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“ Porania ” (Pseudoporania) stormi (Dons 1936) Pseudoporania stormi Dons 1936: 17 –20, figs 1 –3, 4a, 1938: 167 Porania (Pseudoporania) stormi: A.M. Clark 1984: 42, 44, figs. 5 B, 7 e, 15 A–D, 16 A, B), Clark & Downey (1992: 212); A.M. Clark 1993: 233. Taxonomic comments. A.M. Clark (1984: 42) relegated Pseudoporania from genus to subgenus based on shared characters with Porania, including the absence of “superficial” spinules, the open groups of papulae spaced out over wide areas, and the single or few furrow spines arranged in one series transverse to the furrow. However, as outlined by A.M. Clark (1984: 42) there remain several characters that set Pseudoporania apart, including the thickened body wall, a rounded actinolateral fringe and the absence of inferomarginal spination. Based on inference from our results and A.M. Clark’s (1984) characters it seems unlikely this species should be placed within Porania. Pseudoporania ’s thickened body wall, lack of inferomarginal spination and actinolateral fringe suggests affinities with more Poraniidae bearing similar characters, such as Chondraster or Culcitopsis. However, specimens of Pseudoporania could not examined to verify this hypothesis. We retain Pseudoporania within Porania, following A.M. Clark’s (1984) assignment pending further evidence, including DNA or morphological, particularly skeletal data, which may shed further insight on its position within the Poraniidae. Included species: Porania (Pseudoporania) stormi (Dons 1936) Occurrence. Trondheim-Lofoten Island area, Norway to Southwest of Faeroe Islands and SW of Ireland, 300– 770 m. Specimens examined. None.

Poraniomorpha hispida (M. Sars 1872) Figure 8 A���F Goniaster hispidus M. Sars in G. O. Sars 1872: 28; M. Sars 1877: 72 ���75, pl. 8, figs. 24���26; Storm 1878: 253 ���254; 1879: 20; 1881: 90. Asterina borealis Verrill 1878: 213; 1879: 14; 1885: pl. 18, fig. 46 Porania spinulosa Verrill 1880: 202 ���203; 1882: 218 Poraniomorpha rosea Danielssen & Koren 1881: 189 ���192; 1884: 67���70, pl. 10, figs 8���14; Sluiter 1895: 59; Grieg 1896: 12; Petersen & Levinsen 1900: 56; Ludwig 1900: 459 ���460; Grieg 1902: 21 ���22, pl. 1, figs 1,2; Norman 1903: 408. Porania borealis Verrill 1882: 218 ? Rhegaster murrayi Sladen 1883: 156, pl. 26, figs. 2���7; 1889: 368���371; Bell 1893: 80 Pentagonaster hispidus Danielssen & Koren 1884: 58 ���59, pl. 15, fig. 6; Grieg 1895: 6; 1898: 24. Poraniomorpha spinulosa Verrill 1885: 542; 1895: 139. Poraniomorpha borealis Verrill 1885: 551; 1895: 139���140; A.H. Clark 1949: 373 (?) Lasiaster hispidus Sladen 1889: 374; Norman 1893: 347; Pfeffer 1894: 118; Verrill 1899: 198; Ludwig 1900: 460; Grieg 1902: 22 ���24, pl. figs. 3, 4; Michailovski 1903: 486; S��ssbach & Breckner 1911: 219 ���220. Lasiaster villosus Sladen 1889: 372, pl. 58, figs 7���10 Poraniomorpha hispida ��stergren 1904: 615; Koehler 1909: 100 ���101, pl. 2, fig. 8, pl. 11, fig. 7, pl. 23, fig. 7; Mortensen 1912: 258; 1914 a: 332���333, Koehler 1924: 157 ���159, pl. 5, fig. 9; Grieg 1927: 129 ���133, figs. 1���6; Mortensen 1927: 92; Djakonov 1946: 163 ���169 (pt.); 1950 a: 58 (in key), 59 (1968: 50); Einarsson 1948: 11; Franz et al. 1981: 405, 406 [?Non P. hispida: Gallo 1937 and other references from Portugal = P. (Culcitopsis) borealis]; Haedrich & Maunder 1984: 40 ���42; Anisimova & Cochrane 2003: 121. Poraniomorpha hispida var. rosea ��stergren 1904: 615; Grieg 1907: 42; Mortensen 1912: 258; 1927: 92, fig. 53; Djakonov 1950: 59 (1968: 50). Poraniomorpha (Lasiaster) hispidus Grieg 1907: 40 ���45, figs 5, 6 Poraniomorpha (Poraniomorpha) hispida hispida A.M. Clark 1984: 33 ���34, 40, figs. 8 b, 9 A, B, 11 D���F; Clark & Downey 1992: 216. Poraniomorpha (Poraniomorpha) hispida rosea A.M. Clark 1984: 34, figs 8 c, 11 B,C; Dilman 2008: 139. Poraniomorpha hispida rosea Harvey et al. 1988: 163 Synonymy of Poraniomorpha hispida rosea. Harvey et al. (1988: 163) and Clark and Downey (1992: 214) outline the distinctions between the subspecies P. hispida hispida and P. hispida rosea. Separation of Poraniomorpha hispida rosea from P. h i s p i da was based primarily on whether the body shape showed a more distinctly stellate shape with more angular interbrachial arcs and triangular rays, and its occurrence in the Norwegian Basin along the Norwegian Trench and down the Rockall Trough to the Bay of Biscay at 290 to 1400 m depth. Clark and Downey (1992: 214) outline the R/r ratio as ranging between 1.7 to 2.2 with a mean of 2.0 among specimens with R> 2.5 cm. The morphological differences are not universal for this species across the Atlantic as records of deeper water Poraniomorpha hispida from other localities do not show this variation. Poraniomorpha hispida USNM specimens, E 34636 and E 34637, show R/r of 1.5 to 1.6 (at R= 3.4 and 3.2) from 796 and 1990���2020 m, respectively. USNM 12008 shows R/r of 1.4 from 814 m, which does little to support the association of P. hispida rosea with depth. Dilman (2008) reported P. hispida rosea from the Mid-Atlantic ridge at 966���1019 m but with a less stellate shape [R/r ratio of 1.5 (1.8 cm / 1.2 cm)]. Other widely occurring cold-water asteroids (e.g., H. phrygiana) show significant morphological variation (Foltz et al., 2013; Mah et al. 2014). Morphological variation in this subspecies appears to be relatively minor, perhaps attributed to growth or environmental/hydrodynamic influence (e.g. Hayne & Palmer 2013). For these reasons, I have entered P. hispida rosea into synonymy of P. hispida. Occurrence. Norwegian fjords to western Sweden. South from the Arctic Ocean, Newfoundland, south to South Carolina, including Virginia and North Carolina. 100��� 2020 m. Description. Body pentagonal (Fig. 8 A) to stellate in outline, (R/r = 1.2 to 2.5), arms triangular with rounded tips. Interradial arcs nearly straight to weakly curved. Body thick with flattened actinal surface (Fig. 8 B). Clark and Downey (1992) note R up to 5.5 cm. Body surface covered by a discrete, soft layer of skin over plates. Abactinal surface tumescent. Plates vary in outline from rod-like to irregularly rounded and lobate, tightly arranged into a dense reticulation, centered around papular pores. Round plates articulated with rod-like plates. Spaces between abactinal plates separated by thickened skin. Papular regions more widely present proximally on disk, disappearing distally, with abactinal plates forming a closely arranged mosaic near armtip. More lobate, irregularly shaped, paired plates present bisecting each interradial region forming confluence with marginal plates. Abactinal plates present, bisecting each interradii in nearly all individuals examined (Figs. 8 A, E). Madreporite irregularly round to polygonal, flanked by three or more plates and/or papular regions. Sulci abundant, Madreporite located on interradial bisector. Papulae pores, one to 20, typically in clusters of four to 15, present between reticulated openings throughout abactinal surface (Fig. 8 A, E). Single pores tend to occur more distally adjacent to armtip. Larger, more confluent regions with more numerous pores present more proximally, closer to disk center. Papulae absent from regions where bisecting interradial abactinal plates are present. Abactinal, marginal, actinal surfaces covered by a continuous cover of fine, papilliform spinules which obscure boundaries between plates. Spinules on abactinal and marginal surface densely arranged but becoming more widely dispersed on actinal intermediate surface. Pedicellariae not observed. Marginal plates wide, blocky, weakly convex, approximately 32 to 34 per interradius (from R= 2.5 to 5.5) (Fig. 7 C). Marginal plate surface covered by continuous layer of papilliform spinules, obscuring boundaries between plates (Fig. 8 C). Skin layer covering surface between superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. Intermarginal papulae present, one to six, occurring on tissue filled spaces at the contact zones between superomarginals and between superomarginal and inferomarginals (Fig. 8 C). Intermarginal papulae absent from spaces between inferomarginal plates. Intermarginal papulae greatest in number interradially but gradually decreasing and disappearing distally (two to six plates away from arm tip). Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, similar in size, articulated with one another 1: 1. Interradial bisector converges with superomarginal plates at center of interradius. Spines, other prominent features absent from superomarginal plate surface. Inferomarginals form discrete fringe around actinolateral edge. Actinolateral edge of inferomarginal surface composed of seven to 20 flattened, pointed spines which stand apart from continuous papilliform spinules present elsewhere. Second cluster of spines, one to ten present on actinal facing surface of inferomarginals locally becoming confluent with actinolateral cluster. Inferomarginal plates form prominent actinal border Actinal surface flattened, formed from three to four transverse actinal series, extending from adambulacral to adambulacral (Fig. 8 B). Longest, most complete series is most distal, with each series becoming shorter and more irregular as they draw proximally toward the mouth. Spination on actinal surface varies from smaller spinelets to larger spines, which are roughly twice as long as those on marginal and abactinal surface. Spinelets of either size are widely and evenly distributed. Actinal plates imbricate, irregularly rounded to polygonal in outline, but boundaries obscured by spination. Patch of one to 20 large, at least two to three times as long as surface spinules, with pointed tips present on the surface of each actinal plate. Patches with fewest numbers of spines present most proximally, closest to mouth. Actinal regions grooved, forming corresponding fasciolar channels between actinals and inferomarginals. Adambulacral plate surface sharply convex, with rounded edges, tissue present between plates (Fig. 8 D). Furrow spines two, perpendicular to subambulacrals, arranged in parallel along tube foot furrow, each spine round in cross-section with blunt, pointed tip. Subambulacral spines, arranged transversely, up to five per cluster, also round in cross-section with pointed tips, all approximately similar in size. Oral plates with up to five (three to four) furrow spines, the apical one thicker than the oral plate furrow spines and paired with the matching spine of the other oral plate (Fig. 8 D). Up to three to five conical, pointed spines present on each oral plate surface (six to 10 total). Color in life is ���rose red���, light to dark orange on abactinal surface, lighter orange on actinal surface. Material examined. North Atlantic. MNHN, no #. South of Newfoundland, 47 �� 23.5 ���N, 57 ��48.0���W to 47 �� 23.2 ���N, 57 �� 54.9 ���W, 210��� 216 m. Coll. ERHAPS 851, Sta. L 85. 20 Feb 1985 (1 dry spec. R= 2.9, r=2.0); USNM E 7940 south of Flemish Cap, Newfoundland North Atlantic Ocean. 47 ��08���N 44 �� 52 ���W, Coll. R/V. Atlantis. (1 dry spec. R= 5.5, r= 3.7); USNME 20648 SE of Casco Bay, North Atlantic Ocean, 43 �� 33 ���N 69 �� 40 ���W, 135 m, coll. R/V. Albatross IV (2 dry specs. R= 4.7, r= 2.9; R= 5.6, r= 3.3); USNM E 34636 Cape Fear, North Carolina, 33 ��05��� 44 ���N, 76 �� 24 ��� 40 ���W, 796 m. coll. 22 May 1985 (1 dry spec. R= 3.4, r= 2.2); USNM E 34637 Off Charleston Bump, South Carolina, North Atlantic, 32 �� 10 ��� 14 ���N 76 �� 42 ��� 50 ���W, 1990���2020 m. Coll. R/V Gyre, Sept. 18, 1985. (1 dry spec. R= 3.2, r=2.0); USNM E 38679 East of Virginia Beach, North Atlantic. 36 �� 41 ��� 30 ���N, 74 �� 37 ��� 24 ���W, 690��� 832 m. Coll. R/V Columbus Iselin, June 1973. (1 dry spec. R= 4.6, r= 3.2); USNM 6148 Hudson Canyon, North Atlantic Ocean. 39 �� 58 ��� 35 ���, 71 ��00��� 30 ���W, 360 m, Coll. R/V Albatross (1 dry spec. R= 2.1, r= 1.2); USNM 12008, South of Nantucket Shoals, Massachusetts, 39 �� 48 ��� 30 ���N, 70 �� 40 ��� 30 ���W, 814 m, Coll. R/V Albatross (1 dry spec. R= 2.1, r= 1.5); USNM 12014 south of Nantucket Shoals, Massachusetts, 40 ��01��� 45 ���N, 70 �� 40 ��� 324 ���W, 240 m, Coll. R/V Albatross (1 dry spec. R= 4.3, r= 2.4), Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 353-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Sars, M. (1872) Tillaeg. In: Sars, G. O. (Ed.), Nye Echinodermer fra den Norske Kyst. Kongelige Videnskabernes Selskabsforhandlinger, Trondheim 1871, pp. 27 - 31.","Sars, M. (1877) New Echinoderms. Fauna littoralis Norvegiae, 3, 49 - 75.","Storm, V. (1878) Beretning om Selskabets zoologiske Samling I Aaret 1877. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Skrifter, 8, 223 - 261.","Verrill, A. E. (1878) Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. 1 & 2. American Journal of Science, 16, 207 - 215, 371 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 16.93.207","Verrill, A. E. (1880) Notice of recent additions to the marine Invertebrata of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new genera and species and critical remarks on others. Proceedings of the US National Museum, 2, 165 - 202. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.284.315","Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195.","Sluiter, C. P. (1895) Die Asteriden Sammlung des Museums zu Amsterdam. Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde, 17, 49 - 64.","Grieg, J. A. (1896) Om Echinodermfaunaen i de vestlandske Fjorde. Bergens Museums. Aarbog, 1896, 34 - 46.","Petersen, C. G. K. & Levinsen, J. C. L. (1900) Trawlings in the Skager Rack and Cattegat in 1897 and ' 98. Reports of the Danish Biological Station, 9 (1899), 1 - 56.","Ludwig, H. (1900) Arktische Seesterne. Fauna Arctica, 1 (3), 447 - 502.","Grieg, J. A. (1902) Oversigt over det nordlige Norges Echinodermer. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1902 (1), 1 - 38.","Norman, A. M. (1903) Notes on the natural history of East Finmark. Echinodermata. Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 12 (7), 406 - 417. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678875","Verrill, A. E. (1882) Notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of New England. 3 & 4. American Journal of Science, 23, 135 - 142, 216 - 225. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 23.135.216","Sladen, W. P. (1883) IX. Asteroidea dredged in the Faeroe Channel during the cruise of H. M. S. Triton in August 1882. Transaction of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 32, 153 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800026703","Bell, F. J. (1893) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). London, xvii + 202 pp., 16 pls.","Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1884) Asteroidea. Den Norske Nordhavs Expedition 1876 - 1878, 11, 1 - 119.","Grieg, J. A. (1895) Om echinodermen - faunen i de Vestlandiske Fjorde. Bergens Museums. Aarbog, 1894 - 95 (12), 1 - 13.","Verrill, A. E. (1885) [Echinoderms] in Results of the explorations made by the steamer Albatross off the northern coast of the United States in 1883. Report of the US Fish Commission 1883, 503 - 645 (1 - 142), pls. 10 - 21.","Clark, A. H. (1949) Echinoderms from the mid - Atlantic dredged by the Atlantis in the summer of 1948. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 39, 371 - 377.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893.","Norman, A. M. (1893) A month on the Trondhjem fiord. 1. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12 (6), 341 - 367. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939308677634","Pfeffer, G. (1894) Fische, Mollusken und Echinodermen von Spitzbergen, gesammelt von Prof. Kukenthal im Jahre 1886. Echinodermen von ost - Spitzbergen nach der Ausbeute der Herrn Prof. W. Kukenthal und Dr. Alfr. Walter im Jahre 1889. Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik, 8, 91 - 99, 100 - 127.","Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234.","Michailovski, M. (1903) Zoologische Ergebnisse der Russischen Expeditionen nach Spitzbergen. Echinodermen. Annuaire du Musee zoologique de l'Academie imperiale des sciences de St. Petersbourg, 7, 460 - 546.","Sussbach, S. & Breckner, A. (1911) Die Seeigel, Seesterne und Schlangensterne der Nord - und Ostee. Wissenschaftliche Meereesuntersuchungen Kiel, 12, 167 - 300.","Ostergren, H. (1904) Uber die arktischen Seesterne. Zoologische Anzeiger, 27, 614 - 616.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse Alice. Results Campagne Scientifique, Prince Albert fasc, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1912) Report on the Echinoderms collected by the Danmark - Expedition to North - East Greenland. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 45, 237 - 302.","Koehler, R. (1924) Les Echinodermes des Mers d'Europe. Vol 1. Generalites, Asterides, Ophiurides. Librarie Octave Doin, Paris, xii + 360 pp.","Grieg, J. A. (1927) Echinoderms from the west coast of Norway. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 65, 127 - 136.","Mortensen, T. (1927) Echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, 471 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Djakonov, A. M. (1946) Individual and age variability in some groups of echinoderms. Trudy Zoologischeskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR (Lenningrad), 8, 145 - 193. [in Russian]","Einarsson, H. (1948) Echinoderma. The Zoology of Iceland, Vol. IV, pt. 70, 1 - 67.","Franz, D. R., Worley, E. K. & Merrill, A. S. (1981) Distribution patterns of common seastars of the Middle Atlantic continental shelf of the Northwest Atlantic (Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras) Biological Bulletin, 160, 394 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540848","Gallo, V. R. (1937) Sur le genre ' Culcitopsis ' Verrill (Asteroides). Compte Rendu XIIe Congres Internationale Zoologique, Lisbon, 1935. pp. 1664 - 1667.","Haedrich, R. L & Maunder, J. E. (1984) The echinoderm fauna of the Newfoundland continental slope. Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference, Galway. Balkema, Rotterdam, 662 pp.","Anisimova, N. A. & Cochrane, S. J. (2003) An annotated checklist of the echinoderms of the Svalbard and Franz Josef Land archipelagos and adjacent waters. Sarsia, 88, 113 - 135. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364820310000102","Grieg, J. A. (1907) Echinodermen von dem norwegischen Fischereidampfer Michael Sars in den Jahren 1900 - 1903 gesammelt. 3. Asteroidea. 1. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1906 (13), 1 - 87.","Djakonov, A. M. (1950) Morskie Zvezdy Morei SSSR. Tableaux analytiquesdelafaune deU. R. S. S., 34, 1 - 203. [Translated as Dyakonov. A. M. 1968. Sea stars (Asteroids) of the USSR Seas. Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, 34. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ed. by A. A. Strelkov. Israel Program for scientific translations Ltd. Jerusalem, 183 pp.]","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billet, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Through and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 54 (4), 53 - 198.","Foltz, D., Fatland, S., Eleaume, M., Markello, K., Howell, K., Neil, K. & Mah, C. (2013) Global population divergence of the sea star Hippasteria phrygiana corresponds to onset of the last glacial period of the Pleistocene. Marine Biology, 160 (5), 1285 - 1296. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2180 - 1","Hayne, K. J. R. & Palmer, A. R. (2013) Intertidal sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus) alter body shape in response to wave action. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 1717 - 1725. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 078964"]}

