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The gastrointestinal system is a hollow organ affected by fibrostenotic diseases that cause volumetric compromise of the lumen via smooth muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis. Many of the driving mechanisms remain unclear. Yes-associated protein-1 (YAP) is a critical mechanosensory transcriptional regulator that mediates cell hypertrophy in response to elevated extracellular rigidity. In the type 2 inflammatory disorder, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), phospholamban (PLN) can induce smooth muscle cell hypertrophy. We used EoE as a disease model for understanding a mechanistic pathway in which PLN and YAP interact in response to rigid extracellular substrate to induce smooth muscle cell hypertrophy. PLN-induced YAP nuclear sequestration in a feed-forward loop caused increased cell size in response to a rigid substrate. This mechanism of rigidity sensing may have previously unappreciated clinical implications for PLN-expressing hollow systems such as the esophagus and heart.

Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a distinctive form of anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction, that is triggered by physical activity following the consumption of specific food allergens. Unique in its manifestation, FDEIA embodies a complex interaction between food intake and exercise, making it a condition of noteworthy concern particularly among athletes and active individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents with food allergies (FA) face unique challenges, including an increased risk of bullying, yet comprehensive national studies on this intersection are lacking. Our study examines the prevalence and association between FA and bullying among US high-school adolescents, utilizing Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2015–2019) data. Analyzing responses from 27,781 adolescents, we found that 19.1% reported on-campus bullying, and 14.9% reported electronic bullying, while 15.8% reported FA. Food allergy was significantly more common among those who reported bullying (23% vs. 13.9%, p <.001). Logistic regressions revealed that adolescents with FA were more likely to experience on-campus (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.51, 95% CI 1.35–1.69) and electronic bullying (AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.27–1.58) compared to their peers without FA. These findings underscore the vital role of school nurses in identifying and addressing bullying among FA adolescents, thereby ensuring supportive environments, promoting well-being, and fostering academic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing rate of food allergies in children, combined with the role of food as an integral part of the school day has led to the emergence of anaphylaxis as a daily threat to students, regardless of prior allergy diagnosis. Stock epinephrine—non-patient specific epinephrine auto-injectors that may be used during emergencies—is a means for schools to prepare for anaphylactic events and protect children with allergies. The Maricopa County Department of Public Health initiated the School Surveillance and Medication Program (SSMP), a data capture program, to facilitate the process of stocking epinephrine in schools. Spearheaded by the implementation efforts of the Kyah Rayne Foundation, program enrollment increased 146% between the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 school years. The increased proportion of schools enrolled in the SSMP and the number of school personnel trained to administer epinephrine demonstrates the feasibility of school-centered stock epinephrine programs and validates strategies for increasing program uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is common among populations with nutrition‐related medical conditions. Less is known about the medical comorbidity/complication frequencies in youth with ARFID. We evaluated the medical comorbidities and metabolic/nutritional markers among female and male youth with full/subthreshold ARFID across the weight spectrum compared with healthy controls (HC). Method: In youth with full/subthreshold ARFID (n = 100; 49% female) and HC (n = 58; 78% female), we assessed self‐reported medical comorbidities via clinician interview and explored abnormalities in metabolic (lipid panel and high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein [hs‐CRP]) and nutritional (25[OH] vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folate) markers. Results: Youth with ARFID, compared with HC, were over 10 times as likely to have self‐reported gastrointestinal conditions (37% vs. 3%; OR = 21.2; 95% CI = 6.2–112.1) and over two times as likely to have self‐reported immune‐mediated conditions (42% vs. 24%; OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.1–4.9). ARFID, compared with HC, had a four to five times higher frequency of elevated triglycerides (28% vs. 12%; OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.7–10.5) and hs‐CRP (17% vs. 4%; OR = 5.0; 95% CI = 1.4–27.0) levels. Discussion: Self‐reported gastrointestinal and certain immune comorbidities were common in ARFID, suggestive of possible bidirectional risk/maintenance factors. Elevated cardiovascular risk markers in ARFID may be a consequence of limited dietary variety marked by high carbohydrate and sugar intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergies (FAs) represent a significant and growing global health issue, with increasing prevalence across different age groups. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology, mechanisms, and risk factors involved in FA development. Currently, FAs are estimated to affect 2% of the general population, with higher rates in children (~8%). However, these figures may be inaccurate because of the reliance on self-reported data and immunoglobulin E (IgE) testing, which may not reflect clinically confirmed cases. Environmental and genetic factors, including exposure to bacterial toxins, dietary habits, and the gut microbiota, play critical roles in FA development. Specifically, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are implicated in disrupting intestinal barriers and enhancing immune sensitization to allergenic proteins. This immune dysregulation promotes Th2 responses and compromises regulatory T cell function, crucial elements in allergy pathogenesis. As the prevalence of FAs continues to rise, there is a pressing need for accurate diagnostic tools, heightened public awareness, and effective prevention strategies. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific role of bacterial toxins and other environmental factors in FA development to advance clinical management approaches.

Background & aimsGaps remain in understanding the epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Our aim was to identify and validate a national cohort of individuals with EoE using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data.MethodsWe used 2 validation strategies to develop algorithms that identified adults with EoE between 1999 and 2020. The first validation strategy applied International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code algorithms to a base cohort of individuals who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with esophageal biopsy specimens. The second applied ICD code algorithms to a base cohort of all individuals in the VHA. For each ICD algorithm applied, a random sample of candidate EoE cases and non-EoE controls were selected and the charts were reviewed manually by a blinded reviewer. Each algorithm was modified iteratively until the prespecified diagnostic accuracy end point (95% confidence lower bound for a positive predictive value [PPV], >88%) was achieved. We compiled individuals from each strategy's maximum performance algorithm to construct the Veterans Affairs Eosinophilic Esophagitis Cohort.ResultsThe maximum performance algorithm from the first validation strategy included 2 or more ICD code encounters for EoE separated by more than 30 days and achieved a 93.3% PPV (lower bound, 88.1%) for identifying true EoE cases. The maximum performance algorithm from the second validation strategy included 4 or more ICD code encounters for EoE in which 2 codes were separated by at least 30 days, and similarly achieved a 93.3% PPV (lower bound, 88.1%). Combining both strategies yielded 6637 individuals, which comprised the Veterans Affairs Eosinophilic Esophagitis Cohort.ConclusionsWe developed and validated 2 highly accurate coding algorithms for EoE and established a nationwide VHA cohort of adults with EoE for future studies.

