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Our study aimed to examine preoperative differences in strength and balance between dominant foot (DF) and nondominant foot (non-DF) of individuals undergoing ligament stabilization surgery in the general population. Patients with records of preoperative evaluation, including isokinetic dynamometric strength evaluation, Y-balance test (YBT), and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), were included in the study. The DF was the preferred leg for accurately kicking a ball through a goal. Statistical analysis determined the differences between DF and non-DF and the correlations between muscle strength, balance, and FAOS. There was no statistically significant difference between DF and non-DF regarding evertor and invertor muscle strength (p=0.082–0.951). The YBT revealed no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.082–0.951). There was a significant correlation between the evertor peak torque and total work deficits at 30°/s (p=0.022), as well as the evertor peak torque deficit at 120°/s (p=0.048). No significant differences in muscle strength and balance were found between DF and non-DF in nonathletes with chronic ankle instability. Peroneal muscle strength deficit was associated with functional impairment. Tailored interventions are needed to address limb dominance and muscle strength deficits in CAI management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The SFAV (Simple Foot and Ankle Value) consists in asking patients how they rate their joint function on the day of the examination, as a percentage of that of a normal joint (0–100% scale with 100% being normal). The main objective was to validate the SFAV by determining its correlation with validated foot and ankle function scores. Methods: This was a prospective study. 90 patients were included in three groups: patients 16 to 54 years old with an acute or subacute ankle pathology (foot/ankle trauma patient group), patients more than 55 years old with ankle or foot osteoarthritis (foot/ankle degeneration patient group), and adults of any age without foot or ankle pathology (control group). A self-administered questionnaire with the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society, The European Foot and Ankle Society, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, the Visual Analogic Scale, and the SFAV was given at three different timepoints (enrollment, preoperative visit, and 6-month postoperative visit) to the patients. The validity of the SFAV was investigated by determining its correlation with the existing foot and ankle PROMs using Spearman's correlation; test–retest reliability, the responsiveness to change, and the discriminative ability of the SFAV were also analyzed. The significance threshold was set at 0.05. Results: The SFAV was significantly correlated with the AOFAS, EFAS, and FAOS at all tested time points, with all p values below 0.033. SFAV scoring was reliable over time, as p values resulting from the comparison between initial and preoperative SFAV were all above the significance threshold. SFAV scoring was responsive to change, based on the comparison between pre- and postoperative SFAV (p < 0.05). Like for the AOFAS, EFAS, and FAOS, SFAV provides good discrimination between a healthy subject and a patient. The control group scores and initial consultation scores of the pooled patient's groups were statistically correlated (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The SFAV is a valid outcome measure correlated with the AOFAS, EFAS, FAOS, and VAS. Level of evidence: Level of evidence III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Open and closed fractures can be associated with posttraumatic or postoperative soft tissue defects caused by initial trauma, operative procedures, or infections. This study evaluated the postoperative outcomes in patients with open or closed lower leg fractures, related soft tissue defects, and subsequent flap coverage. Methods We performed a retrospective single-center cohort study in a level 1 trauma center. We analyzed the patients treated from January 2012 through December 2017 and recorded demographics, treatment, and outcome data. The outcome data were measured via patient-reported Foot and Ankle Outcomes Scores (FAOS) and EQ-5D-5L scores. Results We included 22 patients with complicated fractures (11 open and 11 closed) and subsequent soft tissue defects and flap coverages. The mean follow-up time was 41.2 months. Twenty-one patients developed infections, and necrosis at the site of surgery manifested in all closed fractures. Therefore, all patients needed soft tissue reconstructions. Preoperatively, 16 patients underwent arterial examinations via angiography and six underwent ultrasound examinations of the venous system. Ten patients had complications involving the flaps due to ischemia and consequent necrosis. The mean EQ-5D index was 0.62 ± 0.27, and EQ-5D VAS score was 57.7 ± 20.2. The mean FAOS was 60.7 ± 22.2; in particular, quality of life was 32.3 ± 28.8. The rate of returning to work in our patient group was 37.5% after 1 year. Conclusions Distal tibial fractures often require revisions and soft tissue reconstruction. The evaluated patient population had poor outcomes in terms of function, quality of life, and return to work. Furthermore, patients suffering from flap ischemia have worse outcomes than those without flap ischemia.

