technologies and their associated algorithms that can be used to support risk reduction and management of Level Crossings. Furthermore, assessment and decision methods are presented to support their application. Finally state of the art and synergistic opportunity of which a combination of obstacle detection sensors with intelligent decisions layers such as Deep Learning are discussed which can provide robust interlocking decisions for rail applications. The sensor fusion of video camera and RADAR is a promising solution for Level Crossings. By applying additional sensing techniques such as RADAR imaging, further capabilities are added to the system, which can lead to a more robust approach.

Purpose This study aims to develop a managerial contribution with actors whose mission is the development of sustainable tourism in the mountains. Lastly, they present and discuss the findings. Design/methodology/approach A case study was conducted on the third stage of Mare in Mares, where at the end of this stage, the village stage gîte located 850 m above sea level accommodates hikers. The study began in 2016 and included tourism professionals (bed and breakfast managers, stage gite managers and guides), local elected officials, as well as representatives of the Local Mediation Group, the Regional Natural Park of Corsica, the Corsican Environment Office, SIVOM de la Bravone, the Development Office and breeders in the pig and beef sector. Findings The results show that the hiker numbers at Mare a Mare (800 hikers over a short period) are not an obstacle to sustainable mountain tourism. In contrast, wild fishing, pig and cattle wandering and the deficit of waste water treatment plants in some of the villages of Mare a Mare, contribute to endangering the strategy of sustainable development and sustainable tourism in mountains. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the study are its focus on just one stage of the Mare-to-Mare sentier de grande randonnée footpath and, secondly, the possibility that the paths may not be usable in future as climate change impacts occur. Originality/value The purpose of this study is to make a managerial contribution in relation to the action that needs to be taken, beginning with a trial in Corsica. Specifically, managerial support would involve a training course on the actions needed for – decision-makers, managers, politicians – whose responsibility it is to develop sustainable tourism in the mountains. Given this broad recommendation, the content of the training and action needed should be based on the concept of territorial resilience, as well as aspects of complex thinking and planning based on a systemic approach.

Vehicular traffic is the major problem in metropolitan cities because traffic congestion is increasing rapidly at signalized intersections; it results in chronic situation in dense downtown areas. Traffic congestion is also major problem for smooth transportation. So, here we adopted a mechanism which minimizes traffic problems and that mechanism is called hydraulic machine. Hydraulic machine is the mechanisms which lift the things up and down at a particular height. Our purpose is to create a mechanism which lifts the footpath at signalized intersection up and down when there is more traffic at signalized intersection. We studied about the various congested signalized intersection areas and then selected Bhim Square for our study. We collected the peak hour traffic data using videography survey method and categorized the vehicles into different classes. Calculate the queue length at bhim square using normal footpath and again calculate the queue length for same traffic data by using hydraulic foothpath. On comparing the reduction of queue length percentage we observed that hydraulic footpath is more preferable than the normal footpath for congested traffic at signalized intersection, because it reduce approximate 60% queue length. Also, hydraulic footpath gives extra space at signalized intersection and it helps to increase service volume.

Traffic flow is one of the major issues that most of the metropolitan cities are facing in spite of measures beingtaken to ease and reduce it. Traffic congestion in the recent past years, has emerged as one of the main challengefor engineers, planners and policy makers in urban areas. Also it is a challenge to provide efficient road width,footpath width, and signal time for the increasing demand with the limited resources available. In this researchtraffic flow and pedestrian facilities of selected routes in Nagpur city has been studied. This researchinvestigates those sections of the Nagpur city which are considered among the busiest roads.

Depopulation has become a significant issue for local culture and built heritage conservation of many European rural areas. In San Giovanni Lipioni, a province of Chieti (Italy), this phenomenon has increased to the point that, nowadays, there are only 150 inhabitants and no significant economic activities. In this regard, the present paper aims to describe the crucial role of nature-oriented tourism in an economic, social, and revitalization strategy; how digital tools can be used to map and create a territorial trail system between municipalities; and, finally, outline the operations necessary for reactivation. The proposed methodology consists of a first digital survey phase using GPS receivers and outdoor navigation apps. The second phase would create a web platform with a system of virtual itineraries between villages, named “The Golden Leaves Paths”. After that, the last phase concerns the creation of analysis factsheets to guide the maintenance of paths and the design of iconic signage with artistic illustrations based on the oak leaves leitmotif to be installed along the paths. A local social promotion association will employ the outcomes, technical drawings, and strategies to reactivate paths as an attractive element for nature-oriented tourism and create a digital platform to foster the village’s territorial and cultural heritage.