Background. Animal source foods are under scrutiny for their role in human health, yet some nutritionally vulnerable populations are largely absent from consideration. Methods. Applying a Population Intervention/Exposure Comparator Outcome (PICO/PECO) framework and prioritizing systematic review and meta-analyses, we reviewed the literature on terrestrial animal source foods (TASFs) and human health, by life course phase. Results. There were consistent findings for milk and dairy products on positive health outcomes during pregnancy and lactation, childhood, and among older adults. Eggs were found to promote early childhood growth, depending on context. Unprocessed meat consumption was associated with a reduced risk for anemia during pregnancy, improved cognition among school-age children, and muscle health in older adults. Milk and eggs represent a risk for food sensitivities/allergies, though prevalence is low, and individuals tend to outgrow the allergies. TASFs affect the human microbiome and associated metabolites with both positive and negative health repercussions, varying by type and quantity. Conclusions. There were substantial gaps in the evidence base for studies limiting our review, specifically for studies in populations outside high-income countries and for several TASF types (pig, poultry, less common livestock species, wild animals, and insects). Nonetheless, sufficient evidence supports an important role for TASFs in health during certain periods of the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Organ transplantation in children is a vital procedure for those with end-stage organ failure, but it has been linked to the development of post-transplant allergies, especially food allergies. This phenomenon, known as transplant-acquired food allergy (TAFA), is becoming increasingly recognized, though its mechanisms remain under investigation. Pediatric transplant recipients often require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection, which can alter immune function and heighten the risk of allergic reactions. Our review aimed to gather the latest evidence on TAFA. Methods: We conducted a PubMed search from 25 June to 5 July 2024, using specific search terms, identifying 143 articles. After screening, 36 studies were included: 24 retrospective studies, 1 prospective study, 2 cross-sectional researches, and 9 case reports/series. Results: Most studies focused on liver transplants in children. The prevalence of food allergies ranged from 3.3% to 54.3%. Tacrolimus, alongside corticosteroids, was the most commonly used immunosuppressive therapy. In addition to food allergies, some patients developed atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis. Allergic symptoms typically emerged within a year post-transplant, with common allergens including milk, eggs, fish, nuts, soy, wheat, and shellfish. Both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated reactions were observed, with treatment often involving the removal of offending foods and the use of adrenaline when necessary. Conclusions: Consistent immunological monitoring, such as skin prick tests and IgE level assessments, is essential for early detection and management of allergies in these patients. Understanding the link between transplantation and allergy development is crucial for improving long-term outcomes for pediatric transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit limited food preferences and sensory sensitivity. Co-existing food allergies in this population can further limit their already restricted diets, increasing the risk of nutritional deficiencies. Two children with ASD and food allergies presented with non-specific symptoms and were found to have hypocalcaemia secondary to severe vitamin D deficiency. The report highlights the importance of a greater degree of suspicion of vitamin D deficiency in children with co-existing ASD and food allergies. Non-specific symptoms related to hypocalcaemia can be difficult to evaluate in non-verbal patients. A thorough dietary history is an essential part of the care of children with ASD. It is proposed that limited diets should be screened for common nutritional deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with increasing prevalence worldwide, significantly affecting quality of life. While dietary factors are suspected to influence the onset and severity of AD, the relationship between comprehensive dietary patterns and AD, particularly in conjunction with comorbidities such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies, remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the dietary patterns of adults and children with AD and their association with disease severity and the presence of comorbidities. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 150 patients diagnosed with AD, recruited from the Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology (DVL). Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and AD severity was measured using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. The presence of comorbidities, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies, was confirmed through patient history, clinical examination, and review of medical records. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The study found that the mixed diet pattern had the highest adherence (mean ± SD: 7.1 ± 1.9), followed by vegetarian (5.8 ± 1.9) and non-vegetarian (5.1 ± 2.0) patterns. The mean SCORAD index was 43.8 ± 14.1, indicating moderate to severe AD. Pruritus and sleep loss scores were 5.1 ± 2.0 and 4.1 ± 1.9, respectively. The prevalence of comorbidities was 36.7% for asthma, 57.3% for allergic rhinitis, and 32.0% for food allergies. The study identified significant associations between dietary patterns and AD severity, as well as with the presence of comorbidities. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential impact of dietary patterns on AD severity and the high prevalence of comorbidities among individuals with AD. The findings suggest that a mixed dietary pattern may be commonly adhered to by AD patients and could play a role in managing the disease. The study emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach in managing AD, considering both dietary interventions and the treatment of comorbid conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergies, food sensitivities, and adverse reactions to food represent common reasons for gastroenterology and allergy referral. The epidemiology of these disorders is changing; food allergies are more common than previously thought, and there is a heightened sense of awareness about food sensitivities. Symptoms do not always accurately predict the underlying pathophysiology nor distinguish the underlying etiology. This may lead to unnecessary testing, which is often unrewarding and expensive. Myths and misconceptions about food allergies and sensitivities are common and may lead to unwarranted treatment using untested therapies. Importantly, a missed diagnosis of a true food allergy can have serious consequences. This article discusses the differences between food allergies and sensitivities, including their epidemiology, underlying pathophysiology, key symptoms, and diagnostic criteria, as well as their treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies are a burgeoning health challenge in the Asia‐Pacific region. Compounding this, the region has become increasingly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. The region has weathered extreme precipitation, intense heat waves, and dust storms over the recent decades. While the effects of environmental and genetic factors on allergic diseases are well understood, prevailing gaps in understanding the complex interactions between climate change and these factors remain. We aim to provide insights into the various pathways by which climate change influences allergic diseases in the Asia‐Pacific population. We outline practical steps that allergists can take to reduce the carbon footprint of their practice on both a systemic and patient‐specific level. We recommend that allergists optimize disease control to reduce the resources required for each patient's care, which contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We encourage the responsible prescription of metered dose inhalers by promoting the switch to dry powder inhalers for certain patients, at each clinician's discretion. We also recommend the utilization of virtual consultations to reduce patient travel while ensuring that evidence‐based guidelines for rational allergy management are closely adhered to. Finally, eliminating unnecessary testing and medications will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions in many areas of medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Processing foods may generate limitations on the recovery and quantitation of allergens. Factors such as geometry or thermal treatment can influence the veracity of the assay results. Objective. To determine the effect of processing on the recovery and quantification of allergens. Materials and methods. Study conducted in Costa Rica between 2020 and 2021 in the Compañía de galletas Pozuelo DCR. S.A. The geometry was evaluated with two cracker molds (traditional and XL). The effect of baking was evaluated with the traditional cracker type. For both experiments, samples were taken from four batches, and they were analyzed with three different kits for milk and egg analysis in an independent way. Results. The effect of geometry was observed for recovery and quantitation of egg residues was significantly affected by cracker geometry (P= 0.0228) compared to milk (P= 0.4335), regardless of the analytical kit used. The post baking decrease of quantitation effect was presented equally regardless of the kit used (P=0.4245) on egg. Very poor recovery of egg residues (4-5 %) was observed after cracker baking. For milk allergens, there was not a significant difference on the quantitation and recovery after baking among kits (P=0.1682), which is due to the variability of the data among kits. Conclusions. Processing reduces the efficacy of kits to detect the real quantity of allergens in foods. The analytical kit must be evaluated with the matrix to be analyzed, to determine how much impact the processing can have on the quantitation of allergens.