Noriaster barberoi Blake et al. 2000 Blake et al. 2000: 141,148 Occurrence. Norian (Triassic) of Northern Italy. Material examined. None., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Blake, D. B., Tintori, A. & Hagdorn, H. (2000) A new, early crown - group asteroid (Echinodermata) from the Norian (Triassic) of Northern Italy. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 106, 141 - 156."]}

Porania Gray 1840 Figure 6 A���F Porania Gray 1840: 288; 1866: 15���16; Perrier 1875: 280 [1876: 96]; Viguier 1879: 220 ���222; Smith 1879: 276; Sladen 1889: 358; Perrier 1891: K 107, 163; Bell 1893: 79; Perrier 1893: 849; 1894: 163; Fisher 1911: 248 (in key); Koehler 1921: 41; 1924: 152; Mortensen 1927: 90; Fisher 1940: 154; Madsen 1956: 160; Bernasconi 1964: 263; Spencer & Wright 1966: U 69; Tablado 1982: 88; A. M. Clark 1984: 42; Clark & Downey 1992: 206; A.M. Clark 1993: 231; Asteropsis (pt) M��ller & Troschel 1842: 62 Pseudoporania Dons 1936: 18 [type species Pseudoporania stormi Dons 1936] Type species: Porania pulvillus (O.F. M��ller 1776) Diagnosis. (Note: This diagnosis is based primarily on P. pulvillus. The status of ��� Pseudoporania ��� stormi remains uncertain and as such, it was not included as part of the treatment herein.) Body weakly stellate R/ r= 1.2���2.4. Disk tumescent, rays triangular in outline. Interradial arcs rounded. Abactinal, marginal and actinal surface overlain by a thick layer of skin obscuring plate boundaries in wet or certain dried specimens. Abactinal skeleton with round, cylindrical and irregularly lobate or polygonal shaped plates. Abactinal plates primarily imbricate but with some showing variable density and some displaying more open distribution between plates. Papular pores, one to ten per region, several of which are confluent. Papulae absent interradially. Papulae less abundant relative to how dense imbricate plates ae present. Marginal plates, oblong to scresent shaped. Inferomarginals similar in shape, somewhat more oblong) to but more staggered from superomarginals. Inferomarginals staggered from superomarginals. Each inferomarginal with one to five short, blunt cylindrical skin covered spine forming a distinct fringe along the actinolateral edge. Actinal surface flat. Plates quadrate to rectangular, imbricate and arranged in regular transverse series corresponding to the adambulacral plates and to the actinal-facing inferomarginals. Actinal surface devoid of accessories. Furrow spines one or two, most often two. Single subambulacral spine, all furrow spines sheathed by thck skin. Included species: P. pulvillus (O.F. M��ller 1776), P. s t o r m i (Dons 1936) Taxonomic comments. Glabraster & Pseudoporania: Porania as has been outlined by A.M. Clark (1984) and Clark & Downey (1992) is paraphyletic. Our Fig. 1 supports ��� Porania ��� antarctica as a separate, distinct lineage. Re-assessment of subgenera, such as Pseudoporania based on morphology also suggests paraphyly of Porania. Fig. 1 shows separation between Porania pulvillus and ��� Porania ��� antarctica leading to reistatement of Glabraster A.H. Clark. Porania pulvillus represents the type species for Porania and retains the original designation. Porania pulvillus displays distinctly different abactinal and marginal plate morphology from Glabraster antarctica. The North Atlantic P. pulvillus has a densely articulated, reticulate, becoming imbricate skeleton (Fig. 5 A, F), as opposed to the more widely spaced, distinctly reticulate skeleton observed in G. a n t a rc t i c a (Fig. 6 A). Marginal plate morphology between the two taxa and adambulacral spination (i.e., furrow and subadambulacral spines) is also significantly different between the two taxa. In contrast, the actinal and marginal plate orientation looks identical to those in Glabraster antarctica, which suggests some parallelism in actinal plate systems. Pseudoporania stormi Dons 1936 should only provisionally be considered as a subgenus within Porania. As indicated below, it shows several characters consistent with established poraniid genera, such as Chondraster or Culcitopsis., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 345-346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184, 275 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Perrier, E. (1875) Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 pp.","Viguier, C. (1879) Anatomie comparee du squelette des Stellerides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 7, 33 - 250.","Smith, E. A. (1879) Echinodermata of Kerguelen Island. Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 168, 270 - 281.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893.","Perrier, E. (1891) Echinoderma I. Stellerides. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882 - 83. 6. Zoologie, (3), 1 - 198.","Bell, F. J. (1893) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). London, xvii + 202 pp., 16 pls.","Perrier, E. (1893) Traite de Zoologie, 1 (2). Masson, Paris, 864 pp.","Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, xiii, 1 - 420 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i","Koehler, R. (1921) Echinodermes. Faune de France, 1, 1 - 210.","Mortensen, T. (1927) Echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, 471 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306.","Madsen, F. J. (1956) Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948 - 49. 24. Asteroidea with a survey of the Asteroidea of the Chilean Shelf. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, 52 (2), 1 - 53.","Bernasconi, I. (1964) Asteroideos argentinos. Claves para los ordenes, familias, subfamilies y generos. Physis B. Aires, 24, 241 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0011 - 7471 (76) 91184 - 0","Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W. (1966) Asterozoans, Part U, Echinodermata. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 3 (1), U 4 - U 107.","Tablado, A. (1982) Asteroideos Argentinos. Familia Poraniidae. Comunicaciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \" Bernardino Rivadavia \" e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales (Argentina). Hidrobiologia, 2 (8), 86 - 106.","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2, Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366.","Muller, O. F. & Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. 1. Asteriae. 2. Ophiuridae. Braunschweig, xx + 134 pp.","Muller, O. F. (1776) Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum, etc. Havniae, xxx. + 282 pp."]}

Poraniopsis echinaster Perrier 1891 Poraniopsis echinaster Perrier 1891:K 106���107, p. 10, fig. 2; Fisher 1940: 158 ���159; Madsen 1956: 29 ���30, pl. 2, figs. 1���4; Bernasconi 1964: 265; A.M. Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976: 90 (footnote); Codoceo & Andrade 1979: 158; Bernasconi 1980: 255 ���256, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4; A.M. Clark 1984, figs 1 A, 2 A; Clark & Downey 1992: 222; AM Clark 1993: 235; Mutschke & Mah 2009: 816; Mah & Foltz 2011: 771, fig. 1 (in tree), 776. Lahillea mira (de Loriol 1904): 30���34, pl. 3, fig. 1 Poraniopsis mira Fisher 1911: 260; Barattini 1938: 20; Fisher 1940: 159; Bernasconi 1964: 265; 1973: 307���308; 1980: 254���255, pl. 2, figs 3,4; Jangoux 1985: 27; Clark & Downey 1992: 222 Synonymy of P. mi r a: Poraniopsis mira and P. echinaster were summarized by Bernasconi (1980) and Clark and Downey (1992: 222) who identified the primary morphological distinctions as the numerous, small tegumentary spinelets, the differing abactinal spine length and shape and similar/dissimilar sized furrow vs. subambulacral spine size. Characters used to distinguish between these two species are variable and do not support a consistent taxonomic boundary, especially when compared with the P. mira lectotype (= Lahillia mira deLoriol, Geneva Museum # 71730) (Fig. 9 E). A specimen identified by Bernasconi as P. m i r a (USNM 9491, fr. Uruguay) possesses minute skeletal ossicles and spinelets embedded in the skin which were used to distinguish the two species in her key (Bernasconi 1980) and were consistent with those present in Poraniopsis echinaster. Abactinal spines in P. echinaster varied from sharp and pointed (e.g. USNM 1082732) to those with more clavate spines (USNM E 11503). The P. m i r a lectotype has more pronounced clavate spines (Fig. 8 E), which cover the abactinal surface but ultimately overlap in shape with those in P. echinaster. USNM 1082732 (R= 3.2) and USNM E09491 (R= 4.5) both show subambulacral and furrow spines displaying similar sizes but with spine shapes consistent with those on the lectotype. Conversely, USNM E 11503 shows abactinal spines similar to those on the lectotype but with dissimilar subambulacral-furrow spine sizes. Bernasconi (1980) figured P. m i r a with what Clark and Downey (1992) described as having shorter spines, approximately 1.0��� 1.5 mm in length at R= 40���50 mm (e.g., USN E 11503). Spine length varies widely among individuals. One specimen, USNM 1082732 (R= 3.2) bears comparably located abactinal spines 2.0���3.0 mm, whereas a larger specimen from the same lot (R= 3.8) possesses shorter, stubbier spines with 1.0���2.0 mm. The absence of morphological distinctions supports the conclusion that Poraniopsis mira (deLoriol 1904) is not a separate taxon and should be synonymized into Poraniopsis echinaster Perrier 1891. Occurrence. Straight of Magellan, Chile and South Atlantic: Uruguay, Brazil to S. Argentina, Bouvet Island, west coast of South Africa, Southern Indian Ocean (Coral Seamount). 0��� 700 m. Material examined. South Pacific (Chile). USNM 1082729 Straits of Magellan (west mouth of strait) 52 �� 41 ���S, 74 �� 35 ��� W to 52 �� 45 ���S 74 �� 28 ���W, 188��� 247 m. Coll. R/V Eltanin, US Antarctic Research Program (2 dry specs. R= 4.1, r= 1.8; R= 4.4, r= 2.5); USNM 1082732 west mouth of Straits of Magellan 52 �� 41 ���S, 74 �� 35 ���W, to 52 �� 45 ���S, 74 �� 28 ���W, 188���247 m, Coll R/V Eltantin, USARP (2 dry specs. R= 3.8, r= 1.6; R= 3.2, r= 1.2); USNM E 11503 South of Wellington Island, 50 �� 11 ��� 30 ���S, 74 �� 47 ��� W (1 dry spec. R= 3.6, r= 1.9); USNM E 15939 Pumalin, W. of Isla Talcon, Gulf of Corcovado, Chile. Intertidal. 42 �� 42 ���S, 72 �� 52 ���W. Coll. James H. McLean, Nov. 4,5,6, 1975. (2 dry specs. R= 2.1, r=1.0; R= 2.2, r= 0.8). MNHN no number. Off the coast of Zapallar, Chile, 350 m. Coll. P.M. Arnaud, ���Golden Wind��� GW 67, Sept. 27 1977 (6 wet specs. R= 5.2, r= 2.9; R= 3.9, r= 1.8; R= 3.8, r= 1.4; R= 3.3, r=1.0; R=3.0, r=1.0; R= 2.4, r= 0.7); MNHN no number. Off the coast of Coquimbo, Chile, 450 m. Coll. P. Arnaud, ���Golden Wind��� GW 4, Aug 6, 1981 (7 dry specs. R= 3.6, r= 1.8; R= 3.7,r= 1.5; R= 3.3, r= 1.7; R= 2.8, r= 1.4; R= 2.7, r= 1.3; R=3.0, r= 1.5; R= 3.2, r= 1.5; R= 2.2, r= 1.5). South Atlantic. USNM E 9491, Cabo Santa Maria, Uruguay, 119���128 m, coll. R/V Undine, C. Alexanderson (1 dry spec. R= 4.5, r= 1.9); CASIZ 174643 Bouvetoya (Bouvet Island), South Atlantic 54 �� 21.36 ���S 3 �� 10.30 ���E, 455���462 m, Coll. S. Lockhart, 23 June 2004 (1 wet spec. R= 2.5, r= 0.8). Lectotype (Holotype) MHNG-INVE- 71730 (Mus��um d'histoire naturelle, Geneva) P. mi ra, Argentine, Golfe San Mathias Patagonie (1 dry spec. R=5.0, r= 2.3). South Africa. SAEON collection # 4, West coast of South Africa. - 31.1546, 16.8832), 229 m. Coll. L. Atkinson, trawl 112-3189, st. A 31483 (1 wet spec. R=4.0, r= 1.5); # 8 West coast of South Africa. ��� 30.1509, 16.4007, 174 m. Coll. L. Atkinson, trawl 054- 2202, st. A 32193 (1 wet spec. R= 9.2, r= 3.8); # 17, South Africa (no other data), (1 dry spec. R= 1.6, r= 0.8). South Indian Ocean. NHM 680 Coral Seamount, 41 �� 21.7673 ���S, 42 �� 54.9067 ���E to 41 �� 22.4 ���S, 42 �� 54.6 ���E ~ 700 m depth. Coll. R/V James Cook via ROV (1 wet spec.), Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 357-358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1891) Echinoderma I. Stellerides. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882 - 83. 6. Zoologie, (3), 1 - 198.","Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306.","Madsen, F. J. (1956) Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948 - 49. 24. Asteroidea with a survey of the Asteroidea of the Chilean Shelf. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, 52 (2), 1 - 53.","Bernasconi, I. (1964) Asteroideos argentinos. Claves para los ordenes, familias, subfamilies y generos. Physis B. Aires, 24, 241 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0011 - 7471 (76) 91184 - 0","Clark, A. M. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publ. 766 BMNH, London, 277 pp.","Bernasconi, I. (1980) Asteroideo Argentinos. 7. Familia Echinasteridae. Revista Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia. Zoologia, 5 (12), 247 - 258.","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2, Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366.","Mutschke, E. & Mah, C. (2009) Asteroidea - Starfish. In: Haussermann, V. & Forsterra, G. (Eds.), Marine Benthic Fauna of Chilean Patagonia. Nature in Focus, Santiago, Chile, 1000 pp.","Mah, C. L. & Foltz, D. W. (2011) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x","deLoriol, P. (1904) Notes pour servir a l'etude des Echinodermes, 2 me Ser., 2. Bale et Geneve, pp. 51 - 116.","Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, xiii, 1 - 420 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i","Barattini, L. P. (1938) Equinodermos Uruguaos (contribucion al conocimiento de las especies qui viven en nuestras agues). Boletin Servicio Oceanographica Pesca, Montevideo, 1938, 17 - 29.","Jangoux, M. (1985) Catalogue commente des types d'Echinodermes actuels conserves dans les collections nationals suisses, suivi d'une notice sur la contribution de Louis Agassiz a la connaissance des echinoderms actuels. Geneve, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 67 pp."]}