This paper presents an urban footpath image dataset captured through crowdsourcing using the mapillary service (mobile ap- plication) and demonstrating its use for data analytics applications by employing object detection and image segmentation. The study was motivated by the unique, individual mobility challenges that many people face in navigating public footpaths, in particular those who use mobility aids such as long cane, guide digs, crutches, wheelchairs, etc., when faced with changes in pavement surface (tactile pavements) or obstacles such as bollards and other street furniture. Existing image datasets are generally captured from an instrumented vehicle and do not provide sufficient or adequate images of the footpaths from the pedestrian perspective. A citizen science project (Crowd4Access) worked with user groups and volunteers to gather a sample image dataset resulting in a set of 39,642 images collected in a range of different conditions. Preliminary studies to detect tactile pavements and perform semantic segmentation using state-of-the-art computer vision models demonstrate the utility of this dataset to enable better understanding of urban mobility issues.

This study proposes a geographic information system (GIS)-based cellular automata (CA) model, which is designed for planning bikeways upon existing footpath networks within an urban area. The CA model was developed based on a GIS platform as a visual interface whereby spatiotemporal characteristics and spatial processing can be combined in a highly effective way. The host value of each CA cell is conditioned upon four indicator variables, namely cycling demand level, land-use nature, social value, and traffic safety. This model gives traffic planners a quick and intuitive framework to develop cycling facilities under limited land resources. A model prototype has been developed in a common desktop GIS and applied to a mid-sized rapidly developing area in Singapore. Published version

Singapore enacted legislation in which off-road footpaths are shared by pedestrians and users of active mobility devices [bicycles, and personal mobility devices such as electric scooter (ES)] sinc...

Does infrastructure shape human behavior, or does human behavior shape infrastructure? Users’ perception about infrastructure, both current condition and future needs, is essential in devising policy decisions. In the transport sector, one of the reasons for several large infrastructure projects not performing at par with the expectations, once they are built, is because the users are not taken into confidence sufficiently. At the same time, it is uncertain to what extent user perception leads to actual behavior change – how many people that say today will walk more if walking environment is improved, will actual do so when the facility is built? The current research measures the users’ satisfaction of present walking environment using a revealed preference survey on factors that include quality of infrastructure, comfort, safety, design, and others, in two different urban settings of a large metropolis – one a newly planned suburb and the other and older and well established area. Results of an ordinal logistic regression model shows that the factors which are likely to significantly influence the overall user satisfaction of pedestrian facilities are buffer, ease of walking, zebra crossings, footpath continuity, night time safety and location. Subsequently, stated preference data was collected and the results of a negative binomial regression model shows that improving footpath continuity has the greatest impact in the likelihood of bringing about a change in user behavior when compared to not only other individual improvements, but also the combined improvement in buffer and ease of walking.

Urban footpath quality and pedestrian level of service is a popular subject for modelling and simulation in transport engineering. This paper reports an investigation into the capacity of footpaths alongside a city street in Sari, Iran to determine whether the current provision can meet the present and forecast pedestrian demand, or whether improvements are required. To assess the capacity of the footpaths, a database including the location and time, speed and number of pedestrians, as well as determining and identifying points of footpaths with relatively high crowding, was prepared. Finally, the level of service (LOS) was obtained using a US code and proprietary modelling tool. The results indicated that some sections of the route were currently below an acceptable LOS and needed improvement to provide an adequate provision for pedestrians. When factoring in forecast growth, the LOS in these substandard sections was predicted to reduce even further and, without improvement, could undermine future economic growth.