Introductions: Vitamin D has gained recognition in recent decades not only as a key regulator of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone health but also as an important factor modulating the immune system. Research indicates that vitamin D influences both innate and adaptive immune responses, which is significant in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory diseases. Vitamin D has a beneficial effect on asthma exacerbations and may help reduce respiratory inflammation, as well as alleviate symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk of food allergies, worsen symptoms of atopic dermatitis, and contribute to the transition from acute to chronic urticaria. Conversely, supplementation may help prevent allergies, reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis by supporting skin barrier function and antimicrobial peptide production, and relieve symptoms in patients with chronic urticaria. Purpose of the study: The review article aims to present the current state of knowledge on the role of vitamin D in the treatment of asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, and eczema. Material and methods: To summarize the current knowledge on the topic, a literature review of English language papers with a focus on the most current literature was performed. The review was conducted with the PubMed database with 64 works used, accessed before October 2024. Conclusions: Although the impact of blood vitamin D levels on the development and progression of allergic diseases has not yet been fully clarified, scientific studies suggest its significant role in modulating immune responses. Due to its immunoregulatory properties, vitamin D offers new hope for more effective treatment and prevention of allergic diseases.

Abstract We call for a reevaluation of the long-standing dogmatic nutritional principle that “all foods fit” for all cases of eating disorders (EDs) and its corollary, “there are no bad foods” (for anyone ever) during ED treatment. Based on accumulated scientific research, we challenge these ideologies as outdated, confusing, and potentially harmful to many patients. We review the evidence that indicates the folly of these assumptions and show there are a variety of exceptions to these rules, including (1) food allergies, sensitivities, and intolerances, (2) religious and spiritual preferences or doctrines, and (3) the ubiquitous emergence and widespread availability of ultra-processed foods leading to the potential development of addiction-like eating and a higher prevalence of various medical and psychiatric comorbidities, as well as higher mortality. This evidence supports a nutritional psychiatry approach that should be integrated into (rather than dissociated from) ED treatment research and practice.