Glabraster A.H. Clark 1916 Figure 5 A���F Glabraster A.H. Clark 1916: 122 Type species: Porania magellanica Studer 1876 (a synoym of Porania antarctica Smith 1876) Diagnosis. Body weakly pentagonal to strongly stellate (R/r= 1.51���2.85). Arms, triangular in shape, varying from well-developed and elongate, contiguous with body to short and emerging abruptly from well-developed disk. Body generally tumescent. Prominent skin overlying abactinal, marginal and actinal surfaces. Plate outlines obscured in wet specimens. Abactinal plates forming widely-spaced, reticulate pattern. Skin present between widely reticulate plates bearing small ossicles among many of the open spaces. Spines present or absent on abactinal plates. When present, spines are prominent and present individually on each plate. Spines, short with thorn-like or blunt tips tend to be most prominent on plates where confluences of bands are present but they are also present in several individuals on individual abactinal bands. Marginal plates imbricate, differing in size. Superomarginals 3 x��� 4 x larger than inferomarginals. Superomarginal plates, polylobate in shape, plate boundaries obscured by thickened tissue in wet specimens. Superomarginals with no spines, but spinelets variably present. Inferomarginal plates, irregularly polygonal, rounded and pinch out two to four plates before terminus in larger specimens but form nearly complete series in smaller individuals (R> 1.5 cm). Inferomarginals form actinolateral fringe, with one or two flattened spatulate spines present on each plate. Actinal plates, imbricate, forming transverse series between adambulacrals, plates skin covered, otherwise surficial accessories absent in most (i.e., no granules, no spinelets, etc.). Furrow spine (s) pointed, narrow, sheathed in skin, variably one or two, set within the furrow. Subambulacral spines, one or two, paddle shaped, larger than furrow spines (approximately twice as thick) with blunt tips. Subambulacral tips vary from more widely flattened to strongly cuved (u-shaped in cross section). Taxonomic comments. Our molecular results (Fig. 1) support separation of the Antarctic Porania antarctica from the Arctic/subArctic Porania pulvillus. This is consistent with several significant morphological differences between the two species, which has historically been perceived as interspecific variation (e.g., Clark and Downey 1992). A.H. Clark (1916) created Glabraster to accommodate the southern hemisphere Porania antarctica Smith 1876 and Porania magellanica Studer 1876 (later synonymized). However, according to A.M. Clark (1993: 229), Glabraster was synonymized by Fisher (1940) and the name was not used for other citations of ��� Porania ��� antarctica in the literature [e.g., Koehler (1920)]. There was apparently no objection to its use in the literature prior to Fisher���s synonymy. The diagnosis of Glabraster is consistent with morphological characters separating it from the northern Porania providing us with a basis for reinstating it herein. Porania pulvillus possesses an abactinal skeleton composed of tightly reticulate, semi-imbricate, plates when compared against Glabraster, which has a well-defined widely spaced reticulate abactinal skeleton (Fig. 5 A���F). Glabraster antarctica also has adambulacral furrow spines with flattened and blunt tips (Fig. 5 B), as opposed to those P. pulvillus which are blunt and pointed, but round/oval in cross section, sometimes with cone-like shape (Fig. 6 B) The separation between Porania and Glabraster implies that characters which have been historically been used as support for the two species within a single genus should be attributed either to plesiomorphy (within the Poraniidae), such as thick skin, smooth skin, distinctive primary plates, or alternatively to convergence (e.g., ventrolateral flange formed by the inferomarginal plates). Both taxa occur in cold-water, low-latitude settings, which provides a plausible setting for similar environmental influence that could result in parallel morphological expression., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 338-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Clark, A. H. (1916) Seven new genera of echinoderms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 6, 115 - 222.","Studer, T. (1876) Uber Echinodermen aus dem antarktischen Meere und zwei neue Seeigel von den Papua - Inseln gesammelt auf der Reise S. M. S. Corvette Gazelle um die Erde. Monatsbericht der Koniglich - Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1876, 425 - 465.","Smith, E. A. (1876) Descriptions of species of Asteriidae and Ophiuridae from Kerguelen Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17), 105 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608681912","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2, Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366.","Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306.","Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata, Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308."]}

Culcitopsis borealis (Süssbach & Breckner 1911) ? Marginaster pentagonus Perrier in Milne-Edwards 1882: 51; Perrier 1894: 165 –167, pl. 11, fig. 4 Culctia borealis Süssbach & Breckner 1911: 217 –218, pl 1, figs 4–6; Farran 1913 (pt): 15–16 (sts SR 223 and 486 only), pl. 2, figs 1, 2. Culcitopsis borealis Verrill 1914 b: 21; Koehler 1924: 160 –161, pl. 2, figs 20, 21; Cherbonnier & Sibuet 1973: 1348; A.M. Clark 1976: 257. Poraniomorpha hispida (pt) Mortensen 1927: 92 –93 Poraniomorpha hispida var. borealis Grieg 1927: 131 –133, 135, figs 1–6 Poraniomorpha hispida Gallo 1937: 1664 –1667, pl. 81;?Monteiro-Marques 1980: 99 Sphaeraster berthae Dons 1938: 163 –164, figs. 1–6 Spheriaster berthae Dons 1939: 37 Poraniomorpha (Culcitopsis) borealis A.M. Clark 1984: 33 –41 (pt), figs 8 a, 9 C–F, 10 B–F, 12 A–D, 13 A, B. Occurrence. North Atlantic. Lydonia Canyon, south side of George’s Bank (off Cape Cod) to the vicinity of Hudson Canyon, SE of New York. In the NE Atlantic from northern Norway south to the British Isles, Porcupine Seabight SW of Ireland to southern Portugal, Faeroe Islands. 110–1170 m. Material examined. USNM E 30691, Lydonia Canyon, 40 º 20 ”N 67 º 41 ’W, 1102 m, Coll. R/V Alvin (1 dry spec. R= 3.6, r= 1.9)

Bathyporania n. gen. Etymology. The genus is named for the deep depth at which the specimen was collected. Type species. Bathyporania ascendens n. gen, n. sp. Diagnosis. Stellate body form. Body surface covered by discrete layer of tissue obscuring plate boundaries in wet specimens. Abactinal-lateral surfaces covered with short, prominent blunt spines, one to four, present on polylobate plates forming a dense reticulum. Papulae, one to three, present between plates but absent below marginals each as large as the adjoining abactinal spine. Marginals polylobate in outline, overlapping. Inferomarginals smaller than superomarginals. Spinelets, zero (mostly three) to five present on marginal plate surface. Actinolateral edge weakly developed. Actinal surface with single sines on each plate. Surface covered by skin, obscuring plates. Furrow spines three or four., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134

Chondraster Verrill, 1895 Porania (Chondraster) Verrill 1895: 137 [Non Porania (Chondraster): Madsen 1959)] Chondraster Verrill 1914 b: 21; H.L. Clark, 1923: 275; Spencer & Wright 1966: U 69; A.M. Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976: 73; A.M. Clark 1984: 27; Clark & Downey 1992: 202. Species included. C. elattosis H.L. Clark 1923; C. grandis (Verrill 1878). Type species. Chondraster grandis (Verrill 1878). Diagnosis. Body weakly stellate to pentagonal. Body wall thickened, surface smooth and firm. Abactinal plates strongly reduced, embedded within tissue of abactinal body wall. Surface without prominent accessories, but tiny spinelets, sclerites observed on dry specimens. Papulae prominent, present along two longtiduinal areas on each ray. Marginal plates concealed deep within the thickened body wall. Superomarginals bar-like oriented with adradial ends of the inferomarginals. Actinal surface smooth, spineless. Fasciolar grooves present, oriented between inferomarginals and adambulacrals. Adambulacral plates with two or more slightly inset furrow spines, backed but set apart by two or more subambulacrals spines contained within a fleshy sheath. (based on Clark 1984; Clark & Downey 1992) Taxonomic comments. Clark and Downey (1992: 202) state that the only distinguishing character between C. elattosis and C. grandis is the presence of ���up to four��� furrow spines in the former rather than only two in the latter species. Two specimens of the west Atlantic C. grandis (USNM E 50285, E 50540), from Baltimore Canyon, both show two to three furrow spines, indicating morphological overlap with C. elattosis. Although few characters are observed in Chondraster overall, the lack of morphological differences does suggest that C. elattosis Clark 1923 may be part of a widely occurring species similar to the widespread distribution of Hippasteria (Foltz et al 2013), which also occurs in the North and South Atlantic. Chondraster grandis and C. elattosis also occur at comparable depths. We retain C. grandis and C. elattosis as separate species herein due to the lack of specimen data for the South Atlantic C. elattosis but effectively no characters clearly differentiate the two species., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 333, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141.","Madsen, F. J. (1959) A new North - Atlantic sea - star Chondraster hermanni n. sp. with some remarks on related forms. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 121, 161 - 170.","Verrill, A. E. (1914 b) Revision of some genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of a few new genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14 (79), 13 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693536","Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W. (1966) Asterozoans, Part U, Echinodermata. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 3 (1), U 4 - U 107.","Clark, A. M. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publ. 766 BMNH, London, 277 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Verrill, A. E. (1878) Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. 1 & 2. American Journal of Science, 16, 207 - 215, 371 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 16.93.207","Foltz, D., Fatland, S., Eleaume, M., Markello, K., Howell, K., Neil, K. & Mah, C. (2013) Global population divergence of the sea star Hippasteria phrygiana corresponds to onset of the last glacial period of the Pleistocene. Marine Biology, 160 (5), 1285 - 1296. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2180 - 1"]}

Poraniomorpha bidens Mortensen 1932 Poraniomorpha bidens Mortensen 1932: 9 ���12, pl. 1, figs. 1���3; Grainger 1966: 5, 28; Clark & Downey 1992: 215; Anisomova & Cochrane 2013: 121. Taxonomic comments. As indicated by prior accounts, this species this species is distinguished by the presence of a pair of enlarged, blunt spines on the oral plates. These spines project upwards and back toward the actinal intermediate regions. Five to seven furrow spines (four to six in smaller specimens) are arranged in a prominent, transverse, weakly curved series along the tube foot furrow. Based on the type series, larger specimens (R= 4.5) show more stellate body form (R= 2.5) than smaller specimens. Occurrence. East Greenland, Faeroe Channel, Arctic Ocean: northern Canada east to the Kara Sea. 450���1200 m. Images examined. ZMK syntypes, AST- 42 Jones Sound, near Baffin Bay, 75 �� 54 ���N, 81 ��01���W, 610 m, Coll. Godthaab Expedtiion (1 dry spec, R= 4.5, r=2.0); ZMK syntypes AST- 54 75 �� 35 N 65 �� 41 ���W, 490 m (3 dry specs.), Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 351-353, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1932) Echinooderms of the Godthaab Expedition of 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 79, 1 - 62.","Grainger, E. H. (1966) Sea Stars (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) of Arctic North America. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, 152, 1 - 70.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp."]}

Clavaporania fitchorum nov. sp. Figure 3 A���F Etymology. The species epithet is named for Mason and Lisa Fitch, for their support of academic endeavors. Taxonomic notes. This species is only the second recognized poraniid from the Macquarie Island region and the first from such the upper bathyal zone. O���Hara (1999) recognized ��� Porania ��� antarctica from 13���105 m depth. ���P.��� antarctica lacks the covering of spinelets on the body surface, the well-developed spines on the abactinal and marginal surface and the strongly stellate body. Clavaporania shares a reticulate abactinal skeleton with Bathyporania, ��� P. antarctica, and Poraniopsis. Large primary spines are present in all known species of Bathyporania and Poraniopsis but not in all species of ���P.��� antarctica. Given the more distant phylogenetic position of Poraniopsis, it is unclear if the skeleton and spines are shared plesiomorphies or derived characters in Clavaporania. Occurrence. South of Macquarie Island, 1574���1693 m. Description. Body shape, strongly stellate (R/r= 5.4), Arms round in cross-section, disk small (Fig. 3 A). Pedicellariae not observed. Abactinal skeleton densely reticulate, embedded in a thick, fleshy skin. Skeleton composed of larger, reticulate ossicles and smaller, secondary ossicles distributed throughout. Single papular pores. Open papular meshes absent. Abactinal and marginal spines are strongly clavate, almost mace-like, with blunt, but finely notched to irregular tips (Figs. 3 D, F). Some spine tips with one to three short, thorny tips (Figs. 3 F). Spines sit on strongly convex bosses present along reticulated network. Abactinal and lateral surface with a dense covering of spinelets, these completely cover the abactinal and lateral surfaces. Individual spinelets with one or two points; approximately five spinelets per mm. Surfaces around spine bases lacking spinelets. Fifteen short spines surrounding anal periphery. Madreporite on strongly convex plate, surrounded by short spinelets. Sulci relatively simple. Marginal plates with one-to-one correspondence proximally, becoming offset distally. Marginal plate surface, as on the abactinal surface, covered by dense spinelets. Marginal series strongly swollen (Fig. 3 C), superomarginals and inferomarginals each with prominent spine-bearing clavate/mace-like and/or two pronged thorny tip, one or two per plate, (Fig. 3 C, D, E) identical to those on abactinal plates forming distinct periphery around actinolateral edge. Some marginal spines with a broad spearhead-like shape. Intermarginal region with single papular pore (Fig. 3 C). Marginal plates form distinct, closely articulated series separate from the abactinal reticulation. Actinal surface composed of three plate series (Fig. 3 B). Series with largest sized plates distalmost, near contact with inferomarginal plates. Actinal plates smaller, more proximally. Plates are quadrate with rounded edges becoming smaller and more round. Actinal surface lacking large spines, but covered by widely spaced, tiny spinelets similar to those on abactinal surface (Fig. 3 B, E). Actinal and oral plates covered by skin. Furrow spines number one or two, with a single, larger subambulacral spine, all in a transverse row with flattened and squarish to pointed tips (Fig. 3 E). Furrow spines are about half the thickness of the subambulacral spine, but all spines similar in length. Adambulacral plates rectangular in outline. Two blunt, pointed spines per oral plate directed into mouth (Fig. 3 E). Oral plate furrow spines three to four. Large blunt spine with wide, flat tip on oral plate surface. Color in life unknown. Material examined. Holotype, USNM 1232816, South of Macquarie island, 56 �� 21 ���S, 158 �� 28 ���E, 1574���1693 m, Coll. USC R/V Eltanin (1 dry spec. R= 4.9, r= 0.9), Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 335-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["O'Hara, T. (1999) Systematics and biology of Macquarie Island echinoderms. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 57 (2), 167 - 223."]}