Background: Several patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are available for assessing the outcomes following ankle fractures. This study aimed to evaluate validity, reliability, and responsiveness and detect the minimal clinically important difference of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) in patients with ankle fractures. Methods: The study design is a prospective cohort study, including all patients treated both conservatively and surgically following an ankle fracture (AO-43A/B/C). Content validity, test-retest reliability, responsiveness, and minimal clinically important difference were evaluated from 14 days to 3 months following the fracture. Results: The study population consisted of 52 females and 24 males. The mean age was 52.0 years (range, 15-75 years). The percentage of patients at 12 weeks reporting the 5 subscales at least somewhat relevant were pain, 77%; symptoms, 75%; activities of daily living (ADL), 64%; sport, 81%; and quality of life (QOL), 88%. High test-retest reliability of the FAOS questionnaire was observed. The interclass coefficients were 0.78, 0.77, 0.71, 0.73, and 0.74 for the pain, symptoms, ADL, sport, and QOL subscales, respectively. Responsiveness was evaluated with high effect size for the symptoms (0.83), ADL (1.19), sport (4.36), and QOL (2.12) subscales. The minimal clinically important difference of the FAOS was 14 (95% CI, 12-17). Conclusion: The FAOS during early recovery after ankle fracture has high reliability and validity. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective cohort study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a promising treatment for plantar fasciitis (PF), however, treatment results have varied due to inconsistencies among types of shock wave treatment and devices used. This retrospective chart review includes patients who underwent ESWT using the OrthoGold 100™ shock wave device (MTS, Konstanz, Germany) for PF between January, 2013 and September, 2018. There were 108 patients (119 heels) identified, with a mean age of 51.7 ± 16.5 (Range 21-83) years. Patients were treated weekly for 3 weeks, with 2000 impulses per session at an energy flux density between 0.10 and 0.17 mJ/mm2. Mean follow-up duration was 11.5 ± 9.7 (Range 3-51) months. Mean pre-ESWT pain visual assessment scale improved from 6.7 ± 1.7 to 2.6 ± 2.7 (p <.001). The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score subscales: pain, function of daily living, function of sports and recreational activities and quality of life domains improved from 53.7 ± 14.9 to 75.7 ± 16.7 (p <.001), from 38 ± 15.2 to 71.8 ± 23 (p <.001), from 55.8 ± 16.4 to 71.4 ± 18 (p <.001), from 42.4 ± 21.5 to 59.4 ± 20.3 (p <.001) and from 44.9 ± 16.4 to 69 ± 23.9 (p <.001), respectively. Eighty-eight (81.5%) patients were satisfied with the procedure at final follow-up. Treatment of PF with unfocused shock waves was well tolerated and led to significant pain reduction, functional improvement, and patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background For many years, osteochondral defects of the talus has been known as a symptomatic lesion that causes pain, recurrent synovitis, altered joint mechanics, and obstruction from loose bodies. It is a probable precursor of ankle osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic procedures, such as debridement, retrograde drilling, and bone grafting have a great advantage in treating small defects. An open method can be considered for treatment of large osteochondral lesions and unstable osteochondral defect lesions. Objective To present the functional results after autologous osteochondral transplantation in 12 patients using open surgical technique by antromedial approach and antrolateral approach for the ankle according to the site of the lesions, all lesions more than or equal to 1.5 cm the mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 20.5 years (range, 18–23 years), the mean follow up time was 27 months (range, 12–42 months), patient reported outcome measures were taken preoperatively and at final follow up using foot and ankle outcome score. Result The mean foot and ankle outcome score improved from 52.2 points preoperatively to 86.2 points postoperatively (range, 71–100 points). Two patients reported donor site knee pain after surgery, and one patient had delayed healing at medial malleolar osteotomy site.