This article delves into the topics of food allergies, disability theology, and liturgical differences. The author shares their personal experience of raising a child with severe food allergies and the challenges they face in social and public gatherings. They argue for a communal response to food allergies, emphasizing the need for a liturgical culture that values differences and prioritizes safety and justice within a community. The article also explores the concept of access intimacy, which involves understanding and meeting the access needs of disabled individuals. It connects this concept to the theological idea of the body of Christ and highlights the risks of failing to accommodate the needs of others. The text advocates for inclusive practices and justice for marginalized individuals, promoting a transformative and reflective approach to liturgical practices. It encourages a liturgical imagination that embraces spontaneity and fosters relationships within the Christian community. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: Extant literature indicates students living with food allergies (FA) experience biopsychosocial challenges (eg, social isolation, anxiety). The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of students living with FA during a usual weekday in a school setting. METHODS: Phenomenological study with purposive convenience sample from the US states of Florida and Colorado. Students aged 10‐14 years who have been managing an IgE‐mediated FA for more than 1 year within a school setting. Data collection was guided by a story path process with semi‐structured interview, with Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis used to ascribe meaning to their experiences. RESULTS: Four themes: (1) Living with Restraints: A Way of Life, (2) Managing Exposure, (3) Experiencing Stigma, and (4) Experiencing Lack of Knowledge. CONCLUSION: Findings underscore unique biopsychosocial challenges faced by students living with FA, highlighting the need for comprehensive approaches beyond traditional biological management in developing strategies, policies, future research, and recommendations in school settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have assessed the nature of accidental allergic reactions (AAR). We assessed the prevalence and risk factors for AAR in Japanese children. Methods: This study included children with immediate‐type hen's egg (HE), cow's milk (CM), wheat, or peanut allergy who developed allergic reactions within at least 2 years and were followed up regularly at a single national allergy center in Japan. From January to December 2020, low‐dose reactivity was defined as allergic reactions to ≤250, ≤102, ≤53, or ≤ 133 mg of HE, CM, wheat, or peanut protein, respectively. The annualized AAR rate showed the number of reactions per patient per year (95% confidence interval). AAR risk factors were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the 1096 participants, 609, 457, 138, and 90 had HE, CM, wheat, and peanut allergies, respectively. The median (interquartile range) age was 5.0 (2.3–8.6) years, 39% had completely eliminated allergenic food, and 24% had low‐dose reactivity. The annualized AAR rate was 0.130 (0.109–0.153) in all sub‐cohorts. Moderate and severe symptoms occurred in 50% and 0.7%, respectively, of children who experienced AAR. Multiple logistic regression revealed that low‐dose reactivity was a significant risk factor for AAR in the overall and CM cohorts, respectively (p <.001 and p =.036). Conclusion: In this single‐center study in Japan, the annualized AAR rate was relatively low during the COVID‐19 pandemic; however, half of the participants with AAR had moderate to severe symptoms. Especially in the case of low‐dose reactivity, children would require careful AAR risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increase in the incidence of allergic diseases is also caused by environmental conditions, including air pollution. In Europe and the USA, the incidence of food allergies is 6% and 8% of children, respectively. In 2023, the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (GIOŚ) stated that the air quality is much better compared to the previous 5 years. Aim: To determine the relationship between the level of atmospheric air pollution in Bielsko-Biala in 2018-2022 (nitrogen dioxide, suspended dust PM2.5 and PM10 and benzo(a)pyrene) and the incidence of food and skin allergies among children and adolescents from 0 to 18 years of age. Material and methods: Based on data from the Department of Health of the Silesian Voivodeship Office in Katowice, tables were prepared to illustrate the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis caused by substances introduced into the body (L 27) and allergic food inflammation of the stomach, small intestine and colon (K 52.2). In order to correlate the average annual concentrations of selected air pollutants and the incidence of food and skin allergies, the Statistica 13.6.0.064 (0616) program and Pearson correlation coefficients were used. Results: The incidence of food and skin allergies is decreasing and is 164.4/10,000 in 2018 and 150.6/10,000 in 2022 for food allergies and 197.3/10,000 in 2018 and 181.1/10,000 in 2022 for skin allergies. The average annual concentration of PM10 and benzo(a)pyrene is decreasing. Conclusions: In the analyzed time period, the discussed average annual concentrations of substances were not exceeded. The decreasing incidence of both food and skin allergies is related to the improvement in atmospheric air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marked differences in the prevalence of allergy between urban and rural environments have been well established. Certain microorganisms encountered in and around farming and rural surroundings can 'train' and modulate the human immune system to protect against certain infectious and non-communicable diseases, including allergies. Research from South Africa has indicated that drinking fermented cow's milk from a young age may protect against allergy even in a urban population. Lactic acid bacteria are important role-players in allergy protection and these organisms are abundant in fermented food products. The questions arise: Can people living in urban areas, at least to some extent, 'replicate' the allergy protective environment of rural people or at least compensate for a lack of exposure to protective organisms? And can they do so safely? In this review we focus on fermented milk and other fermented foods and elaborate on the allergy-protective microbiota favoured by fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is increasingly recognized as a significant public health issue in pediatric populations. The multifaceted mechanisms involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors, particularly the role of allergens, are central to understanding EoE's pathogenesis. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of food allergies and atopic diseases among children diagnosed with EoE, offering insights into their interrelations and informing improved management strategies. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 47 pediatric patients diagnosed with EoE at the Allergy and Gastroenterology Clinic, Children's Hospital, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, from February 2012 to December 2018. Patients were selected based on documented food allergies, anaphylactic reactions, comorbid atopic conditions, positive radioallergosorbent test (RAST) results, and elevated eosinophilia. Data collection involved medical records and detailed family questionnaires. Immunological assays and endoscopic biopsies were used for diagnosis, with EoE defined as more than 15 eosinophils/high power field. Results: The study population predominantly comprised Saudi males, with a mean age of 8.36 years. A significant portion had consanguineous parents. Notable findings include a high prevalence of asthma (46.8%), allergic rhinitis (23.4%), and eczema (25.5%). The most common food allergens identified were peanuts, nuts, and seafood. Asthma severity varied, with ventolin and fluticasone being the most prescribed medications. Laboratory investigations showed elevated white blood cell, absolute neutrophil count, lymph, eosinophil sedimentation rat (ESO), eosinophil percentage, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. RAST indicated specific allergen sensitivities in 34.0% of patients. Conclusion: This study provides essential insights into the demographic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of pediatric EoE, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive, personalized approach to management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We call for a reevaluation of the long-standing dogmatic nutritional principle that "all foods fit" for all cases of eating disorders (EDs) and its corollary, "there are no bad foods" (for anyone ever) during ED treatment. Based on accumulated scientific research, we challenge these ideologies as outdated, confusing, and potentially harmful to many patients. We review the evidence that indicates the folly of these assumptions and show there are a variety of exceptions to these rules, including (1) food allergies, sensitivities, and intolerances, (2) religious and spiritual preferences or doctrines, and (3) the ubiquitous emergence and widespread availability of ultra-processed foods leading to the potential development of addiction-like eating and a higher prevalence of various medical and psychiatric comorbidities, as well as higher mortality. This evidence supports a nutritional psychiatry approach that should be integrated into (rather than dissociated from) ED treatment research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Food allergies have become a growing public health concern worldwide, affecting a significant number of individuals. Accurate detection and management of allergens in food products are essential to prevent adverse reactions and ensure the safety of allergic individuals. The aim of the current review was to discuss the recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects of using nanobiosensors for allergen detection in food packaging. It covered various aspects, including different types of biosensors, recognition elements, signal transduction mechanisms, and fabrication techniques. Nanobiosensors offer high sensitivity and real-time response, making them suitable for integration into different packaging materials. Techniques like layer-by-layer assembly, electrospinning, and inkjet printing enable precise placement of nanobiosensors. The potential of nanofabrication techniques is highlighted for the development of highly sensitive and selective devices. Overall, nanobiosensors have the potential to revolutionize the food industry by improving food safety for individuals with allergies. It is necessary to tackle issues such as interference, stability, and regulatory concerns, while future prospects hold promise for enhancing food safety and quality through nanobiosensor applications. Also, by enabling more effective allergen detection and management, nanobiosensors have the potential to significantly improve food safety for individuals with allergies and enhance overall consumer confidence in the quality and integrity of packaged food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most frequent triggers of food anaphylaxis in pediatric age but also among the most common, early, and complex causes of childhood food allergy is cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). The diagnostic course and management of this allergy is defined in a complex clinical picture due to several factors. First of all, the epidemiological data are not uniform, mainly as a consequence of the diagnostic methodology used in the various studies and the different age ranges covered. In addition, there is the complexity of terminology, since although CMPA traditionally refers to immune-mediated reactions to cow's milk, it is a term encompassing numerous clinical features with different symptoms and the requirement for specific treatments. Moreover, the differential diagnosis with other very frequent diseases, especially in the first year of life, such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease or colic, is still complex. This can result in misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment, with harmful health consequences and significant economic repercussions. In this context, the combination of several omics sciences together, which have already proved useful in clarifying the allergenicity of cow's milk proteins with greater precision, could improve the diagnostic tests currently in use through the identification of new, more specific, and precise biomarkers that make it possible to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict the patient's response to the various available treatments for the recovery of tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiome modulates host immunity and aids the maintenance of tolerance in the gut, where microbial and food-derived antigens are abundant. Yet modern dietary factors and the excessive use of antibiotics have contributed to the rising incidence of food allergies, inflammatory bowel disease and other non-communicable chronic diseases associated with the depletion of beneficial taxa, including butyrate-producing Clostridia. Here we show that intragastrically delivered neutral and negatively charged polymeric micelles releasing butyrate in different regions of the intestinal tract restore barrier-protective responses in mouse models of colitis and of peanut allergy. Treatment with the butyrate-releasing micelles increased the abundance of butyrate-producing taxa in Clostridium cluster XIVa, protected mice from an anaphylactic reaction to a peanut challenge and reduced disease severity in a T-cell-transfer model of colitis. By restoring microbial and mucosal homoeostasis, butyrate-releasing micelles may function as an antigen-agnostic approach for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory diseases.