Poraniomorpha tumida (Stuxberg 1878) Figures 7 D, E, G Solaster tumidus Stuxberg 1878: 31 Asterina tumida Danielssen & Koren 1881: 182, pl. 1, 2; Danielssen & Koren 1884: 60, pl. 10, 11, 15 Asterina tumida tuberculata Danielssen & Koren 1884: 63, pl. 63, 10, 15 Rhegaster tumidus Sladen 1889: 367; D��derlein 1900: 219; Ludwig 1900: 459. Poraniomorpha (Rhegaster) tumida Grieg 1907: 34. Poraniomorpha tumida Mortensen 1913: 332; 1932: 9; von Hofsten 1915: 26; Einarsson 1948: 12; Grainger, 1966: 27, Figs. 7, 51; Djakonov 1950: 59 (English 1968: 49); Anisimova & Cochrane 2013: 122 Taxonomic comments. Poraniomorpha tumida lacks spines on its actinolateral fringe/inferomarginal plates, although granuliform spinules similar to those elsewhere on the body, are present on the actinolateral/ inferomarginal plates (Fig. 7 E). This species possesses an abactinal surface covered by patches of tiny granuliform spinelets (Fig. 7 G) and has an actinal surface covered by either widely dispersed pointed granules or very tiny, pointed papilliform spinelets (length = 0.5 mm). Three to five furrow spines in transverse series are present. Occurrence. North Atlantic, West coast of Greenland, north and east coasts of Iceland, northeast of the Faeroe Channel, Denmark Strait, Jan Mayen Island, near Spitsbergen and northern Norway, throughout the Barents Sea, Kola Bay, White Sea and Kara Sea north to about 82 ��. The Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea east to 161 ��E. Hudson Bay, Beautfort Sea. 9���1203 m (30���300 according to Djakonov 1950). Material examined. USNM E05361 Hudson Bay, North Atlantic 142.6 m (78 fms), Coll. R/V Loubyrne Sept. 1930 (1 dry spec. R= 3.6, r= 2.1); CASIZ 122301 western Beaufort Sea, 70 �� 40.80 ���N, 145 �� 24.90 ���W, 79.0 m, Coll. A. Carey, OSU (1 wet spec. R= 3.3, r= 1.6); CASIZ 142780 western Beaufort Sea, 70 �� 33 ���N, 145 �� 40 ���W, 41���50 m, Coll. A. Carey, OSU (1 wet spec. R= 2.9, r= 1.3); CASIZ 121456 western Beaufort Sea, 71 m, Coll. A. Carey, OSU 7 Aug 1972 (1 wet spec. R= 3.9, r= 2.3), Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Stuxberg, A. (1878) Echinodermer fran Novaja Zemljashaf samlade under Nordenskioldska Expeditionerna, 1875 och 1876. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps Akademien Forhandlingar Stockholm, 1878 (3), 27 - 40.","Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195.","Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1884) Asteroidea. Den Norske Nordhavs Expedition 1876 - 1878, 11, 1 - 119.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893.","Doderlein, L. (1900) Die Echinodermen. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Untersuchungsfahrt des deutschen Seefischerei - Vereins nach der Bareninsel und Westspitzbergen ausgefuhrt im Sommer 1898 auf S. M. S. Olga. Wissenschaftliche Meereesuntersuchungen (n. s.) (Helgoland), 2, 195 - 248.","Ludwig, H. (1900) Arktische Seesterne. Fauna Arctica, 1 (3), 447 - 502.","Grieg, J. A. (1907) Echinodermen von dem norwegischen Fischereidampfer Michael Sars in den Jahren 1900 - 1903 gesammelt. 3. Asteroidea. 1. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1906 (13), 1 - 87.","Mortensen, T. (1913) Echinodermer. Conspectus Faunae Groenlandicae. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 23 (2), 99 - 379.","von Hofsten, N. (1915) Die Echinodermen des Eisfjords. (Schwedischen Exp nach Spitzbergen 1908). Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 54 (2), 1 - 282. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12542","Einarsson, H. (1948) Echinoderma. The Zoology of Iceland, Vol. IV, pt. 70, 1 - 67.","Grainger, E. H. (1966) Sea Stars (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) of Arctic North America. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, 152, 1 - 70.","Djakonov, A. M. (1950) Morskie Zvezdy Morei SSSR. Tableaux analytiquesdelafaune deU. R. S. S., 34, 1 - 203. [Translated as Dyakonov. A. M. 1968. Sea stars (Asteroids) of the USSR Seas. Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, 34. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ed. by A. A. Strelkov. Israel Program for scientific translations Ltd. Jerusalem, 183 pp.]"]}

Spoladaster Fisher 1940 Figure 10 A���D. Cryaster H.L. Clark 1923: 292 (non Cryaster Koehler, 1906) Tylaster Mortensen 1933: 249 (non Tylaster Danielssen & Koren, 1881) Spoladaster Fisher 1940: 135; A.M. Clark 1976: 254���258; Hotchkiss & A.M. Clark 1976: 265; A.M. Clark 1984: 41. Type species: Cryaster brachyactis H.L. Clark 1923, by original designation Diagnosis. (Following Clark 1984, Clark & Downey 1992). Body swollen and cushion-like, pentagonal in outline (R/r= 1.2���1.6). Larger individuals (R/r=~ 1.5 at R>5.0) with more stellate body shape versus smaller with more pentagonal outlines. Body wall thickened. Short, pointed spinelets embedded in body wall surface. Abactinal plates minimal, reduced into body wall, especially in larger specimens. Papulae covers most of abactinal surface. Marginal plates best observed in smaller specimens (R= 1.5 ���2.0) (Fig. 10 C, D), embedded in thickened body tissue, obscured in larger specimens (R>~3.0) (Fig. 10 A, B). Actinal plates imbricate, in transverse series but becoming minimized. If present, concealed by thickened body tissue in larger specimens (R>~3.0) (Fig. 10 A, B). Furrow spines one to three (two to three in most). Subambulacral spines larger. Included species: S. veneris Perrier 1879, Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Koehler, R. (1906) Echinodermes. (Stellerides, Ophiures et Echinides). Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences naturelles, documents scientifique. Masson et Cie, Paris, 41 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i. Kobenhavn, 93, 215 - 400.","Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195.","Hotchkiss, F. H. C. & Clark, A. M. (1976) Restriction of the family Poraniidae, sensu Spencer & Wright, 1966 (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 30 (6), 263 - 268.","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Perrier, E. (1879) Les Stellerides de Iile Saint - Paul. Archives du Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 31, 47 - 49."]}

Marginaster Perrier 1881 Fig. 4 A���D Marginaster Perrier 1881: 16; 1884: 229; Sladen 1889: 364; Perrier 1894: 164 ���165; Ludwig 1897: 189; Verrill 1914 b: 18 ���19; 1915: 75���76; Downey 1973: 82; A.M. Clark 1984: 25 ���27; McKnight 2006: 106. Cheilaster Bell 1893: 81 (superfluous replacement name for Marginaster Perrier) PoraniscaVerrill 1914 b: 19; A.M. Clark 1984: 25 [type: P. lepidus Verrill 1914 b] Type species: Marginaster paucispinus Fisher 1913 (by subsequent designation) Diagnosis. Poraniid taxon of small size, with RIncluded taxa: M. capreensis (Gasco 1876), M. patriciae McKnight 2006, M. paucispinus Fisher 1913 (by subsequent designation), M. pectinatus Perrier 1881 Taxonomic comments. Marginaster ���s small size and weakly developed skeleton have led to skepticism regarding its taxonomic status and indeed, other apparent species of Marginaster, such as M. littoralis Dartnall 1970, have been shown to be other taxa (M. littoralis = unidentified Asterinidae). Verrill (1914) has suggested that M. pectinatus is the juvenile form of Porania. However, Downey (1973) noted that small Marginaster from the West Indies were ���sexually mature.��� This led to Clark and Downey���s (1992: 205) statement that Marginaster will be recognized as a synonym of Porania, suggesting that Marginaster species will be shown to be a ���stunted species��� with a ���neotenous retention of the juvenile abactinal armament������ Further interpretations of Marginaster include the possibility that it is a distinct, separate, widely distributed, poraniid taxon or that it represents the juvenile form of a poorly known or undiscovered poraniid taxon. One of the persistent inconsistencies of the ��� Marginaster as the juvenile of a known poraniid��� hypotheses has been the lack of sampling and the disjunction between known taxa and Marginaster species. Herein, we can address the former of these issues in that appropriately sized individuals were available for examination. Specimens of the Atlantic M. pectinatus and descriptions of other Marginaster species were compared with other specimens of Porania from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in order to provide insight on these perspectives (Fig. 4 A, B). Marginaster pectinatus (tropical Atlantic, R= 0.6 ���1.0) was examined alongside similarsized P. pulvillus (R= 0.9 ���1.0) (see Figs 4 A, C). Porania pulvillus shows a more stellate body form, a strongly imbricate abactinal skeleton (more openly reticulate in M. pectinatus), an absence of spinelets on plate surfaces in P. pulvillus, and a more blocky, chevron-like superomarginal in P. pulvillus (more wing-shaped in M. pectinatus). Actinal surface and plate arrangements between Porania and Marginaster appear to be similar but may be plesiomorphic across the Poraniidae. Comparisons between M. pectinatus and the southern hemisphere ��� Porania ��� antarctica show even more starkly different morphology with the latter demonstrating a more strongly stellate body shape and the same imbricate vs. reticulate abactinal plate arrangements and marginal plate differences at comparable sizes to Marginaster species in the southern hemisphere. The second consideration, which is the lack of distributional overlap between Marginaster and its proposed ���adult��� species remains a consistent one. Marginaster pectinatus is known only from the tropical Atlantic, including San Salvador the Yucatan Channel, the Bahamas and southern Brazil but Porania pulvillus is not known south of Cape Hatteras. Lack of distributional overlap is also observed between species considered in the Southern Hemisphere as well. ��� Porania ��� antarctica, for example, shows no direct overlap with Marginaster paucispinus or other Marginaster species in the region (McKnight 2006). However, little is known regarding the smaller (R=2.0 cm) sizes of subantarctic poraniids such as Spoldaster. For the moment, available morphological evidence shows a disjunction between Marginaster spp. and known adult poraniid taxa. Population phylogenetics will likely play an important role, but ultimately the collection of further specimen samples and understanding ontogenetic stages in the Poraniidae will be crucial to understanding of this issue. Future phylogenetic treatments of the Poraniidae should include Poraniella echinulata (Asteropseidae), which has previously been classified within Marginaster (e.g., Hotchkiss & Clark 1976) but occurs in the same general region as M. pectinatus. Material examined. USNM E 30129 East of Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan Channel, Caribbean Sea. 21 ��00N, 86 �� 23 ���W, 174���348 m, Coll. R/V Pillsbury (1 dry spec. R=1.0, r= 0.7); USNM E 30130 Brazil, North Atlantic Ocean. 0�� 18 ���N 44 �� 17 ���W, 275 m, Coll. R/V Oregon (2 dry specs. R= 0.9, r= 0.5; R= 0.6, r= 0.3)., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 344-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles de'Asteries. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, 9, 1 - 31.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893.","Perrier, E. (1894) Stellerides. Expedition Scientifique du Travailleur - Talisman, 3, 1 - 431.","Verrill, A. E. (1914 b) Revision of some genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of a few new genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14 (79), 13 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693536","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","McKnight, D. C. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata, Asteroidea (sea - stars). 3. Orders Velatdia, Spinulsida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187.","Bell, F. J. (1893) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). London, xvii + 202 pp., 16 pls.","Fisher, W. K. (1913) New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas. Proceeding of the US National Museum, 46, 201 - 224. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.46 - 2022.201","Dartnall, A. (1970) A new species of Marginaster (Asteroidea, Poraniidae) from Tasmania. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 94 (3), 207 - 211.","Hotchkiss, F. H. C. & Clark, A. M. (1976) Restriction of the family Poraniidae, sensu Spencer & Wright, 1966 (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 30 (6), 263 - 268."]}

��� Noriaster Blake, Tintori & Hagdorn 2000 (not figured) Blake et al. 2000: 141,148 Type species: Noriaster barberoi Blake et al. 2000 Diagnosis. (From Blake et al. 2000). Carinals stout, peg-ike, subpaxillate to tabular. Other abactinals barshaped to ovate, variable in size, arranged in irregular longitudinal and trasverse series. Maginals robust. Inferomarginals enlarged, peg-like transversely elongate with flattened adradial and abradial surfaces. Inferomarginals abruptly truncated abradially. Terminus swollen. Ventral ossicle surface with one or two rows of two to four disjunct robust ���pustules���. Actinals arranged in two or three rows (quality of preservation does not allow positive identification of third row). Actinal ossicles disk-like and imbricated, irregular in outline. Actinal ossicles pear ���pustules��� similar to those on the inferomarginals. Taxonomic comments. Blake et al. (2000) showed Marginaster as sharing the most similar actinal and marginal plate arrangements, relative to a paraphyletic ��� Porania ��� within the Poraniidae. Noriaster definitely shows morphological affinities with those living poraniids having a dense, imbricate skeleton and a robust marginal series such as Porania pulvillus rather than a poraniid with a more open, reticulate skeleton, such as Poraniopsis. However, the bar-shaped abactinals in irregular/transverse series are reminiscent of the reticulate skeletons in Bathyporania and ��� Porania ��� antarctica. Noriaster ���s poor state of preservation makes clear comparisons, if such comparisons can be made, with living material difficult., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Blake, D. B., Tintori, A. & Hagdorn, H. (2000) A new, early crown - group asteroid (Echinodermata) from the Norian (Triassic) of Northern Italy. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 106, 141 - 156."]}