Background: Patient-reported outcomes are increasingly used as measures of effectiveness of interventions. To make the tools more useful, therapeutic thresholds known as minimally important differences have been developed. The objective of this study was to calculate minimally important differences for the domains of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score for hallux valgus surgery. Methods: The study was based on a retrospective analysis of patients newly scheduled for bunion correction surgery and completing patient-reported outcomes between October 2013 and January 2018. This study used anchor- and distributionbased approaches to calculate the minimally important difference for the instrument's 5 domains. Confidence intervals were calculated for each approach. There were 91 participants included in the study. Results: Using anchor- and distribution-based approaches, the minimally important difference for the pain domain ranged from 5.8 to 10.2, from 0.3 to 6.9 for the symptoms domain, 8.3 to 10.3 for the activities of daily living domain, 7.4 to 11.1 for the quality of life domain, and from 7.0 to 15.7 for the sports and recreation domain. Small differences in the activities of daily living domain may be more clinically important for patients with better function. Discussion: The range of minimally important difference values for each domain indicate how the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score corresponded to bunion correction surgery. The sports and recreation domain showed considerable variability in the range of values and may be associated with the domain's lack of responsiveness. Overall, most minimally important difference values for the domains of FAOS ranged from above 4 to below 16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous surgical techniques for the treatment of Müller-Weiss disease (MWD) have been reported. However, no extensive clinical and radiographic studies of isolated talonavicular arthrodesis and MWD have been reported. The present retrospective cohort study examined the outcomes of isolated talonavicular arthrodesis at 3 to 8 years of follow-up in 16 MWD patients with a collapsed longitudinal arch and at least Maceira stage III. Demographic data, pre- and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain on walking and walking disability, foot and ankle outcome scores (FAOSs), and radiographic parameters were analyzed, with statistical significance at p  < .05. A survival analysis was used to determine the median time to union. The mean ± standard deviation pre- and postoperative VAS scores for pain on walking were 7.69 ± 1.62 and 2.19 ± 1.52 and the walking disability scores were 7.06 ± 2.11 and 2.31 ± 1.92, respectively. The pre- and postoperative FAOSs were 48.07 ± 21.50 and 82.27 ± 13.86 for activities of daily living, 30.86 ± 19.70 and 76.17 ± 22.39 for quality of life, and 20.93 ± 22.89 and 51.88 ± 23.66 for sports/recreation, respectively. The median pre- and postoperative FAOSs for the symptoms subscale were 73.22 (range 42.88 to 100.00) and 87.50 (35.71 to 100.00) and for pain were 34.72 (range 8.33 to 72.22) and 88.89 (54.41 to 100.00), respectively. Significant improvements occurred from preoperatively to postoperatively for VAS scores and FAOSs ( p  < .05). The mean pre- and postoperative calcaneal pitch angles were 11.31° ± 4.35° and 13.81 o ± 5.60 o , significant improvement ( p  = .016). Improvement was also seen midfoot abduction, with a mean pre- and postoperative anteroposterior Meary's angle of 14.38° ± 10.07° and 9.38° ± 12.21°. The survival analysis showed union was achieved in all patients, with a median time to union of 2 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 3.00) months. Our data indicate that talonavicular arthrodesis provides satisfactory functional outcomes for MWD patients with a collapsed longitudinal arch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthrodesis is commonly used to treat many end-stage first MTP diseases. The most widely used scale for measuring the clinical outcomes after this procedure, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Hallux Metatarsophalangeal–Interphalangeal scale, has not been adequately validated and does not measure specific foot functions. Another outcome measure, the patient-reported Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) has acceptable construct validity but poor content validity. The FAOS scale has 42 questions, many of which are unrelated to the hallux. We designed a short-form FAOS (sf-FAOS) consisting of 11 questions that are more relevant to first MTP arthrodesis. The sf-FAOS includes a pain subscale and a function subscale, and the score of each subscale ranges from 0 (worst outcome) to 100 (best outcome). Our study has shown that the sf-FAOS scale has acceptable validity, reliability, and responsiveness. In 21 feet (16 patients) with hallux valgus after >1 year of follow-up, the mean sf-FAOS pain score had improved by 44.9 points after surgery (from 51.2 to 96.0; p  < .001), and the mean sf-FAOS function score had improved by 22.5 points (from 47.3 to 69.8; p  <   .001). The improvement in the function score for running and jumping was limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and radiological related outcomes have been reported for Chevron osteotomy as correction for mild to moderate hallux valgus, but only for relatively small patient series. Moreover, evaluation of the patient’s point of view has mostly been conducted by means of