Wheat gliadin is thought to be the main cause of wheat allergy leading to celiac disease. In this study, we reported an electrochemical immunosensor based on AuNPs/Zn/Ni-ZIF-8-800@graphene for simple, efficient, and sensitive detection of gliadin. A monoclonal antibody against gliadin were prepared by hybridoma technique. Zn/Ni-ZIF-8-800 with high stability was prepared by using zinc–nickel bimetallic organic framework MOFs, and graphene and gold nanoparticles with large surface area and excellent conductivity were introduced. Chitosan was used as a binder to fixed the composite on the surface of glassy carbon electrode. The fabricated materials and the corresponding sensors were comprehensively characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and cyclic voltammetry analyses. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the electrochemical immunosensor was 0.1–100 μg mL−1, and the detection limit was 0.950 μg mL−1. In addition, the fabricated sensor exhibited high selectivity and long-term stability. The recovery test showed that the prepared sensor was suitable for the detection of gliadin in real food and feed, exhibiting great promising of the developed sensor in practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New sources of proteins are essential to meet the demands of the growing world population and evolving food trends. Assessing the allergenicity of proteins in novel food (NF) poses a significant food safety regulatory challenge. The Codex Alimentarius Commission presented an allergenicity assessment protocol for genetically modified (GM) foods, which can also be adapted for NF. Since no single laboratory test can adequately predict the allergenic potential of NF, the protocol follows a weight‐of‐evidence approach, evaluated by experts, as part of a risk management process. Regulatory bodies worldwide have adopted this safety protocol, which, among other things, promotes global harmonization. This review unravels the reliability and various motivations, terms, concepts, and approaches of allergenicity assessments, aiming to enhance understanding among manufacturers and the public. Health Canada, Food Safety Commission JAPAN, and Food Standards Australia New Zealand were surveyed, focusing on the European Food Safety Authority and the US Food Safety Administration for examples of scientific opinions regarding allergenicity assessments for novel and GM foods, from 2019 to 2023. According to our findings, current regulatory allergenicity assessments for NF approval primarily rely on literature reviews. Only a few of the NF assessments proactively presented additional tests. We recommend conducting bioinformatic analyses on NF when a panel of experts deems that there is insufficient prior scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergies are common worldwide and have become a major public health concern; more than 220 million people are estimated to suffer from food allergies worldwide. On the other hand, polyphenols, phenolic substances found in plants, have attracted attention for their health-promoting functions, including their anti-allergic effects. In this study, we examined the potential inhibitory effects of 80% ethanol extracts from 22 different vegetables on the degranulation process in RBL-2H3 cells. Our aim was to identify vegetables that could prevent and treat type I allergic diseases. We found strong inhibition of degranulation by extracts of perilla and chives. Furthermore, we verified the respective efficacy via animal experiments, which revealed that the anaphylactic symptoms caused by ovalbumin (OVA) load were alleviated in OVA allergy model mice that ingested vegetable extracts of perilla and chives. These phenomena were suggested to be caused by induction of suppression in the expression of subunits that constitute the high-affinity IgE receptor, particularly the α-chain of FcεR I. Notably, the anti-allergic effects of vegetables that can be consumed daily are expected to result in the discovery of new anti-immediate allergenic drugs based on the components of these vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergies are becoming ever more prevalent around the world. This pathology is characterized by the breakdown of oral tolerance to ingested food allergens, resulting in allergic reactions in subsequent exposures. Due to the possible severity of the symptoms associated with this pathology, new approaches to prevent it and reduce associated symptoms are of utmost importance. In this framework, dietary phenolic compounds appear as a tool with a not fully explored potential. Some phenolic compounds have been pointed to with the ability to modulate food allergies and possibly reduce their symptoms. These compounds can modulate food allergies through many different mechanisms, such as altering the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of potentially immunogenic peptides, by modulating the human immune system and by modulating the composition of the human microbiome that resides in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract. This review deepens the state-of-the-art of the modulation of these mechanisms by phenolic compounds. While this review shows clear evidence that dietary supplementation with foods rich in phenolic compounds might constitute a new approach to the management of food allergies, it also highlights the need for further research to delve into the mechanisms of action of these compounds and decipher systematic structure/activity relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited knowledge is available about the relationship between food allergies or intolerances and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinicians frequently encounter patients who report food allergies or intolerances, and gastroenterologists struggle distinguishing between patients with organic disorders and those with functional disorders, which the patients themselves may associate with specific dietary components. This task becomes even more arduous when managing patients with significant underlying organic conditions, like IBD. The aim of this review is to summarize and emphasize any actual associations between food allergies and intolerances and inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Through a narrative disceptation of the current literature, we highlight the increased prevalence of various food intolerances, including lactose, fructose, histamine, nickel, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, in individuals with IBD. Additionally, we explore the association between increased epithelial barrier permeability in IBD and the development of food sensitization. By doing so, we aim to enhance clinicians' awareness of the nutritional management of patients with IBD when facing complaints or evidence of food allergies or intolerances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a distinctive form of anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction, that is triggered by physical activity following the consumption of specific food allergens. Unique in its manifestation, FDEIA embodies a complex interaction between food intake and exercise, making it a condition of noteworthy concern particularly among athletes and active individuals. Aim of the study: This article endeavors to explore the multifaceted nature of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, beginning with a foundational understanding of anaphylaxis and the specific dynamics involved in exercise-induced reactions. Material and methods: Literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: food-dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis; exercise induced-anaphylaxis; food allergies; pathogenesis of FDEIA; diagnosis of FDEIA; sport and anaphylaxis. Conclusions: FDEIA is a unique and complex condition that requires a comprehensive understanding for effective management. By exploring its various aspects, from pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment, we can better equip individuals with the knowledge and tools to navigate this condition and minimize the risk of potentially life-threatening reactions.