Porania pulvillus (O.F. M��ller 1776) Figure 6 A���F Asterias pulvillus O.F. M��ller 1776: 234; 1788: 19, pl. 19 ? Asterias equestris Templeton 1836: 237 (non A. equestris Linnaeus 1758). ? Asterina pygmaea Verrill 1878: 372; 1879: 14 Goniaster templetoni Thomson in Forbes 1839: 118, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; Forbes 1841: 122 Porania gibbosa Gray 1840: 288; 1866: 16 Porania grandis (pt) Verrill 1885: 542, figs 45, 45a Asteropsis pulvillus M��ller & Troschel, 1842: 64, 128; L��tken, 1857: 71; M. Sars, 1861: 44; Perrier, 1869: 94. Asteropsis ctenacantha M��ller & Troschel 1842: 63; Perrier 1869: 94 Porania insignis Verrill 1895: 138 ���139; 1915: 70 (footnote); Gray et al 1968: 152 ���153, fig. 28; Gosner 1971: 581; Franz et al 1981: 397, 398; Porania pulvillus Norman 1865: 122; Perrier 1875: 280 (1876: 96); Viguier 1879: pl. 13, figs. 11���15; Sladen 1889: 360; Bell 1891: 3; 1893: 79, pl. 10, figs. 7, 8; Herdman 1895: 69; Perrier 1896: 43; Pearcey 1902: 309; Simpson 1903: 40; Grieg 1907: 34; Koehler 1909: 99; Faran 1913: 16; Grieg 1913: 115; Gemmill 1915: 10, 21, pl. 1, fig. 1; Koehler 1921: 41, fig. 30; 1924: 152; Mortensen 1924: 57, figs. 22, 23; 1927: 90, figs. 51, 52; Rivera 1930: 104, fig. 3; Einarsson 1948: 11; Tortonese 1955: 680; Madsen 1959: 169, fig. 6; Jangoux 1982: 149, 151, fig. 4; Gage et al. 1983: 281; A.M. Clark 1984: 42 (pt.); Clark & Downey, 1992: 209; Metaxas & Davis 2005: 1381; Kirby & Lindley 2005: 454 (larval records); Serrano et al. 2011: 429 (checklist). Porania (Porania) pulvillus pulvillus A.M. Clark 1984: figs. 2 B, 5 C, 7 b, 17 A���C, 18 A, B; Clark & Downey 1992: 207, 209 Porania (Porania) pulvillus insignis A.M. Clark 1984: 47 ? Poranisca pygmaea Verrill 1914 b: 19 Type notes. Clark and Downey (1992: 211) indicated a USNM lectotype and three paralectotypes, along with two further paralectotypes at the British Museum for P. insignis. This, however, contradicts Ahearn (1995: 26) who listed the lectotype and 28 paralectotypes (i.e., 26 more than indicated in Clark and Downey 1992). Additionally, at least two of these lots, USNM 7698 and 6349 are correctly identified as Poraniomorpha hispida, having been misidentified as Porania insignis Verrill 1895. Taxonomic comments. Synonymy of P. pulvillus insignis: Verrill (1895) did little to justify the separation of P. insignis as a separate taxon from P. pulvillus (M��ller 1776). Only Clark and Downey (1992: 211) provided clear delineation of P. insignis from P. pulvillus; these authors argued that P. insignis had a more open abactinal skeleton with mesh area exceeding plate area in larger specimens and with scattered spines present on the actinal surface. However, these characters do not consistently serve to separate the different indicated taxa. In at least one lot (USNM E 50125), there is an individual specimen with both an open reticulate skeleton and a closed, densely arranged skeleton, while others show a more intermediate state between ���densely arranged��� and ���open reticulate��� skeletons. The presence of this intermediate state is observed in several individuals from the same locality. It is argued that character differences between pulvillus and insignis are based on individual variation and/or preservation artifacts. Observation of multiple specimen lots shows more open mesh present in those specimens preserved with fully tumescent coeloms (e.g., Paralectotype USNM 6385, USNM 10552, USNM E08391) versus those with more densely crowded abactinal skeletons (E 50124) with collapsed body coeloms. Furthermore, Hayne and Palmer (2013) showed that subspecies morphological variation in the intertidal Pisaster ochraceus was attributed to phenotypic adaptation to hydrodynamic activity in the environment. Collection stressors, environmental variation and sheer chance may have also contributed to character variation historically used to distinguish subspecies. Implicit in the morphological separation between P. pulvillus insignis and P. pulvillus has also been an arbitrary distinction between east Atlantic (North American) and west Atlantic (European) populations as two distinct subspecies (e.g. Clark & Downey 1992). As indicated above, morphological distinctions between subspecies were not well-defined and the morphological basis for separation is weak. Specimens that fall within the definition of P. pulvillus are readily identified from the west Atlantic (North America, e.g., USNM E50124, 10552), whereas those individuals that fall within the range of P. pulvillus insignis are recorded from the east Atlantic (e.g., USNM E08391 from Scotland). In addition to these comparisons, at least two paralectotype specimens examined by Verrill are actually specimens of Poraniomorpha suggesting that the ���open skeleton��� used to distinguish pulvillus from insignis by Clark and Downey (1992) may have been, at least in part, inferred from misidentified material. It is unclear if Downey, Ahearn or A.M. Clark designated these paralectotypes. Occurrence. North Atlantic Ocean. Eastern Atlantic from Trondheim fjord, Norway to the Skagerrak, North Sea, Shetland Islands and NE Scotland west to Lousy Bank (SW of the Faeroes) and south in the Bay of Biscay to N. Spain. On the Western Atlantic from Nova Scotia to Gulf of Maine south to Cape Hatteras, also Lydonia and Baltimore Canyon. 5��� 970 m. Description. Body weakly stellate R/r= 1.5���2.4. Clark and Downey (1992) report a mean R/r of 1.81 in 24 specimens with R>3.0 cm. R up to 7.5 cm. Disk tumescent, rays triangular in outline. Interradial arcs rounded (Figs 6 A, C). Abactinal, marginal and actinal surface overlain by a thick layer of skin obscuring plate boundaries in wet or certain dried specimens. Skin appears to be more well-developed in deeper-water specimens (e.g., USNM E 30689, E 30687, E 30690). Pedicellariae not observed. Abactinal skeleton with round, cylindrical and irregularly lobate or polygonal shaped plates. Some (e.g. USNM paralectotype USNM 6385) show a widely spaced reticulate skeleton (e.g fig. 6 D), whereas others showing a densely packed, imbricate skeleton (Fig. 6 A, F) (e.g., USNM E 46649) and/or intermediate character states between these two extremes (e.g., E08391, E 50125) with both imbricate and open reticulate skeletons present on a single individual. Although distribution of arrangement varies, plate patterns are consistent in most specimens. Reticulations composed of a central round or polygonal plate with three to five radiating bands, composed of overlapping plates (Fig. 5 C,D). Papular pores with one to ten pores per region, which are confluent in many of the specimens observed. Open spaces between mesh often include quadrate to irregularly shaped plates present within the patch framed by the reticulate skeleton. Papulae occur throughout these regions flanking the plates. Papulae absent interradially. The more imbricate or close-knit the skeleton is the fewer papulae are observed. Tight knit skeletons with an imbricate, shingle-like appearance (Fig. 6 F). A series of paired abactinal plates bisects each interradius on the disk extending from the primary circlet to the superomarginal contact (Fig. 6 A). The surface of this interradial bisector is covered by skin but papulae are absent. Abactinal surface in adults devoid of accessories or other structures, but smaller specimens (R= 0.5) show single spines present on plate surface [as indicated by Clark and Downey (1992)]. Anus is encircled by spines, 7���15. Madreporite polygonal to round, flanked by two to five irregularly shaped plates always sitting on the interradial bisector. Marginal plates wide, each plate oblong to crescent shaped (Fig. 6 E). Individual plates interrupted by overlying skin. Superomarginals number 16���36 per interradius (at R= 0.5 to 4.7). Inferomarginals similar in shape but more strongly oblong, staggered from superomarginals, forming prominent actinolateral fringe. Individual plates largest interradially, becoming smaller and simpler in shape distally. Each inferomarginal with one to five short, blunt, cylindrical, skin-covered spines on the actinolateral edge. Highest number of spines interradially, but decreasing distally and sometimes lost on distalmost inferomarginals. Individuals from deeper water in the east Atlantic show only one spine per inferomarginal (USNM E 30689, E 30687, E 30690). Skin obscures boundaries between marginal plates and spine articulation with plates. One to three intermarginal papulae present between marginal plates. On individuals with more imbricate or closed skeletons or smaller specimens (R=~1.0), only a single papulae occurs between plates. Actinal surface flat. Actinal plates quadrate to rectangular arranged in three to six regular series, which are aligned in a pattern consistent with the inferomarginals (Fig. 6 B). Actinal surface in adults is devoid of accessories or other structures, covered by thick skin in most although some individuals possess a single spine on distal plates adjacent to the inferomarginals. As indicated in Clark and Downey (1992) single spines occur on the surface of actinal plates on tiny specimens (R= 0.5 cm). Fasciolar channels present from marginals and along actinals extending to adambulacrals, apparently more well developed in individuals with those with thicker skin layers (e.g., USNM E 30689). Adambulacrals covered by thick skin, interrupting direct contact between plates. Furrow spines, one or two, typically two. Single subambulacral spine. More distal plates with second adambulacral spine forming transverse series with the first and the furrow spines (Fig. 6 B). All furrow spines ensheathed by thick skin. Apical spines on oral plates webbed together. Furrow spines, two to three on oral plates unwebbed, free-standing. Color in life is deep red, purple to orange. Oral surface is white. Material examined. West Atlantic (North America). USNM E 46642 Off southwestern part of Browns Bank, Nova Scotia 42 �� 32 ���N 66 �� 25 ���W, 229 m. Coll. R/V Albatross IV (1 dry spec. R= 6.1, r= 3.2); USNM E 46644 Off southern part of Browns Bank, Nova Scotia. 42 �� 12 ���N, 65 �� 28 ���W, 113 m, Coll. R/V Albatross IV (2 dry specs. R= 2.2, r=1.0; R= 2.4, r=1.0); USNM E 46649 South of Browns Bank, Nova Scotia. 42 �� 13 ���N 65 �� 42 ���W, 229 m. Coll. R/V Albatross IV (5 dry specs. R=4.0, r= 1.8; R= 2.5, r= 1.4; R= 2.1, r= 1.1; R= 1.9, r=1.0; R= 1.9, r= 0.9); USNM E 46650 South of Browns Bank 42 �� 16 ���N 65 �� 44 ���W, 216 m. Coll. R/V Albatross IV (2 dry specs. R= 2.2, r= 1.2: R= 4.9, r= 2.4); USNM E 46701 South of Browns Bank, Nova Scotia 42 ��02���N 65 �� 47 ���W, 256 m. Coll. R/V Albatross IV (2 dry specs. R= 4.3, r= 2.5; R= 2.8, r= 1.6); USNM E 30687 Lydonia Canyon 40 �� 21 ��� 40 ���N 67 �� 39 ��� 51 ���W, 818 m, Coll. R/V Alvin (1 dry spec. R= 5.6, r= 2.8); USNM E 30689 Lydonia Canyon 40 �� 21 ��� 52 ���N 67 �� 39 ��� 31 ���W, 607 m, Coll. R/V Alvin (1 dry spec. R=5.0, r= 2.9); USNM E 30704 Baltimore Canyon 38 �� 9 ��� 39 ���N 73 �� 48 ��� 13 ���W, 307 m. coll. DSRV Alvin (1 dry spec. R= 6.9, r=3.0); USNM E 30690 Baltimore Canyon 38 �� 9 ��� 56 ���N 73 �� 51 ��� 46 ���W, 500 m. coll. DSRV Johnson Sea Link (1 dry spec. R= 5.7, r= 3.1); USNM E 50124, North of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. (5 dry specs. R= 3.7, r= 1.5; R= 3.9, r= 2.1; R= 4.5, r= 2.5; R= 3.7, r= 2.7; R=3.0, r=1.0); USNM E 50125 East of Virginia Beach, North Atlantic. 36 �� 40 ���N 74 �� 40 ���, 335 m. Coll. RV Columbus Iselin. (3 dry specs. R= 4.5, r= 2.6; R=4.0, r= 2.2; R= 4.1, r= 2.2). USNM 18496 Paralectotype- Porania insignis, Norfolk Virginia. 37 ��03��� 20 ���N, 74 �� 31 ��� 40 ���W, 190 m. (1 dry spec. R= 0.9, r= 0.5 and fragments). East Atlantic (Europe). USNM 0 8391 Millport, Firth of Clyde, Scotland. Coll. J.L. Parkhurst. (1 dry spec. R= 4.1, r= 3.3); USNM E 15952 Bay of Biscay, 47 �� 40 ���N, 5 �� W, 119 m. Coll. J. Allen, WHOI. (1 dry spec. R=3.0, r= 2.5); MNHN no #. Celtic Sea 51 �� 22 ���N, 11 �� 42 ���W, 738��� 803 m. Coll. Cosel aboard N. O. Thalassa, PROCELT 1, st. K 196 (1 dry spec. R= 4.9, r= 3.7) MNHN no #. Celtic Sea 51 �� 48 ���N, 11 �� 37 ���W, 304��� 307m. Coll. Cosel aboard N. O. Thalassa, PROCELT 1, st. K 19 (1 dry spec. R= 4.1, r= 2.5). MNHN no #. Gofe de Gascogne 44 ��07���N, 4 ��04���W, 590��� 970 m. coll C. Cabioch aboard N. O. Thalassa st. W 393 (1 dry spec. R= 3.1, r= 1.8) (arms upturned), Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 346-349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Muller, O. F. (1776) Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum, etc. Havniae, xxx. + 282 pp.","Templeton, R. (1836) A catalogue of the species of rayed animals found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J. Templeton, Esq. Of Cranmore, with notices of localities and with some descriptions and illustrations. Magazine of Natural History, 9, 236 - 238, 422.","Verrill, A. E. (1878) Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. 1 & 2. American Journal of Science, 16, 207 - 215, 371 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 16.93.207","Forbes, E. (1839) On the Asteriadae of the Irish Sea. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh, 8, 114 - 129.","Forbes, E. (1841) A history of British starfishes and other animals of the class Echinodermata. John Van Voorst, London, 267 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184, 275 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Verrill, A. E. (1885) [Echinoderms] in Results of the explorations made by the steamer Albatross off the northern coast of the United States in 1883. Report of the US Fish Commission 1883, 503 - 645 (1 - 142), pls. 10 - 21.","Muller, O. F. & Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. 1. Asteriae. 2. Ophiuridae. Braunschweig, xx + 134 pp.","Lutken, C. (1857) Oversigt over GrOnland Echinodermata. 1. Systematisk oversigt over GrOnland Echinodermer. 2. Om de nordiske Echinodermers geographiske Udbredning. 3. De nordiske Echinodermers bathymetriske Udbredning. Kjobenhavn, 109 pp. [Also in 3 parts in Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 1857, 1 - 55, 56 - 99, 100 - 109]","Sars, M. (1861) Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer. Christiania, 160 pp.","Perrier, E. (1869) Recherches sur les pedicellaires et les ambulacres des asteries et des oursins. Masson, Paris, 188 pp. [Also in Ann. Sci. Nat., (5), 12 (1876), 197 - 304, pls. 17, 18; 13 (1870), 1 - 81. Echinides.] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14144","Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141.","Gray, I. E., Downey, M. E. & Cerame-Vivas, M. J. (1968) Seastars of North Carolina. Fisheries Bulletin of the US Fish & Wildlife Service, 67, 127 - 163.","Gosner, K. L. (1971) Guide to identification of Marine and Estuarine Invertebrates. John Wiley, New York, xix + 693 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19740590252","Franz, D. R., Worley, E. K. & Merrill, A. S. (1981) Distribution patterns of common seastars of the Middle Atlantic continental shelf of the Northwest Atlantic (Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras) Biological Bulletin, 160, 394 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540848","Perrier, E. (1875) Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 pp.","Viguier, C. (1879) Anatomie comparee du squelette des Stellerides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 7, 33 - 250.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893.","Bell, F. J. (1891) Stray notes on the nomenclature etc. of some British starfishes. Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 7 (6), 233 - 235 (1 - 3). http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939109460600","Herdman, W. A. (1895) Eighth Annual Report of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee and their biological station at Port Erin. Proceedings and Transactions. Liverpool Biological Society, 9, 26 - 75.","Perrier, E. (1896) Contribution a l'etude des Stellerides de l'Atlantique Nord. Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert I Prince Souverain de Monaco, 11, 1 - 57.","Pearcey, F. G. (1902) Notes on the marine deposits of the Firth of Forth, and their relation to its animal life. Transactions of the Society of Glasgow (n. s.), 6, 217 - 251.","Simpson, J. (1903) Catalogue of echnoderms found at Aberdeen and neighbourhood. Transactions of the Aberdeen Working Mens Natural History Society, 1, 39 - 43.","Grieg, J. A. (1907) Echinodermen von dem norwegischen Fischereidampfer Michael Sars in den Jahren 1900 - 1903 gesammelt. 3. Asteroidea. 1. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1906 (13), 1 - 87.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse Alice. Results Campagne Scientifique, Prince Albert fasc, 34, 1 - 317.","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea of the west coast of Ireland. Scientific Investigations of the Fish Board of Ireland, 1912 (6), 1 - 66.","Grieg, J. A. (1913) Bidrag til kundskapen om Hardanger - fjordens fauna. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1913 (1), 1 - 147. [Echinodermata pp. 108 - 140]","Gemmill, J. F. (1915) On the ciliation of Asterids, and on the question of ciliary nutrition in certain species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1915, 1 - 21, 21 - 23. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1915.00001. x","Koehler, R. (1921) Echinodermes. Faune de France, 1, 1 - 210.","Mortensen, T. (1924) Pighude (Echinodermer). Danmarks Fauna, 27, 1 - 274.","Rivera, V. (1930) Algunos Asteridos de Espana. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 30, 101 - 106.","Einarsson, H. (1948) Echinoderma. The Zoology of Iceland, Vol. IV, pt. 70, 1 - 67.","Tortonese, E. (1955) Notes on Asteroidea. Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 8 (12), 675 - 684. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935508655683","Madsen, F. J. (1959) A new North - Atlantic sea - star Chondraster hermanni n. sp. with some remarks on related forms. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 121, 161 - 170.","Jangoux, M. (1982) Food and feeding mechanisms, Asteroidea. In: Jangoux, M. & Lawrence, J. M. (Eds.), Echinoderm Nutrition. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 117 - 159.","Gage, J. D., Pearson, M., Clark, A. M., Paterson, G. L. J. & Tyler, P. A. (1983) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 45 (5), 263 - 308.","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Metaxas, A. & Davis, J. (2005) Megafauna associated with assemblages of deep - water gorgonian corals in Northeast Channel, off Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85 (6), 1381 - 1390. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315405012567","Kirby, R. R. & Lindley, J. A. (2005) Molecular analysis of Continuous Plankton Recorder samples, an examination of echinoderm larvae in the North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 451 - 459. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315405011392","Serrano, A., Sanchez, F., Punzon, A., Velasco, F. & Olaso, I. (2011) Deep sea megafaunal assemblages off the northern Iberian slope related to environmental factors. Scientia Marina, 75 (3), 425 - 437. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2011.75 n 3425","Verrill, A. E. (1914 b) Revision of some genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of a few new genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14 (79), 13 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693536","Ahearn, C. G. (1995) Catalog of the type specimens of seastars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 572, 1 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.572","Hayne, K. J. R. & Palmer, A. R. (2013) Intertidal sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus) alter body shape in response to wave action. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 1717 - 1725. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 078964"]}