Research has shown the neighbourhood as an influential environment concerning children’s independent mobility and activity participation. However, its influence on the everyday experiences of children with disabilities is not well understood. This article addresses this gap by studying the accounts of ten nine-12 year olds from south-east Queensland, Australia, who have diverse mobility impairments. This phenomenological study reveals mobility is a conditional act. Conditionality is understood by the way social and spatial factors intersect to influence one’s mobility about the street – or in our case coerced immobility. The body-space practices also reveal a mismatch between children’s embodiment and the neighbourhood environment, which intensified and converged at the absent footpath, with crucial repercussions for their spatial agency and activity participation. The findings suggest the importance of understanding diverse body-space practices in mobility studies and the need to contest ableism in street design to create inclusive walkable neighbourhoods for all.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a recognised modelling tool for simulating pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons. These studies require accurate street geometry, sufficient modelling experience and access to software to provide reliable outputs. Parked cars are known to act as a passive barrier and affects pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon. This modelling study examines the impact of accurate geometrical detailing and suitable mesh sizing on air pollution concentrations measured at street level. Mean steady state concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) were measured in a reference scenario (without parked cars) and three parked car scenarios. A comparison of the results indicated that individual rectangular blocks and generic car scenarios overestimated pollutant concentrations on the footpaths by up to 25% when compared to the results from the five distinct car designs scenario, with the parked cars acting as a passive barrier in each scenario under different wind conditions. The most notable finding demonstrated how the five distinct car designs scenario presented an increase in CO concentrations on the leeward footpath as opposed to a reduction in the results in the other coarser geometrically detailed scenarios. The parked cars trapped pollutants in each scenario with low wind speeds for perpendicular wind conditions, as higher concentrations were measured on the footpaths. A further examination of pollutant decay rates demonstrated how the geometrical detailing of the parked cars also impacted upon the duration taken for pollutants to escape from the footpath zones. These findings demonstrate how parked cars affects pollutant dispersion and concentrations measured on the footpaths at street level, and the adoption of a suitable meshing scheme is vital to capture results in the zone of interest in an urban street canyon.

Poetics in times of pandemic: There is always going to be a ‘before’ and ‘after’ This paper briefly explores a number of different themes affecting us as creatives living in lockdown in Sydney. Sharing our personal story of how we imagined our lives would be before COVID 19 and the changes we observed after entering in Pandemic mode. Intertwining images taken with a mobile phone and text, we offer our observations on the evolving new language that appears around us, in supermarkets, on walls and on the footpath. Signs determining social interactions and affecting behaviour day by day. We also touch on the idea of how writing can bring us home and make us feel closer to our languages and countries of origin. We mention the importance of the survival of theatre to tell stories from the time of the pandemic. Governments have been found wanting, due to lack of care of the most vulnerable people, in particular First Nations. We reflect on the need for reinvention accepting change and reassessing our human values bringing awareness about our links to the natural world. As the pandemic takes us from one stage to the next, for us there is one possible space of relief and hope. This is within the space of creativity, from here we can make sense of our new reality while contributing to a collective sense of humanity.

Mountain protected areas are characterized by high biodiversity, which makes it a great challenge for managers to maintain a balance between their use and the stability of natural ecosystems. Maintaining that balance is particularly difficult in areas with high tourism pressure. The expected volume of tourist traffic should be considered at the planning stage of the tourist infrastructure development process. Insufficient capacity of tourist infrastructure can lead to environmental degradation, which is hard, or at times impossible, to repair. In our research, we identified patterns of tourist footpath and road functioning in an environmentally protected area with high volumes of tourist traffic. Data from geomorphologic mapping was analyzed in order to identify tourist footpath and road structures in the Tatra National Park (TNP). Fieldwork was conducted in several stages between 1995 and 2019. Orthophotomaps from the years 1977, 2009, 2017 and 2019 were used to identify and compare degraded zones along selected tourist footpaths. Degraded zones were defined as areas surrounding a footpath or tourist road with a mean width larger than or equal to 10 meters, with heavily damaged or completely removed vegetation and exposed, weathered cover, where geomorphic processes that would not take place under normal conditions are readily observable. The examined tourist footpaths and roads vary in terms of their morphometric parameters. Research has shown important differences between mean and maximum footpath width as well as maximum incision depth for the forest zone versus the subalpine and alpine zones. A lack of differences in these parameters was noted between the alpine and subalpine zones. Research has shown that an increase in the surface area of degraded zones found adjacent to tourist footpaths occurred in all the studied geo-ecological zones in the study period. However, the largest increase occurred atop wide ridgelines found in the alpine zone. Degraded zones may be an indication of exceeding the tourist carrying capacity of a mountain tourist area. Mass tourism in TNP contributes to the formation of degraded zones adjacent to footpaths, whose continuous evolution may lead to irreversible changes in local relief.