Background. The emergence of new functional capabilities of statistical accounting made it possible to conduct a comparative analysis of the morbidity of allergic pathologies according to the registers of allergists and pediatricians from the Unified Medical Information and Analytical System (UMIAS) of Moscow with data from the Form of Federal Statistical Observation No. 12 (FSO No. 12). The aim of the study is to investigate the potential of using UMIAS for assessing/monitoring the morbidity of allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma in children, using the example of several outpatient clinics (OPCs) in Moscow. Methods. A study of combined design has been carried out. The data of children of several OPCs in Moscow were analyzed — data from UMIAS (observation registers of pediatricians and allergist-immunologists) and from the reporting forms of the FSO No. 12. Results. For a comparative analysis of statistical data from UMIAS and FSO No. 12, we studied the information of 60,851 children under 18 years of age. It was revealed that out of 60,851 children: allergic rhinitis according to FSO No. 12 and UMIAS was established in 1001 and 1059 patients; atopic dermatitis — in 142 and 345; urticaria — in 363 and 33; angioedema — in 4 and 16, respectively; food allergy — in 233 children according (to FSO No. 12) and in none of the children (according to UMIAS). Out of 60,851 children, 619 children were diagnosed with bronchial asthma according to the annual report (FSO No. 12) and 537 according to the pediatrician’s observation registers (UMIAS). At the same time, it was found that the diagnosis of bronchial asthma is not available as a separate nosology in the registry of an allergist-immunologist, and information about children with bronchial asthma is available to this specialist only when analyzing the uploaded information about children with other allergic diseases. Conclusion. A adequate sample ensured a high representativeness of the results obtained. The differences in the incidence rates of allergic diseases revealed by a comparative analysis of data from various sources — UMIAS and FSO No. 12 — indicate the need to improve both the system of statistical registration of incidence and the development of modern algorithms for early diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of children with allergies.