more physician-based outcome measures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Chevron osteotomy for hallux valgus on patients’ daily lives using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) as a validated and a hallux valgus specific patient reported outcome measure (PROM). Secondary outcome measures were radiological correction, complication rate, and re-operations. All 438 Chevron procedures (336 patients), at two surgical hospital sites in the period between January 2010 and October 2014, were retrospectively evaluated with a follow-up of at least 6 months. Patients were invited to fill in a cross-sectional online FAOS. For the FAOS, a total response of 60% was achieved. The FAOS ranged between 71 and 88 with a follow-up of on average 36 months. Patients with an undercorrection of their hallux valgus (11.6% of the procedures) scored significantly lower on three subscales of the FAOS (range between 61 and 77 versus 72–84). Patients who had a reoperation (12.6% of the procedures) also scored significantly lower on four subscales: 58–100 versus 73–89. Postoperative radiological measurements improved significantly with a mean difference of 6.1 (5.9; 6.4) degrees for the intermetatarsal angle and 13.7 (13.0; 14.5) degrees for the hallux valgus angle. In this large study cohort, Chevron osteotomy for hallux valgus offers good PROM scores on FAOS. These scores were significantly lower in patients with radiological undercorrection or with a reoperation. Results of the FAOS appear to modulate with physician based outcomes and therapeutic incidents. Improvement of outcome may therefore well be possible by increased attention on these surgical details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various studies in the field of bimalleolar ankle fractures resulted in different findings. However, no reported study is available in Iran. Methods: The study population included 43 patients with bimalleolar ankle fractures who referred to hospitals associated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and underwent surgery during 2009. Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) was used to collect data 6 months after the surgery. Mean scores were evaluated considering different factors such as age, sex, having diabetes, smoking and anatomic reduction. Findings: A significant difference was found in FAOS scores between men and women (P = 0.001) and between those with and without anatomic reduction (P < 0.001). However, the scores were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers (P = 0.39). In addition, diabetic and non-diabetic patients were significantly different in terms of FAOS scores (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Factors such as sex, inappropriate reduction and having diabetes can affect the healing process and quality of life among patients with bimalleolar ankle fractures.

Adult acquired flatfoot deformity is a degenerative disease causing medial arch dysfunction. Surgical correction has typically involved tendon reconstruction with calcaneal osteotomy; however, the postoperative changes have not been fully characterized. The present study assessed the success of surgical correction of Stage IIb adult acquired flatfoot deformity through changes in plantar pressures and patient-generated outcome scores. With Institutional Review Board approval, 6 participants were evaluated before and after surgery using pedobarography, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form questionnaire. The plantar pressures were recorded using a TekScan HRMat ® during walking and in a 1- and 2-foot stance. The resulting contour maps were segmented into 9 regions, with the peak pressure, normalized force, and arch index calculated. Surgical effects were analyzed using paired t tests. Postoperatively, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score and Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form questionnaire scores increased significantly from 180 ± 78 to 360 ± 136 ( p < .03) and 47 ± 18 to 71 ± 19 ( p = .06), respectively. During the 2-foot stance, the normalized force had increased significantly in the lateral midfoot ( p < .03), although no significant differences were found in peak pressures. No significant differences were observed in the 1-foot stance. During walking, the normalized force increased significantly in the lateral mid- and forefoot ( p < .05). The peak pressure increased significantly in the lateral forefoot ( p < .01). The arch index values demonstrated no significant changes. The increased questionnaire scores indicated that surgical correction improved the self-perceived health of the participants. Lateral shifts in the peak pressure and normalized force suggest that forefoot and midfoot loading is altered postoperatively, consistent with the goal of offloading the dysfunctional arch. Thus, the present study has demonstrated that surgical treatment of adult acquired flatfoot deformity can be accurately assessed using patient-reported outcome measures and plantar pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that evaluates whether early loading of the tendon and range of motion training could improve patient-reported outcome and function after a total acute Achilles tendon rupture. The study focuses on 100 patients with an acute total Achilles tendon rupture who were randomized to surgical and nonsurgical treatment. It reveals no significant differences between the groups in terms of symptoms, physical activity level, or quality of life.