Poraniidae Perrier 1893 Asterinidae (pt) Gray 1840: 288 (Porania); Viguier 1878: 683; 1879: 220; Perrier 1891: K 107, 163 Goniasteridae (pt) Perrier 1875: 185 [1876: 11] Gymnasteridae (pt) Perrier 1884: 165, 168, 229; Sladen 1889: 355; Verrill 1895: 137 Poraniidae Perrier 1893: 849; 1894: 163���164; Verrill 1914 b: 17; 1915: 68; Fisher 1919: 407; H.L. Clark 1923: 274; Mortensen 1927: 89 ���90; Fisher 1940: 154; Djakonov 1950: 57 (1968: 48); A.M. Clark 1962: 34; Bernasconi 1964: 263; Tortonese 1965: 166; Spencer & Wright 1966 (pt): U 69; Downey 1973: 81; Hotchkiss & A.M. Clark 1976: 263 ���266; A.M. Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976: 73; Blake 1981: 380 ���381; Tablado 1982: 88; A.M. Clark 1984: 20 ���49; H.E.S. Clark & McKnight 2001: 165 Gymnasteridae Bell 1893: 21, 78; Ludwig 1900: 459; Farran 1913: 16 Asteropidae (pt) Fisher 1911: 247 ���248 Asteropidae Koehler 1921: 40 ���41; 1924: 151; Mortensen 1933: 249; Fisher 1940: 136 Included genera: Bathyporania n . gen, Chondraster, Clavaporania n. gen , Culcitopsis, Marginaster, ��� Noriaster, Glabraster (resurrected), Porania, Porania (Pseudoporania), Poraniomorpha, Poraniopsis., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1893) Traite de Zoologie, 1 (2). Masson, Paris, 864 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184, 275 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Viguier, C. (1878) Classification des Stellerides. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences de Paris, 84, 681 - 583. [Also in Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 2 (5), 103 - 105]","Perrier, E. (1891) Echinoderma I. Stellerides. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882 - 83. 6. Zoologie, (3), 1 - 198.","Perrier, E. (1875) Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 pp.","Perrier, E. (1884) Memoire sur les d'etoiles de mer recueillis dans la Mer des Antilles et la Golfe de Mexique. Nouvelles Archives des Musee de Historie Naturale. Paris, 6 (2), 127 - 276.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893.","Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141.","Verrill, A. E. (1914 b) Revision of some genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of a few new genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14 (79), 13 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693536","Fisher, W. K. (1919) Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 3 (1000), 1 - 547. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 50.1293.348","Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Mortensen, T. (1927) Echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, 471 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306.","Djakonov, A. M. (1950) Morskie Zvezdy Morei SSSR. Tableaux analytiquesdelafaune deU. R. S. S., 34, 1 - 203. [Translated as Dyakonov. A. M. 1968. Sea stars (Asteroids) of the USSR Seas. Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, 34. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ed. by A. A. Strelkov. Israel Program for scientific translations Ltd. Jerusalem, 183 pp.]","Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931. BANZARE Reports, Ser. B, 9, 1 - 104.","Bernasconi, I. (1964) Asteroideos argentinos. Claves para los ordenes, familias, subfamilies y generos. Physis B. Aires, 24, 241 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0011 - 7471 (76) 91184 - 0","Tortonese, E. (1965) Echinodermata. Fauna d'Italia, 6, i - xv + 1 - 422. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19680530111","Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W. (1966) Asterozoans, Part U, Echinodermata. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 3 (1), U 4 - U 107.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Hotchkiss, F. H. C. & Clark, A. M. (1976) Restriction of the family Poraniidae, sensu Spencer & Wright, 1966 (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 30 (6), 263 - 268.","Clark, A. M. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publ. 766 BMNH, London, 277 pp.","Blake, D. B. (1981) A reassessment of the sea - star orders Valvatida and Spinulosida. Journal of Natural History, 15, 375 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938100770291","Tablado, A. (1982) Asteroideos Argentinos. Familia Poraniidae. Comunicaciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \" Bernardino Rivadavia \" e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales (Argentina). Hidrobiologia, 2 (8), 86 - 106.","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Clark, H. E. S. & McKnight, D. G. (2001) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata, Asteroidea (sea - stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270.","Bell, F. J. (1893) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). London, xvii + 202 pp., 16 pls.","Ludwig, H. (1900) Arktische Seesterne. Fauna Arctica, 1 (3), 447 - 502.","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea of the west coast of Ireland. Scientific Investigations of the Fish Board of Ireland, 1912 (6), 1 - 66.","Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, xiii, 1 - 420 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i","Koehler, R. (1921) Echinodermes. Faune de France, 1, 1 - 210.","Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i. Kobenhavn, 93, 215 - 400."]}

Chondraster grandis (Verrill 1878) Porania grandis Verrill 1878: 371; 1882: 218; 1884: 652; 1885: 542 (pt.), pl. 15, fig. 44, pl. 16, fig. 44 a (non figs 45, 45a= Porania pulvillus insignis) (possible synonym) Tylaster willei Danielssen & Koren 1881: 186; 1884: 64; Ludwig 1900: 459; Ostergren 1901: 252; Grieg 1907: 32; Djakonov 1933: 44; 1950: 60 (1968: 51); A.M. Clark 1993: 238. ? Marginaster fimbriatus Sladen 1889: 365, pl. 58, figs. 4���6. ? Cheilaster fimbriatus Bell 1893: 81 Porania (Chondraster) grandis Verrill 1895: 137 Culcita borealis (pt.) Farran 1913: 15 (st. SR 483) [Non-C. borealis S��ssbach & Breckner 1911] Chondraster grandis A.M. Clark 1984: 27, figs. 4 A, B, 5 A, 6 A, B, 7 d; Harvey et al. 1988: 163; Clark & Downey 1992: 203. Occurrence. Off Cape Cod (c. 42 ��) S to SE of Cape May(c. 38 ��), Lydonia Canyon (south side of George���s Bank), Baltimore Canyon, SE of Cape Mayin the NW Atlantic. Bear Seamount. Lousy Bank, SW of the Faeroe Islands, Rockall Trough, Porcupine Seabight, and the Wyville Thomson Ridge south to the southern Bay of Biscay (c. 44 ��N, 4 ��W). 300���2490 m Other Notes: This species has been observed in situ in several Northeast Atlantic localities by Remotely Operated Vehicles deployed by the Okeanos Explorer (pers. observations). Video observations of this species are recorded from Heezen, Hydrographer, and Nygren canyons where it has been observed on soft-sediment covered substrates in conjunction with octocorals and encrusting colonial invertebrates. It displays a purple/pink-white color in life. Synonymy of C. grandis with Tylaster willei ? Tylaster willei Danielssen and Koren 1881 has been seldom recorded since its original description, and in spite of its occurrence in the Norwegian Sea and adjacent regions it is conspicuously absent from Clark and Downey���s (1992) comprehensive monograph of Atlantic asteroids. Subsequent accounts [e.g., Djakonov 1950 (1968)] have done little to elaborate on the poorly understood description of this species. A review of the original description and comparison with further specimens of Chondraster grandis suggests it is consistent with the original description and figures as illustrated by Danielssen and Koren (1881) with several characters shared between C. grandis and T. willei. This includes the poorly decalcified abactinal surface, the distinct rows of actinal intermediate plates and tissue gaps between actinal plate rows, the fine spination present on the curved actinal series and a similar number of furrow spines present in each. Danielssen and Koren (1881) describe 3 adambulacral spines for a specimen with R=4.0 cm. A comparably sized specimen (USNM E 30694) shows variable furrow spine number (2 or 3 furrow spines). It is also possible that Danielssen and Koren may have mistaken the subambulacral spines, of which there are three, for the furrow spines. Character differences between Chondraster and Tylaster summarized by A.M. Clark (1984) such as the fine spinules on the ���dorsal body wall��� are present on the surface of Chondraster, but below the epidermis. It is possible that T. willei may show damage to the body wall. Fine spinelets on the actinal surface are also present in both taxa. Further specimens, including the type will need to be studied in order to make a conclusive synonymy. In that event, Tylaster Danielssen and Koren 1881 would be the senior name for Chondraster Verrill 1895. For now, we retain Chondraster pending further examination of type specimens and possible suppression of the seldom used T. willei. Material examined. USNM E 30694 Lydonia Canyon, North Atlantic 40 �� 21 ��� 49 ���N 67 �� 39 ��� 44 ���W, 692 m, Coll. BLM submersible Alvin. (1 dry spec. R= 5.6, r= 3.2); USNM E 50308 NE of Virginia Beach, 36 �� 59 ��� 42 ���N 74 �� 33 ��� 30 W to 36 �� 57 ��� 48 ���N 74 �� 34 ��� 18 ���W, 649���864 m, coll. R/V Gilliss (2 dry specs. R= 5.1, r= 3.3; R= 5.8, r= 4.8); USNM E 50540 Baltimore Canyon, 38 �� 9 ��� 20 ���N 73 �� 50 ��� 29 ���W, 621 m, Coll. DSR/V Alvin (1 dry spec. R= 7.9, r= 4.2); USNM 1016057 Bear Seamount, 39.94139, - 67.38908, 1132���1888 m, coll. R/V Delaware II; USNM 1016073 Bear Seamount 39.93442, - 67.39419, 1111���1541 m, Coll. R/V Delaware II., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Verrill, A. E. (1878) Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. 1 & 2. American Journal of Science, 16, 207 - 215, 371 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 16.93.207","Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195.","Ludwig, H. (1900) Arktische Seesterne. Fauna Arctica, 1 (3), 447 - 502.","Ostergren, H. (1901) Uber die von der Schwedischen Zoologischen Polarexpedition 1900 eingeselten, Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea und Crinoidea. Zoologische Anzeiger, 24, 252 - 232.","Grieg, J. A. (1907) Echinodermen von dem norwegischen Fischereidampfer Michael Sars in den Jahren 1900 - 1903 gesammelt. 3. Asteroidea. 1. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1906 (13), 1 - 87.","Djakonov, A. M. (1933) Les Echinodermes des mers arctiques. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk 8, 1 - 166.","Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2, Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893.","Bell, F. J. (1893) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). London, xvii + 202 pp., 16 pls.","Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141.","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea of the west coast of Ireland. Scientific Investigations of the Fish Board of Ireland, 1912 (6), 1 - 66.","Sussbach, S. & Breckner, A. (1911) Die Seeigel, Seesterne und Schlangensterne der Nord - und Ostee. Wissenschaftliche Meereesuntersuchungen Kiel, 12, 167 - 300.","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billet, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Through and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 54 (4), 53 - 198.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Djakonov, A. M. (1950) Morskie Zvezdy Morei SSSR. Tableaux analytiquesdelafaune deU. R. S. S., 34, 1 - 203. [Translated as Dyakonov. A. M. 1968. Sea stars (Asteroids) of the USSR Seas. Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, 34. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ed. by A. A. Strelkov. Israel Program for scientific translations Ltd. Jerusalem, 183 pp.]"]}

Bathyporania ascendens n. sp. Figure 2 A���E Etymology. Species epithet ascendens (=Latin for ���ascending���) refers to the in situ observation of the animal���s climb up the upper branches of a deep-sea coral, where it was collected (Fig. 2 E). Taxonomic comparison. The phylogenetic tree shown in Fig. 1, illustrates Bathyporania as sister taxon to ��� Porania ��� antarctica but the single individual sampled does not clarify monophyly of Bathyporania relative to ��� Porania ��� antarctica. Distinction of this taxon as a separate genus is based on several characters including the more densely arranged reticulate skeleton with more lobate abactinal plates, the polylobate marginal plates arranged horizontally (versus vertically in ��� P.��� antarctica), the absence of an actinolateral fringe of plates, the differnce in furrow spine morphology, actinal plate arrangements and differences in disk: arm ratio, including the outline of the arms. Adult size in the holotype of Bathyporania ascendens is also much smaller than those in ��� Porania ��� antarctica. Shared characters between the two genera include furrow spines which are arranged transversely, a disparately sized larger superomarginal and a smaller (Clavaporania nov. gen., which otherwise appears different from Bathyporania. Figure 1 places Bathyporania as the sister taxon to ��� Porania ��� antarctica (see change below). Bathyporania displays superficial resemblance with two species, Poraniomorpha abyssicola and P. tumida, which we have placed within the genus Rhegaster below. Bathyporania differs in several respects from both Poraniomorpha abyssicola and P. t u m i d a, including the presence of a broadly reticulate abactinal skeleton, spinelet-tipped abactinal and marginal plates and marginal plates with a differing lobate shape than that of Rhegaster. Character similarities are interpreted as plesiomorphies, including single papular pores, imbricate marginal plate arrangement, actinal plate arrangement, and actinal grooves aligned with inferomarginal plate contacts. Occurrence. North Pacific, Davidson Seamount. 2669 m. Although this represents first occurrence, it may share the widespread distribution that is observed in several abyssal asteroid taxa. However, given its small size there may be a bias against collection of this species by nets or submersibles. Description. Body strongly stellate with arms slender (R/r= 3.1), disk tumescent. Skeleton covered by overlying skin (underlying plates better seen in dry specimens) (Fig. 2 A, C, D). Surface smooth, but textured by underlying skeleton. Abactinal surface composed of multilobate to irregularly round plates either abutted against one another more proximally or forming an open reticulate network more distally (Fig. 2 C, D). Each plate covered by one to four widely spaced, pointed spines with tiny spinelets (Specimen examined. HOLOTYPE USNM 1215321. Davidson Seamount, 35 �� 37 ' 56 N, 122 �� 49 ' 35.2 W, (35.63239, - 122.826457), 2669 m, Coll. James Barry, MBARI, st. T 947 -A 15 (1 wet spec. R= 2.2 r= 0.7)., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 331-333, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134