To address the urgent need for safe food allergen immunotherapy, we have developed a liver-targeting nanoparticle platform, capable of intervening in allergic inflammation, mast cell release and anaphylaxis through the generation of regulatory T-cells (Treg). In this communication, we demonstrate the use of a poly (lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle platform for intervening in peanut anaphylaxis through the encapsulation and delivery of a dominant protein allergen, Ara h 2 and representative T-cell epitopes, to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). These cells have the capacity to act as natural tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APC), capable of Treg generation by T-cell epitope presentation by histocompatibility (MHC) type II complexes on the LSEC surface. This allowed us to address the hypothesis that the tolerogenic nanoparticles platform could be used as an effective, safe, and scalable intervention for suppressing anaphylaxis to crude peanut allergen extract. Following the analysis of purified Ara h 2 and representative MHC-II epitopes Treg generation in vivo, a study was carried out to compare the best-performing Ara h 2 T-cell epitope with a purified Ara h 2 allergen, a crude peanut protein extract (CPPE) and a control peptide in an oral sensitization model. Prophylactic as well as post-sensitization administration of the dominant encapsulated Ara h 2 T-cell epitope was more effective than the purified Ara h2 in eliminating anaphylactic manifestations, hypothermia, and mast cell protease release in a frequently used peanut anaphylaxis model. This was accompanied by decreased peanut-specific IgE blood levels and increased TGF-β release in the abdominal cavity. The duration of the prophylactic effect was sustained for two months. These results demonstrate that targeted delivery of carefully selected T-cell epitopes to natural tolerogenic liver APC could serve as an effective platform for the treatment of peanut allergen anaphylaxis.

This Brief Review delves into B cell responses in the context of allergy. The primary contribution of B cells to allergy is the production of IgE, the Ab isotype that triggers immediate hypersensitivity reactions through the release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. B cells may also have protective roles in allergy, such as through the production of IgG or as regulatory B cells. In this review, I focus on the basic principles of B cell differentiation and discuss features relevant to allergic immune responses. In particular, I discuss: (1) class-switch recombination; (2) plasma cell differentiation; (3) germinal centers and affinity maturation; and (4) memory B cells and recall responses, with an emphasis on IgE, IgG1, and IgG4. I also consider how B cells may contribute to allergic responses independent of Ab production-for example, by serving as APCs.

BackgroundFor young children with peanut allergy, dietary avoidance is the current standard of care. We aimed to assess whether peanut oral immunotherapy can induce desensitisation (an increased allergic reaction threshold while on therapy) or remission (a state of non-responsiveness after discontinuation of immunotherapy) in this population.MethodsWe did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in five US academic medical centres. Eligible participants were children aged 12 to younger than 48 months who were reactive to 500 mg or less of peanut protein during a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). Participants were randomly assigned by use of a computer, in a 2:1 allocation ratio, to receive peanut oral immunotherapy or placebo for 134 weeks (2000 mg peanut protein per day) followed by 26 weeks of avoidance, with participants and study staff and investigators masked to group treatment assignment. The primary outcome was desensitisation at the end of treatment (week 134), and remission after avoidance (week 160), as the key secondary outcome, were assessed by DBPCFC to 5000 mg in the intention-to-treat population. Safety and immunological parameters were assessed in the same population. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03345160.FindingsBetween Aug 13, 2013, and Oct 1, 2015, 146 children, with a median age of 39·3 months (IQR 30·8-44·7), were randomly assigned to receive peanut oral immunotherapy (96 participants) or placebo (50 participants). At week 134, 68 (71%, 95% CI 61-80) of 96 participants who received peanut oral immunotherapy compared with one (2%, 0·05-11) of 50 who received placebo met the primary outcome of desensitisation (risk difference [RD] 69%, 95% CI 59-79; p

RationaleEosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID), including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), are inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal mucosa mediated by complex immune mechanisms. Although there have been initial reports of EGID in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI), little is known about the presentation of EGID in immunodeficient individuals.MethodsWe queried the U.S. Immunodeficiency Network (USIDNET) for patient records including the terms eosinophilic esophagitis, gastritis, enteritis, or colitis. We analyzed 74 patient records from the database, including diagnoses, demographics, infectious history, laboratory findings, genetic studies, therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcomes.ResultsWe examined 74 patient records. A total of 61 patients had isolated EoE, and 13 had distal gastrointestinal involvement consistent with EGID. The most common IEI were common variable immunodeficiency (43.2%), some form of combined immunodeficiency (21.6%), chronic granulomatous disease (8.1%), hyper-IgE syndrome (6.8%), and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (6.8%). The median age at presentation with IEI was 0.5 years (IQR 1.725, max 39 years) and 56.76% were male. Approximately 20% of the patients in the cohort received a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of IEI, but the timing of the HSCT in relationship to the EGID diagnosis was unknown.ConclusionsHere, we report EGID in a diverse cohort of IEI patients, suggesting that both non-EoE EGID and EoE can be seen as comorbid conditions with a variety of IEI. Our data suggests that EGID may be more common in patients with IEI than would be expected based on estimates of EGID in the general population.

The prevalence of food allergies continues to rise, and with limited existing therapeutic options there is a growing need for new and innovative treatments. Food allergies are, in a large part, related to environmental influences on immune tolerance in early life, and represent a significant therapeutic challenge. An expanding body of evidence on molecular mechanisms in murine models and microbiome associations in humans have highlighted the critical role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of food allergies. As such, the gut microbiome is a rational target for novel strategies aimed at preventing and treating food allergies, and new methods of modifying the gastrointestinal microbiome to combat immune dysregulation represent promising avenues for translation to future clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the intersection between the gut microbiome and the development of food allergies, with particular focus on microbiome therapeutic strategies. These emerging microbiome approaches to food allergies are subject to continued investigation and include dietary interventions, pre- and probiotics, microbiota metabolism-based interventions, and targeted live biotherapeutics. This exciting frontier may reveal disease-modifying food allergy treatments, and deserves careful study through ongoing clinical trials.