Background: Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain affecting 10% of the general population. This study aimed to investigate the specific symptoms in patients with plantar fasciitis using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) questionnaire and their relationship with demographic and radiographic factors., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 73 consecutive patients (mean age, 53.8 ± 10.0 years; 20 men and 53 women) with plantar fasciitis who had visited our foot and ankle clinic and undergone weight-bearing foot X-ray examinations. Their demographic data, anteroposterior and lateral talo-first metatarsal angles, intermetatarsal and hallux valgus angles, and responses to the FAOS questionnaire were recorded., Results: The quality-of-life subscale showed the lowest score of all FAOS subscales. Age was significantly correlated with quality of life ( r = 0.297, p = 0.011), and body mass index was correlated with the function in sports and recreational activities ( r = -0.251, p = 0.032). Age and body mass index were statistically significantly correlated with calcaneal spur size ( r = 0.274, p = 0.027 and r = 0.324, p = 0.008, respectively). The calcaneal spur size was significantly correlated with pain ( r = -0.348, p = 0.004), function in daily living ( r = -0.410, p = 0.001), and function in sports and recreational activities ( r = -0.439, p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Demographic factors were associated with specific symptoms in patients with plantar fasciitis. Calcaneal spur size was the only radiographic parameter correlated with symptoms. These findings help communicate with patients, set appropriate treatment goals, and evaluate treatment effectiveness., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2022 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association.)

Background: Various studies in the field of bimalleolar ankle fractures resulted in different findings. However, no reported study is available in Iran. Methods: The study population included 43 patients with bimalleolar ankle fractures who referred to hospitals associated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and underwent surgery during 2009. Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) was used to collect data 6 months after the surgery. Mean scores were evaluated considering different factors such as age, sex, having diabetes, smoking and anatomic reduction. Findings: A significant difference was found in FAOS scores between men and women (P = 0.001) and between those with and without anatomic reduction (P < 0.001). However, the scores were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers (P = 0.39). In addition, diabetic and nondiabetic patients were significantly different in terms of FAOS scores (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Factors such as sex, inappropriate reduction and having diabetes can affect the healing process and quality of life among patients with bimalleolar ankle fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on research which was conducted to determine which ankle instability measure identifies individuals who meet a minimum acceptable criterion for functional ankle instability (FAL). Researchers evaluated 242 college students. They found that no single measure was able to predict if individuals met the minimally accepted criteria for FAL and concluded that other researchers should use two measures to identify individuals who meet the criteria.

Summary: Background: Skin defects of the foot, ankle and distal lower leg often require coverage by local or distant flaps. We aimed to compare functional outcome and donor-site morbidity following transfer of distally based delayed sural (DSFs) or peroneus brevis flaps (PBFs). Methods: Between 2003 and 2006, 52 patients (24 DSFs and 28 PBFs) were included. For increased reliability, all extended sural flaps were delayed for 3–15 days. At the end of the follow-up period (minimum 12 months), patients were asked to fill out a modified foot and ankle score (Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS)) questionnaire. In addition, a chart review and a physical examination were performed. Results: Total hospital stay and total number of operations were significantly lower in the PBF group. Minor flap necrosis (<10%) was observed in 21% of the DSF and 7% of the PBF group, and partial (>10%) or total flap loss occurred in one and three patients from the DSF group, respectively. Patient satisfaction, FAOS results and range of motion were comparable in both groups. Defect aetiology and patient age did not influence surgical outcome. Conclusion: Donor-site morbidity and functional outcome after DSF and PBF are comparable. A higher rate of complications was observed in the DSF group. Based on our findings, the PBF is recommended as first-line procedure for reconstruction of small- to medium-sized defects at the distal tibia, fibula, ankle and heel. The sural flap might be chosen for extended skin defects especially when a larger arc of rotation is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient-reported outcomes are increasingly used as measures of effectiveness of interventions. To make the tools more useful, therapeutic thresholds known as minimally important differences have been developed. The objective of this study was to calculate minimally important differences for the domains of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score for hallux valgus surgery., Methods: The study was based on a retrospective analysis of patients newly scheduled for bunion correction surgery and completing patient-reported outcomes between October 2013 and January 2018. This study used anchor- and distribution-based approaches to calculate the minimally important difference for the instrument's 5 domains. Confidence intervals were calculated for each approach. There were 91 participants included in the study., Results: Using anchor- and distribution-based approaches, the minimally important difference for the pain domain ranged from 5.8 to 10.2, from 0.3 to 6.9 for the symptoms domain, 8.3 to 10.3 for the activities of daily living domain, 7.4 to 11.1 for the quality of life domain, and from 7.0 to 15.7 for the sports and recreation domain. Small differences in the activities of daily living domain may be more clinically important for patients with better function., Discussion: The range of minimally important difference values for each domain indicate how the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score corresponded to bunion correction surgery. The sports and recreation domain showed considerable variability in the range of values and may be associated with the domain's lack of responsiveness. Overall, most minimally important difference values for the domains of FAOS ranged from above 4 to below 16., Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative series.