As of today many people suffer from visual impairment. It is one of the biggest problems of humankind and today we know there are a lot of technologies available to help those. But most of the systems have certain drawbacks and none of them are near perfect. This project discusses a solution which is much better than other existing systems. This solution aims to create a mobile device with Raspberry Pi which includes ML/DL technologies as the driving force. Artificial Intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and mimic like a human. This project develops a machine which mimics like an assistant to the blinds. The software system includes Tensorflow trained models which can help the blind people as an assistant to navigate to different places without stepping into the road from the footpath, helps to read different texts across the street, and identify objects around him.

Air pollution is difficult to detect with human senses. It is to a large extent out of sight and out of sense, while causing a burden on our economy, our health and our environment. A relevant illustration of this is the exposure to air pollution during commutes. The air pollution commuters are exposed to remains to a considerable extent a hidden geography, with, for example, a lack of available reliable information regarding the on-the-road concentrations of several air pollutants. This research aims to unravel, to the best possible extent, spatio-temporal air pollution patterns (active) commuters are exposed to. Cyclists and pedestrians can be unaware that they commute in polluted air. They often travel close to motorised traffic, resulting in high exposure to several air pollutants, which have elevated levels on the road due to vehicular emissions. Significantly higher concentrations of particulate matter (

This is the first time that the landscape footpath is realized on the suspension monorail system. To study the comfort of pedestrians on the landscape footpath when the vehicle passes, the dynamic responses of the track beam and the landscape footpath at different speeds were analyzed using the established vehicle-bridge dynamic analysis model. To evaluate the comfort of pedestrians on the landscape footpath, two indexes, Root Mean Square (RMS) value of acceleration (ISO 10137) and peak value of acceleration (EN 03), were adopted. Results show that the displacement and acceleration responses of landscape footpath and track beam are obviously different. Vertical displacement of the track beam is much larger than that of the landscape footpath due to the eccentric load of vehicles. Due to the displacement and rotation of the structural components which support the landscape footpath, the lateral response transferred to the landscape footpath would be slightly weakened. Maximum RMS values of the lateral and vertical acceleration of landscape footpath are 0.162 m/s2 and 0.169 m/s2, respectively, which meet the requirements of ISO 10137. Peak lateral acceleration is 0.546 m/s2, which reaches CL3 standard, and the peak vertical acceleration is 0.548 m/s2, which reaches CL2 standard. Lateral comfort is slightly worse than vertical comfort.