IntroductionEating out is a common practice in modern society. Celiac disease (CeD) and food allergy (FA) are among the most common conditions responsible for adverse reactions to food. Despite their different origins, both require treatment with restrictive diets (avoidance of gluten and/or specific allergens) and this results posing similar challenges when eating out. Our objective was to learn about the experiences/perceptions of consumers with CeD and FA when dining out, as well as the challenges they face in food service environments.MethodsAn ad hoc questionnaire was used to record consumer perceptions, food service characteristics and resulting adverse reactions.Results377 individuals living in Santiago, Chile, provided complete information and were analyzed (160 CeD, 105 FA). 301 participants (79.8%) declared eating out, 33.6% reported experiencing an adverse reaction at least once while eating out. 94.4% of the 377 participants believed that the serving staff had little or no knowledge about his/her condition. Consumers reporting symptoms as severe adverse reactions were more common among celiac than allergic patients (p

Food allergies adversely affect the quality of life of the child and family, as they require lifelong treatment and follow-up. This study aims to examine the experiences of mothers who have children with food allergies within the framework of the biopsychosocial-spiritual model. This study, using a qualitative research design, was carried out with mothers of children followed up with food allergy in the pediatric allergy outpatient clinic of a university hospital between December 15, 2022 and January 05, 2023. Purposive sampling method was used in the study and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 mothers. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Inductive thematic analysis method was used. The study was written based on the COREQ checklist. Three themes, eight sub-themes, and 19 categories were identified: The effects of the disease on the physical health of the child and mother in the biological effects theme; psychosocial responses to disease, adaptation to treatment, future anxiety, coping strategies, and communication/interaction in the psychosocial effects theme; search for purpose-meaning in life and understanding belief/basic human values in the spiritual effects theme. It has been concluded that food allergies affect maternal health extensively, especially in the psychosocial field, and that it affects family relationships, the time that mothers spare for themselves, and physical and spiritual health. The findings will be a guide for improving the quality of life of mothers followed up with food allergies and for the care and counseling support to be provided to mothers. • Food allergy is a challenging disease that affects the quality of life of children and families. • Lifelong follow-up and treatment may be required in childhood food allergies. • The mothers of children diagnosed with food allergies experience various physical, psychosocial, and spiritual experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IgE induced by type 2 immune responses in atopic dermatitis is implicated in the progression of atopic dermatitis to other allergic diseases, including food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. However, the keratinocyte-derived signals that promote IgE and ensuing allergic diseases remain unclear. Herein, in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation induced by epicutaneous Staphylococcus aureus exposure, keratinocyte release of IL‑36α along with IL-4 triggered B cell IgE class-switching, plasma cell differentiation, and increased serum IgE levels-all of which were abrogated in IL-36R-deficient mice or anti-IL‑36R-blocking antibody-treated mice. Moreover, skin allergen sensitization during S. aureus epicutaneous exposure-induced IL-36 responses was required for the development of allergen-specific lung inflammation. In translating these findings, elevated IL‑36 cytokines in human atopic dermatitis skin and in IL‑36 receptor antagonist-deficiency patients coincided with increased serum IgE levels. Collectively, keratinocyte-initiated IL‑36 responses represent a key mechanism and potential therapeutic target against allergic diseases.

One of the most frequent triggers of food anaphylaxis in pediatric age but also among the most common, early, and complex causes of childhood food allergy is cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). The diagnostic course and management of this allergy is defined in a complex clinical picture due to several factors. First of all, the epidemiological data are not uniform, mainly as a consequence of the diagnostic methodology used in the various studies and the different age ranges covered. In addition, there is the complexity of terminology, since although CMPA traditionally refers to immune-mediated reactions to cow’s milk, it is a term encompassing numerous clinical features with different symptoms and the requirement for specific treatments. Moreover, the differential diagnosis with other very frequent diseases, especially in the first year of life, such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease or colic, is still complex. This can result in misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment, with harmful health consequences and significant economic repercussions. In this context, the combination of several omics sciences together, which have already proved useful in clarifying the allergenicity of cow’s milk proteins with greater precision, could improve the diagnostic tests currently in use through the identification of new, more specific, and precise biomarkers that make it possible to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict the patient’s response to the various available treatments for the recovery of tolerance.

In the US, sesame was recognized as the ninth major food allergen in 2021, underscoring the importance of updated allergen labeling to facilitate effective prevention plans and anaphylaxis response. This article discusses the prevalence of sesame seed allergy among children in the US and outlines strategies for nurses to understand the assessment, treatment, and education of patients regarding this allergen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionFood allergies have a substantial impact on patient health, but their mechanisms are poorly understood, and strategies for diagnosing, preventing, and treating food allergies are not optimal. This study explored the levels of and relationship between IL-17A and IFN-γ in the saliva of children with food allergies, which will form the basis for further mechanistic discoveries as well as prevention and treatment measures for food allergies.MethodsA case–control study with 1:1 matching was designed. Based on the inclusion criteria, 20 case–control pairs were selected from patients at the Skin and Allergy Clinic and children of employees. IL-17A and IFN-γ levels in saliva were measured with a Luminex 200 instrument. A general linear model was used to analyze whether the salivary IL-17A and IFN-γ levels in the food allergy group differed from those in the control group.ResultsThe general linear model showed a significant main effect of group (allergy vs. healthy) on the levels of IL-17A and IFN-γ. The mean IL-17A level (0.97 ± 0.09 pg/ml) in the food allergy group was higher than that in the healthy group (0.69 ± 0.09 pg/ml). The mean IFN-γ level (3.0 ± 0.43 pg/ml) in the food allergy group was significantly higher than that in the healthy group (1.38 ± 0.43 pg/ml). IL-17A levels were significantly positively related to IFN-γ levels in children with food allergies (r=0.79) and in healthy children (r=0.98).DiscussionThe salivary IL-17A and IFN-γ levels in children with food allergies were higher than those in healthy children. This finding provides a basis for research on new methods of diagnosing food allergies and measuring the effectiveness of treatment.