Mah, Christopher L., Foltz, David W. (2014): New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology. Zootaxa 3795 (3): 327-372, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7

Glabraster antarctica (E. A. Smith, 1876) Figure 5 A���F Astrogonium fonki Philippi 1858: 267 (suppressed as per Madsen 1956, Clark & Downey 1992: 208) Porania antarctica Smith 1876: 108; 1879: 275 pl. xvii., fig. 1; Studer 1885: 160; Sladen 1889: 360, pl. lix, fig. 3; Perrier 1891: 107; Ludwig 1903: 22, pl. ii. Figs. 18���20; 1905: 51���53, pl. vi., fig. 1; Koehler 1906: 10; 1911: 27���28; 1912: 66; 1917: 42���43; 1920: 178, pl. xxxiii, figs. 6, 7; 1923: 74; Fisher 1940: 154; Madsen 1956: 27; A.M. Clark 1962: 34; Branch et al. 1993: 46, 60; A.M. Clark 1993: 22; Stampanato & Jangoux 1993: 178, 180; O���Hara 1999: 180; H.E.S. Clark & McKnight 2001: 165; Manjon-Cabeza et al, 2001: 266, 267; Stampanato & Jangoux 2004: 4; Mutschke & Mah 2010: 815. Porania antarctica antarctica Smith 1876: McKnight 1984: 142; Porania magellanica Studer 1876: 459; Sladen 1889: 363, pl. 59, fig 5; Barattini 1938: 20 ���21, pl. 2 (pt) Porania magelhaenica Studer 1884: 42 Porania glaber Sladen 1889: 360, pl. 59, figs 1, 2 Porania spiculata Sladen 1889: 362, pl. 59, fig. 4 Porania antarctica Perrier 1891: K 107���110; Leipoldt 1895: 588; Ludwig 1905: 51, pl. 6, fig. 1; Koehler 1923: 74 ���75 (subantarctic); Fisher 1931: 3; 1940: 154���155; Madsen 1956: 27 ���28; Bernasconi 1964: 264; 1973: 314���315; Tommasi and Olivera 1976: 89 (key). Glabraster magellanica A.H. Clark 1916: 122 Porania armata Koehler 1917: 43, pl. 7, figs 3,4,7, 12; D��derlein 1928: 297 Porania antarctica glabra Fisher 1940: 155; Madsen, 1955: 14; H.E.S. Clark 1963: 45, pl. 5 (5,6); McKnight 1976: 25. Porania antarctica magellanica Madsen 1956: 28 ? Marginaster pectinatus Carrera-Rodriguez & Tommasi 1977: 102 ���103 Porania magellanica magellanica Tablado 1982: 96 ���100, pl. 1, figs 1���3 Porania (Porania) antarctica magellanica A.M. Clark 1984: fig. 1 B; Clark & Downey 1992: 208 ���209, fig 34 h, pl. 48 F���H Comments on synonymy. Traditional morphology-based criteria have identified the morphological variation (as subspecies) within this taxon throughout its range but none has found widespread acceptance or support. It is argued herein that the available subspecies of Porania (now Glabraster) antarctica shows no clear morphological delineation across its range and that available subspecies should be entered into synonymy. Porania antarctica glabra, which was originally described from the Kerguelen and Ross Sea populations, and Porania antarctica magellanica, which was described from the Magellanic region, have been the most enduring of the Antarctic ��� Porania ��� antarctica subspecies concepts. Scrutiny of original taxonomic concepts and examination of collections from NMNH, CAS and MNHN specimens throughout P. antarctica���s range (Ross Sea, Chile, Antarctic Peninsular region, Indian Ocean, etc.) suggests no clear taxonomic hypothesis or unambiguous morphological boundary for any of the known subspecies. Sladen (1889) summarized early Antarctic Porania species, including P. glabra and P. magellanica and noted that Studer���s (1876) description for P. magellanica was ���short and insufficient��� (Sladen 1889: 363) and was only able to characterize the species as having two ���marginal��� spinelets per plate. Porania glabra was characterized primarily by the absence of spines from its abactinal surface in addition to the lack of ���marginal spines��� from the ���outer part��� of the ray (Sladen 1889: 361). Koehler (1917) synonymized glabra and magellanica into antarctica, which met with disagreement by Fisher (1940) who supported the retention of glabra. Madsen (1956) supported magellanica as a subspecies encompassing the Chilean population. H.E.S. Clark (1963) also supported usage of glabra, documenting size variation of material from the Ross Sea. Clark and Downey (1992) summarize some of the P. antarctica concepts but ultimately follow Madsen���s (1956) conventions. P. antarctica magellanica was distinguished primarily on the presence of two spines per marginal plate and the ���sparse��� spination present on the abactinal surface in conjunction with the notion that a population of this species was associated with the ���Magellanic��� faunal province (Sladen 1889, Madsen 1956). Multiple spines on marginal plates occur on specimens from the Ross Sea (e.g., USNM 1081827, 1081947) and a larger sampling of specimens demonstrates a wide variation in abactinal spine density indicating poor morphological support for P. antarctica magellanica as distinct from ���proper��� P. antarctica, at least based on original concepts outlined by Sladen (1889). The original notion of associating P. antarctica magellanica with the Magellanic region is undermined by the fact that multiple specimens of the P. antarctica magellanica -like morphology have been collected from Bouvet /Marion Island in the South Indian Ocean (MNHN ���MD 24, st. 26, prelevement CM 42). O���Hara (1998) also observed P. antarctica from Macquarie Island with prominent abactinal spination, which provides further evidence contrary to a separate ���Magellanic��� taxon. Moore et al. (2013) provided further insight into connectivity between P. antarctica populations. P. antarctica glabra was distinguished by the absence of abactinal spination and the absence of spines from distalmost marginal plates by Sladen (1889). P. antarctica glabra was considered a synonym by A.M. Clark (1962). Her treatment is accepted herein. However, there is potential for undiscovered, possibly cryptic, diversity in this taxon. Bosch (1989) found markedly different modes of reproduction and development in two morphologically similar taxa of Porania (= Glabraster) antarctica. These kinds of distinctions, in conjunction with COI data, have been the basis for identification of undescribed cryptic species in other cases (e.g., Naughton and O���Hara, 2009) and suggest cryptic species are present within this taxon. Other widely occurring high-latitude asteroid taxa, such as Odontaster validus have also shown previously unrecognized biodiversity (e.g., Janosik & Halanych 2010; Janosik et al. 2011). Occurrence. Circum-Antarctic and adjacent high-latitude regions. Falkland-Magellan area, north off Chile to about 30 ��S, Uruguay, and off Argentina to 35 ��S, South Georgia, the Shag Rocks, South Sandwich, South Shetland and Clarence Islands, the Bellingshausen Sea and Enderby Land, Bouvet, and Prince Edward Islands, Breid Bay, Kerguelen Islands, Terre Adelie to Ross Sea, Macquarie Island, 0���2930 m. O���Hara (1998: 180) provides a summary of P. antarctica depth occurrence across its distribution. Bathymetric range apparently varies widely within this species. Description. Body weakly pentagonal (Fig. 5 F) to strongly stellate (Fig. 5 E). R/r= 1.51���2.85. Arms, triangular in shape, varying from well-developed and elongate, contiguous with body (e.g., USNM 1081798) to short and emerging abruptly from well-developed disk (e.g., USNM 1081827). Body generally tumescent. Prominent skin overlying abactinal, marginal and actinal surfaces. Plate outlines obscured in wet specimens. Abactinal plates forming widely-spaced, reticulate pattern (Fig. 5 A, C, D). Spines present or absent on abactinal plates (Fig. 5 C,D). When present, spines are prominent and present individually on each plate. Spines, short with thorn-like or blunt tips (Fig. 5 D), tend to be most prominent on plates where confluences of bands are present but they are also present in several individuals on individual abactinal bands. Some individuals, such as USNM 1081798 fr. McDonald Islands, also possess numerous tiny (1.0 mm) spinelets, widely dispersed, present on all surfaces, including skeletal reticulation and intervening papular regions. Abactinal skeleton composed of a primary circlet with strongly developed, paired bars in each interradius emerging from/ articulated with each primary disk plate, extending to interradially located superomarginal plates (FigsA, F). A large convergence of abactinal/interradial plates present where the abactinal, interradial and superomarginal plates meet. Radial plates composed of a carinal series with adradial plates emerging from either side of the carinal series in seven to ten paired bands per arm. These adradial bands have, in turn, a series of secondary plates emerging from them, often varying from an ordered regular series demonstrating repeated open, paired spaces to an irregular, highly convoluted network. The reticulated network becomes more tightly knit and densely arranged more distally along the arm, forming an almost imbricate arrangement. Abactinal plates forming transverse bands emerging from the carinal series with direct correspondance to and articulation with the superomarginal plate series (Fig. 5 C). Numerous other secondary and tertiary abactinal plates present throughout the reticulated network with several transverse bands emerging from the paired interradial plates (Fig. 5 A, C). Individual plate ���bands��� composed of elongate plates, overlapping one another at their ends. Each plate variably elongate, some short with length=width, others reach 5���10 x the width. Intervening skin-filled regions between reticulated abactinal skeleton with either bare skin, patches of papulae, two to 30, and/or irregularly shaped plates, small but round, one to 30 in number. Extent of papulae to plate occurrence in these regions varies with size of individual, with smaller individuals with more clear skin patches and larger individuals with more papular/plate filled regions. Madreporite round with shallow, well-developed sulci, flanked by three to four abactinal plates. Marginal series (Fig. 5 C) composed of of superomarginals, approximately 30���58 (armtip to armtip), 30���50 inferomarginals, (armtip to armtip) at R= 0.8 to 7.3. Some individual superomarginal and inferomarginal plates are distinctly different in outline from the other plates (Fig. 5 C, D). Superomarginal plates imbricate, each flattened with rounded edges, varying from shield-like (distally) to polylobate (proximally). Spines absent from superomarginals, although tiny spinelets are present on some individuals. Interradial superomarginals with most strongly expressed lobes, appearing weakly cruciform. Each superomarginal corresponds directly to one of the adradial plates projecting from the carinal series. Superomarginals become more closely articulated and more strongly overlapping closer to the armtip. Inferomarginals smaller than superomarginals, flattened, varying in shape from oval to elongate and rod-like in shape. Inferomarginals offset from superomarginals, with contact often oriented at an oblique angle to the lower end of the superomarginal plate. Large, flattened, paddle-shaped, blunt spines, one or two present on each inferomarginal plate forming the prominent actinolateral fringe. The actinolateral fringe varies in expression across different individuals. Some display the actinolateral fringe as a simple projection around the edge, whereas in others the fringe is a well-developed shelf present interradially between the arms. Inferomarginals extending away from lateral edge of body to spiny actinolateral edge. Actinal plates similar in shape to inferomarginals, each plate elongate rod-like in shape forming two (at R= 0.8 cm) to six (at R= 7.2) laterally arranged series per interradius, extending from furrow to furrow (Fig. 5 B). Widest furrow with n=~ 25 plates from furrow to furrow, with proximalmost series adjacent to oral plates with n= 2 to four plates. Smaller individuals (R= 0.8 cm) with two to four irregular series between adambulacrals and inferomarginals. Actinal plates, skin covered, otherwise surficial accessories absent in most (i.e., no granules, no spinelets, etc.). Exceptionally, some individuals with tiny spinelets, two to six per plate. Surface bare. Linear channels continuous present between actinal and inferomarginal plate series. Adambulacrals ���J��� shaped in outline, with plate separation varying from direct articulation to skin-filled gap between plates. Furrow spine pointed, narrow, variably one or two, set within the furrow (Fig. 5 B). Subambulacral spines, one or two, paddle shaped, larger than furrow spines (approximately twice as thick) with blunt tips. Subambulacral tips vary from more widely flattened to strongly cuved (u-shaped in cross section). Oral plates with four to five furrow spines with a single spine projecting into mouth (size at R= 0.8 cm). Oral plate surface without accessories but bearing one or two spines, these blunt, cylindrical. Large skin filled gap present between halves of 2 -part oral plate present in each interradius. Color in life varies from red, pink to orange to ���bluish��� or ���purplish��� white, yellow or grey. Actinal surface has been recorded as white, yellow to orange (H.L. Clark 1963; Mutschke & Mah 2009). Material examined. Ross Quadrant: USNM 1081811 west of Ross Island, Victoria Land, 77 �� 51 ���S, 177 �� 33 ���E to 77 �� 53 ���S, 177 �� 53 ���S, 769���770 m, Coll. R/V Eltanin, USARP (2 dry specs. R= 5.5, r= 3.8; R= 4.8, r= 3.2); USNM 1081824, Victoria Land, Ross Sea. 73 �� 59 ���S 170 �� 51 ���E to 73 �� 58 ���S, 170 �� 58 ���E, 589��� 608 m. Coll. R/V Eltanin (1 dry spec. R= 4.7, r= 3.1). USNM 1081825, Ross Sea. 74 �� 53 ���S 175 �� 10 ���W to 74 �� 52 ���S, 174 �� 42 ���W, 2143���2154 m. Coll. R/ V Eltanin (3 dry specs. R= 5.5, r= 3.5; R= 2.3, r= 1.5; R= 1.8, r=1.0); USNM 1081827 Ross Sea 77 �� 32 ���S, 172 �� 32 ���E 77 �� 31 ���S, 172 �� 23 ���E, 468���482 m, Coll. R/V Eltanin, USARP (1 dry spec. R= 4.1, r= 3.1); USNM 1081950 Victoria Land, Ross Sea, 75 �� 1 ���S, 168 �� 23 ���E, to 75 ��02���S to 168 �� 32 ���E, 334���335 m, Coll. R/V Eltanin, USARP (1 dry spec. R= 1.5, r= 0.6); USNM 1081965 North of Roosevelt Island, 78 �� 29 ���S, 165 �� 39 ���W to 78 �� 28 ���S 165 �� 22 ���W, 491���493 m, Coll. R/V Eltanin, USARP (1 dry spec. R= 3.1, r= 1.8); USNM 1081969 Center of Ross Sea, 76 �� 25 ���S, 170 �� 24 ���W to 76 �� 25 ���S 170 �� 32 ���W, 568 m, Coll. R/V Eltanin, USARP (2 dry specs. R=4.0, r= 2.4; R= 0.8, r= 0.4); USNM 1081944 Victoria Land, Ross Sea, 347���358 m, Coll. R/V Eltanin, USARP (1 dry spec. R= 0.9, r= 0.4); USNM 1081965 North of Roosevelt Island 78 �� 29 ���S, 165 �� 39 ���W, to 78 �� 28 ���S, 165 �� 22 ���W, 491���493. Coll. R/V Eltnanin, USARP (1 dry spec. R=3.0, r= 1.8). Indian Ocean: USNM 1081798 McDonald Islands, Indian Ocean. 53 ��04���S, 72 �� 58 ���E to 53 ��06���S, 72 �� 57 ���E. 210��� 234 m. Coll. R/V Eltanin (4 dry specs. R= 4.2, r= 1.8; R= 5.6, r=2.0; R= 5.7, r=2.0; R= 4.7, r= 1.7). Magellanic/Peninsular Regions. USNM E 3770 Port Churruca, Strait of Magellan, Chile. (1 dry spec. R= 2.6, r= 1.9). USNM E 11507 Strait of Magellan, Brunswick Peninsula, Chile 53 �� 31 ���S 70 �� 33 ���W, 270 m, Coll. R/V Hero, USARP (2 dry specs. R= 2.2, r=1.0; R= 4.6, r=3.0); USNM E 38720 SE of Montevideo, Urugay, South Atlantic. 110 m. Coll. R/V Undine. (1 dry spec. R= 4.6, r= 3.6); USNM E 38411 Shag Rocks, Scotia Sea. 53 �� 32 ���S, 41 �� 47 ���W to 53 �� 41 ���S, 42 ��07���W, 133��� 165 m. Coll. USARP (3 dry specs R= 6.5, r=3.0; R= 6.7, r= 2.3; R= 7.2, r= 3.3); USNM E 47652 South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea 53 ��47, 48���S 37 �� 26 ��� 2 ���W, 165���234 m, Coll. J. Dearborn, R/V Islas Orcadas (8 dry specs. R= 4.6, r= 2.8; R= 3.9, r=2.0; R= 3.5, r= 2.2; R= 2.2, r= 1.9; R=4.0, r= 2.2; R= 3.2, r=2.0; R= 4.7, r= 3.1; R= 3.2, r= 2.2; R= 2.4, r= 1.3; R= 1.4, r= 0.8; R= 1.3, r= 0.6); USNM E 53238 Larrouy Island, Grandidier Channel, Biscoe Islands 65 �� 56 ��� 12 ���S 65 �� 16 ��� 42 ���W, 35���70 m, coll. J. Dearborn, R/V Hero, USARP. (8 dry specs. R= 4.2,r= 2.4; R= 3.9, r= 2.2; R= 3.6,r= 1.9; R= 3.5, r= 1.4:R= 4.6, r= 2.1:R= 3.3, r= 2.4: R= 2.5, r= 1.7; R= 1.8, r= 0.9); USNM 1018494 Deception Island, South Shetland Islands 62 �� 58 ��� 24 ���S 60 �� 50 ���06���W, 110��� 137 m. Coll. R/V Hero. (2 dry specs. R= 1.3, r= 0.7; R= 1.5, r= 0.7); USNM 1081968 Puerto Basil Hall, Staten Island, Tierra del Fuego, South Atlantic. 54 �� 45 ��� 27 ���S, 64 �� 10 ���06���W. Coll. R/V Hero. (1 dry spec. R= 4.3, r= 2.9); USNM 1081800 South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea. 53 �� 51 ���N 37 �� 38 ���W to 53 �� 52 ���S, 37 �� 36 ���W, 91���101 m, Coll. R/V Eltanin, USARP (5 dry specs. R= 4.6, r= 2.4: R= 3.3, r= 1.8, R= 3.6, r= 1.8; R= 2.4, r= 1.3 approx. arms curved; R= 2.1, r=1.0; USNM 1081802 Cape Froward, Strait of Magellan Chile 53 �� 56 ���S, 71 �� 15 ���W to 53 �� 55 ���S, 71 �� 12 ���W, 256���320 m, Coll. R/V Eltanin (8 dry specs. R= 3.6, r= 1.8; R= 3.3, r= 1.6; R= 3.3, r= 2.2; R= 2.9, r= 1.8; R= 3.7, r= 1.6; R=2.0, r=1.0; R= 2.3, r= 1.3; R= 3.1, r= 1.4 -note arms/body contorted in many); USNM 1081805 Cape Froward, Strait of Magellan, Chile, 53 �� 39 ��� 24 ���S, 70 �� 55 ���00���W, 82 m, coll. R/V Hero, USARP (10 dry specs. R= 3.3, r=2.0; R= 2.5, r= 1.4; R= 2.2, r= 1.3; R= 2.5, r= 1.3; R= 2.6, r= 1.6; R=2.0, r=1.0; R= 3.8, r=2.0; R= 2.3, r= 1.4; R= 2.6, r= 1.5; R= 2.6, r= 1.5; R= 1.7, r= 0.9). USNM 1081818 Inutil Bay, Strait of Magellan, Chile, 53 �� 25 ��� 18 ���S, 69 �� 46 ���00���W, 27���37 m, Coll. R/V Hero, USARP (3 dry specs. R= 4.3, r= 2.5; R= 4.4, r= 2.6; R= 3.3, r= 1.7). USNM 1081822 Strait of Magellan, Chile, 53 �� 30 ���S 69 �� 48 ���W, 22���26 m, Coll. R/V Hero, USARP (6 dry specs. R= 4.1, r= 2.7; R= 2.7, r= 1.7; R= 3.9, r=2.0; R= 2.9, r= 1.8; R= 2.6, r= 1.3; R= 1.2, r= 0.6). USNM 1082737 Inutil Bay, Strait of Magellan, 53 �� 24 ��� 30 ���S, 69 �� 38 ��� 30 ���W, 7���9 m, Coll. R/V Hero. (6 dry specs. R= 5.1, r=3.0; R=5.0, r=3.0; R= 4.3, r= 2.3; R= 4.4, r= 2.5; R=4.0, r= 2.8; R= 3.7, r= 2.5). USNM 1082910 Clarence Island, Strait of Magellan, 53 �� 51 ���S, 71 �� 36 ���W to 53 �� 50 ���S, 71 �� 41 ���W, 256���269 m, Coll. R/ V Eltanin, USARP (6 dry specs. R= 2.9, r= 1.6; R= 3.3, r= 1.4; R= 3.2, r= 1.8; R= 2.8, r= 1.3; R= 3.1, r= 1.6; R= 2.9, r= 1.5). USNM 1119614. South Atlantic, 61 �� 12 ���S 54 �� 43 ���W, 240 m. Coll. Moss Landing Marine Labs (1 dry spec. R= 2.3, r= 1.2); USNM 1136790 N. Lemaire Channel, 200���240 m, Coll. University of Maine. (2 dry specs. R= 1.2, r= 0.5; R= 0.7, r= 0.3)., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 339-343, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Smith, E. A. (1876) Descriptions of species of Asteriidae and Ophiuridae from Kerguelen Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17), 105 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608681912","Philippi, A. (1858) Beschreibung einiger neuer Seesterne aus dem Meere von Chiloe. Archive fuer Naturgeischicte (Berlin), 24, 264 - 272.","Madsen, F. J. (1956) Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948 - 49. 24. Asteroidea with a survey of the Asteroidea of the Chilean Shelf. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, 52 (2), 1 - 53.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Studer, T. (1885) Die Seesterne Sud - Georgiens mnach der Ausbeute der deutschen Polar - station in 1882 und 1883. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten. Hamburg, 11, 143 - 166.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893.","Perrier, E. (1891) Echinoderma I. Stellerides. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882 - 83. 6. Zoologie, (3), 1 - 198.","Ludwig, H. (1903) Seesterne. Resultats du Voyage du S. Y. Belgica Zoologie, 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 20.512.536","Koehler, R. (1906) Echinodermes. (Stellerides, Ophiures et Echinides). Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences naturelles, documents scientifique. Masson et Cie, Paris, 41 pp.","Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306.","Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931. BANZARE Reports, Ser. B, 9, 1 - 104.","Branch, M. L., Jangoux, M., Alva, V., Massin, C. & Stampanato, C. (1993) The Echinodermata of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 & 2), 37 - 70.","Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2, Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366.","O'Hara, T. (1999) Systematics and biology of Macquarie Island echinoderms. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 57 (2), 167 - 223.","Clark, H. E. S. & McKnight, D. G. (2001) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata, Asteroidea (sea - stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270.","Manjon-Cabeza, M. E., Lirio, Y. & Ramos, A. (2001) Distribution of asteroid genera (Echinodermata) off South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. Boletin. Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 17 (3 and 4), 263 - 270.","Stampanato, S. & Jangoux, M. (2004) The asteroid fauna (Echinodermata) of Marion & Prince Edward Islands. Annals of the South African Museum, 112 (1), 1 - 16.","McKnight, D. G. (1984) Echinoderms from Macquarie Island and the Macquarie Ridge. NZOI Records, 4 (12), 139 - 147.","Studer, T. (1876) Uber Echinodermen aus dem antarktischen Meere und zwei neue Seeigel von den Papua - Inseln gesammelt auf der Reise S. M. S. Corvette Gazelle um die Erde. Monatsbericht der Koniglich - Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1876, 425 - 465.","Barattini, L. P. (1938) Equinodermos Uruguaos (contribucion al conocimiento de las especies qui viven en nuestras agues). Boletin Servicio Oceanographica Pesca, Montevideo, 1938, 17 - 29.","Studer, T. (1884) Verzeichniss der wahrend der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle um die Erd 1874 - 76 gesammelten Asteriden und Euryaliden. Physikalische Abhandlungen Akademie der Wissenschaftlichen Berlin 1883, 1884, (3), 1 - 64.","Leipoldt, F. (1895) Asteroidea der Vettor - Pisani Expedition (1882 - 1885). Anhang, Die von F. Orsini im Rothen Meere gesammelten Asteroideen. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 59, 545 - 654.","Ludwig, H. (1905) Asterien und Ophiuren der schwedischen Expedition nach den Magalhaenslaendern 1895 - 1897. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 82, 39 - 79.","Koehler, R. (1923) Asteries et Ophiures recueillies par l'Expedition Antarctique Suedoise. Further Zoological Research, Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1 (1), 1 - 145.","Fisher, W. K. (1931) Report on the South American sea stars collected by Waldo L. Schmitt. Proceedings of the US National Museum, 78, 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.78 - 2859.1","Bernasconi, I. (1964) Asteroideos argentinos. Claves para los ordenes, familias, subfamilies y generos. Physis B. Aires, 24, 241 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0011 - 7471 (76) 91184 - 0","Tommasi, L. R. & Oliveira, E. de. (1976) Equinodermos do Brasil. 5. Sobre algumas especies coletados durante viagens do N / O. Prof. W. Besnard, Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidad de Sao Paulo, 25 (1), 77 - 100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0373 - 55241976000100005","Clark, A. H. (1916) Seven new genera of echinoderms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 6, 115 - 222.","Koehler, R. (1917) Echinodermes (Asteries, Ophiures et Echinides) recueillis par M. Rallier du Baty, aux Iles de Kerguelen, en 1913 - 14. Annales. Institut Oceanographique du Monacco, 7 (8), 1 - 82.","Doderlein, L. (1928) Die Seesterne der Deutschen Sudpolar - Expedition, 1901 - 3. Deutsche Sudpolar - Expedition, 1901 - 3, XIX, 291 - 301. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11346","Madsen, F. J. (1955) Echinoderms other than Holothurians collected in Sub - Antarctic and Antarctic seas, mainly by the Norvegia Expeditions 1928 - 30. Scientific Results of the Norwegian Antarctic Expeditions, 37, 1 - 17.","Clark, H. E. S. (1963) The fauna of the Ross Sea. Part 3. Asteroidea. (New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 21) Bulletin of the New Zealand Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, 151, 1 - 84.","McKnight, D. G. (1976) Asteroids from the Ross Sea and the Balleny Islands. NZOI Records, 3 (4), 21 - 31.","Carrera-Rodriguez, C. J. & Tommasi, L. R. (1977) Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Boletin. Instituto Oceanographica du Sao Paolo, 26 (1), 51 - 130, pls. 33. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0373 - 55241977000100004","Tablado, A. (1982) Asteroideos Argentinos. Familia Poraniidae. Comunicaciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \" Bernardino Rivadavia \" e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales (Argentina). Hidrobiologia, 2 (8), 86 - 106.","Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51.","Moore, J. M., Rouse, G. W. & Wilson, N. G. (2013) Does the Scotia Arc facilitate connectivity between South America and Antarctica? An example from the sea star Porania antarctica. Abstracts, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Jan 3 - 7. Available from: http, // www. sicb. org / meetings / 2013 / schedule / abstractdetails. php? id = 718 (accessed 17 June 2013)","Bosch, I. (1989) Contrasting modes of reproduction in two Antarctic asteroids of the genus Porania, with a description of unusual feeding and non - feeding larval types. Biological Bulletin, 177, 77 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541836","Naughton, K. M. & O'Hara, T. D. (2009) A new brooding species of the biscuit star Tosia (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Goniasteridae), distinguished by molecular, morphological and larval characters. Invertebrate Systematics, 23 (4), 348 - 366. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / is 08021","Janosik, A. M. & Halanych, K. M. (2010) Unrecognized Antarctic Biodiversity, A Case Study of the Genus Odontaster (Odontasteridae; Asteroidea). Integrative and Comparative Biology, 50 (6), 981 - 992. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / icq 119","Janosik, A. M., Mahon, A. R. & Halanych, K. M. (2011) Evolutionary history of Southern Ocean Odontaster sea star species (Odontasteridae; Asteroidea). Polar Biology, 34, 575 - 586. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 010 - 0916 - 7","Mutschke, E. & Mah, C. (2009) Asteroidea - Starfish. In: Haussermann, V. & Forsterra, G. (Eds.), Marine Benthic Fauna of Chilean Patagonia. Nature in Focus, Santiago, Chile, 1000 pp."]}