Background: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) translate subjective outcomes into objective data that can be quantified and analyzed. Nevertheless, the use of PROs in their traditional paper format is not practical for clinical practice due to limitations associated with the analysis and management of the data. To address the need for a viable way to group and utilize the main functioning assessment tools in the field of musculoskeletal disorders, the Physiotherapy Questionnaires app was developed., Objective: This study aims to explain the development of the app, to validate it using two questionnaires, and to analyze whether participants prefer to use the app or the paper version of the questionnaires., Methods: In the first stage, the app for an Android operational system was developed. In the second stage, the aim was to select questionnaires that were most often used in musculoskeletal clinical practice and research. The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire were selected to validate the app. In total, 50 participants completed the paper and app versions of the AOFAS and 50 completed the FAOS. The study's outcomes were the correlation of the data between the paper and app versions as well as the preference of the participants between the two versions., Results: The app was approved by experts after the adaptations of the layout for mobile phones and a total of 18 questionnaires were included in the app. Moreover, the app allows the generation of PDF and Excel files with the patients' data. In regards to validity, the mean of the total scores of the FAOS were 91.54% (SD 8.86%) for the paper version and 91.74% (SD 9.20%) for the app. There was no statistically significant differences in the means of the total scores or the subscales (P=.11-.94). The mean total scores for the AOFAS were 93.94 (SD 8.47) for the paper version and 93.96 (SD 8.48) for the app. No statistically significant differences were found for the total scores for the AOFAS or the subscales (P>.99). The app showed excellent agreement with the paper version of the FAOS, with an ICC value of 0.98 for the total score (95% CI 0.98-0.99), which was also found for the AOFAS with the ICC for the total score of 0.99 (95% CI 0.98-0.99). For compliance, 72% (36/50) of the participants in the FAOS group and 94% (47/50) in the AOFAS group preferred the app version., Conclusions: The Physiotherapy Questionnaires app showed validity and high levels of compliance for the FAOS and AOFAS, which indicates it is not inferior to the paper version of these two questionnaires and confirms its viability and feasibility for use in clinical practice., (©Nestor Cavalcante Teixeira Neto, Yuri Lopes Lima, Gabriel Peixoto Leão Almeida, Márcio Almeida Bezerra, Pedro Olavo De Paula Lima, Rodrigo Ribeiro de Oliveira. Originally published in JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technology (http://rehab.jmir.org), 23.02.2018.)

[Purpose] Spondyloarthritis is a major inflammatory disease followed-up in the rheumatology clinics, foot involvement in spodyloarthritis is common. The functional states of patients with spondyloarthritis are usually evaluated globally. The aim of this study was to assess the foot involvement-related functional limitations in patients with spondyloarthritis. [Subjects and Methods] Patients with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis with foot pain more than 4 weeks who underwent anteroposterior and lateral feet radiography were enrolled into the study. A "clinical findings score" was calculated by assigning 1 point for every finding of swelling, redness, and tenderness. C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were used as serum markers for disease activity. Foot radiograms were evaluated using the spondyloarthropathy tarsal radiographic index and the foot-related functional state of patients was determined by the Turkish version of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score. [Results] There were no relationships between Foot and Ankle Outcome Score subscales and clinical findings score, serum markers, or radiologic score. Pain and symptoms subscale scores were result positively correlated with activity of daily living, sport and recreation, and quality of life subscale scores. [Conclusion] Pain and symptoms are the main determinants of foot-related functional limitations in spondyloarthritis.