Artykuł prezentuje dostępne dane na temat dziejów Waniewa – obecnie wsi, a do XVII wieku miasteczka położonego na Podlasiu, w okolicy Białegostoku. Poza osadą, a później miastem, funkcjonowało tam również założenie obronne nazywane w lokalnej tradycji ustnej „zamczyskiem”. Z uwagi na niedostatek źródeł pisanych dotyczących tego obiektu, wyjaśnienie najistotniejszych kwestii z jego przeszłości umożliwiły badania archeologiczne przeprowadzone na tym stanowisku w latach 2009, 2014 i 2016. W ich wyniku odsłonięto tu pozostałości drewnianej zabudowy. Uzupełniają one skromny, jak dotąd, stan rozpoznania archeologicznego ówczesnych założeń mieszkalno-obronnych na pograniczu polsko-litewskim u schyłku średniowiecza i na początku okresu nowożytnego. W artykule zaprezentowano rezultaty prac, odtworzono poszczególne, zachowane elementy waniewskiego założenia (w tym z wykorzystaniem dostępnych danych cyfrowych), określono jego datowanie (także w odniesieniu do wiadomości ze źródeł pisanych), a także omówiono zidentyfikowane detale jego wyposażenia i przedmioty należące do użytkowników siedziby w XVI-XVII w. Założenie o cechach mieszkalno-obronnych zlokalizowane było na jednej z wysp w rozlewiskach rzeki Narwi pomiędzy miejscowościami Śliwno a Waniewo. Powstało przypuszczalnie, gdy teren ten stał się własnością Mikołaja II Radziwiłła (między rokiem 1501 a 1506) lub równocześnie z założeniem przez niego w roku 1510 miasta Waniewa i poczynionymi w związku z tym inwestycjami, w tym budową mostu przez rzekę. Mogło to mieć miejsce najpewniej już w drugiej dekadzie XVI stulecia. Urządzenia wnętrz, w tym postawienia pieców grzewczych, dokonano w zbliżonym czasie; potwierdzają to znalezione tu kafle o cechach typowych dla pierwszej połowy XVI w. O użytkowaniu tego miejsca od początku tego wieku świadczą też inne zabytki, w tym najstarsza z pozyskanych monet (półgrosz litewski Aleksandra Jagiellończyka) oraz wyroby ceramiczne. Znaleziska ruchome wskazują na funkcjonowanie siedziby do schyłku wieku XVI lub do początkowych lat XVII, gdy Waniewo należało do Szczawińskich. Śladami wskazującymi na przyczynę kresu użytkowania założenia są relikty pożaru zaobserwowane podczas badań wykopaliskowych, przede wszystkim węgle drzewne stanowiące pozostałości po spalonych konstrukcjach budynków. Nie wiadomo jednak, w jakich okolicznościach i kiedy dokładnie do tego doszło. Z pewnością destrukcja budowli wskutek tego wydarzenia przesądziła o jej losie. Nie stwierdzono dotychczas metodami archeologicznymi śladów odbudowy obiektu. Zapewne nieudana lokacja Waniewa spowodowała, że istnienie założenia nie była już potrzebne. Przypuszczalnie zatem waniewska siedziba istniała niespełna stulecie. Wielkość siedziby można oszacować na ok. 2800 m2. Miała kształt zbliżony do owalu. Składała się, jak dotąd ustalono, z umocnionego obwodu (wału o konstrukcji kamiennej) otaczającego znajdujące się wewnątrz zabudowania. Zlokalizowano dotychczas relikty dwóch drewnianych budynków, z czego jeden najpewniej był mieszkalny, a drugi usytuowany obok, gospodarczy. Dwór, dość obszerny, zbudowano przypuszczalnie techniką zrębową, z podcieniem od strony dziedzińca i chodnikiem wzdłuż jego ścian (wybrukowanym i wyłożonym ceramicznymi płytkami). Dachy budowli kryte były prawdopodobnie gontem, otwory okienne zaś częściowo wypełnione były szybami taflowymi. Podłogę w pomieszczeniach dworu wyłożono drewnianymi, półokrągłymi belkami oraz polepą albo utwardzono brukiem. Komfort przebywania we wnętrzu zapewniały grzejniki – co najmniej jeden piec z kafli garnkowo-miskowych, a inne z kafli płytowych. Pozyskano też podstawowe, używane tam ruchomości, które przetrwały w ziemi, przede wszystkim różnorodne pod względem jakościowym i funkcjonalnym naczynia ceramiczne, które umożliwiały przygotowywanie i spożywanie z nich posiłków. Trudno ocenić standard opisywanej siedziby. Termin „zamek”, jakim określano założenie w źródłach pisanych, przypuszczalnie odnosił się bardziej do jego cech obronnych niż do rozmiarów i kształtu architektonicznego. Nie wiadomo, jaką dokładnie spełniało funkcję. Wydaje się, że było to centrum administracyjno-gospodarcze waniewskiego klucza majątkowego, przeznaczone przede wszystkim jako miejsce pobytu jego namiestnika (zarządcy) i zatrudnionej czeladzi. Mogło też stanowić punkt postoju właścicieli podczas podróży inspekcyjnych włości, łącząc wówczas funkcje mieszkalne z politycznymi i reprezentacyjnymi.