Clavaporania nov. gen. Etymology. The genus name is from the Latin ��� clava ��� for club or mace, which describes the club-shaped spines present on the abactinal surface and Porania after the type name of the family. Type species: Clavaporania fitchorum nov. gen, nov. sp. Diagnosis. Body stellate. Abactinal skeleton reticulate, embedded in a fleshy skin. Plates bearing, large, prominent spines. Some clavate, pointed or with one or two tips. Papular pores single. Abactinal, lateral and actinal surface with dense covering of skin-embedded, tiny spinelets completely covering surface. Marginal plates similar to those on abactinal surface. Actinal surface covered by fleshy skin and spinelets. Furrow spines one or two with a single subambulacral spine in a transverse row., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on page 335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134

Chondraster elattosis H. L. Clark 1923 H.L. Clark 1923: 274���275, pl. 8, fig. 4; 1926: 17���18; Madsen 1959: 156���157; A.M. Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976: 73���74; Clark & Downey 1992: 202; A.M. Clark 1993: 229. Occurrence. South Africa, west of Cape Province (c. 34 ��S, 18 ��E) extending south and east to about 37 ��S, 21 ��E, 402���1025. Material examined. SAEON # 3, South Africa, ��� 35.9969, 19.5724, 618 m. Coll. SAEON, trawl 011- 5150, st. A 31370 (1 wet spec. R= 7.8, r=6.0), Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 333-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Madsen, F. J. (1959) A new North - Atlantic sea - star Chondraster hermanni n. sp. with some remarks on related forms. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 121, 161 - 170.","Clark, A. M. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publ. 766 BMNH, London, 277 pp.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2, Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366."]}

Poraniopsis inflata (Fisher 1906) Figure 9 A���D, F. Alexandraster inflata Fisher 1906: 300 Poraniopsis inflata Fisher 1910: 569; 1911: 261; Hayashi 1940: 167, pl. 10, fig. 10; Djakonov 1950: 85 (1968: 73); Alton 1966: 1682, 1684, 1688; Lambert 1978 a: 4,19; 1978 b: 63; Kozloff 1987: 453 (checklist); Maluf 1988: 42, 123; Imaoka et al. 1990: 53; AM Clark 1993: 236; Shin & Rho 1996: 30, 625, pl. 27; Lambert 2000: 55; Kohtsuka & Saba 2002: 12; Mah 2007: 928; Lamb & Hanby 2005: 328; Mah 2007: 928; Alvarado et al. 2010: 47; Hendrickx et al 2011: 801; Mah & Foltz 2011: 771, fig. 1 (in tree), 776 Poraniopsis inflata flexilis Fisher 1910: 568; Fisher 1911: 265; A.M. Clark 1993: 236; Pawson & Ahearn 2000: 42, 43 Poraniopsis japonica Fisher 1939: 470 Poraniopsis jordani Gotschall 1994: 85 (nomen nudum) Synonymy of Poraniopsis japonica: Fisher (1939) described Poraniopsis japonica from Honshu, Japan, distinguishing it from P. inflata on the basis of larger disk, broader rays, presence of small spinelets present in the membrane of the papular areas and furrow spines lacking a notch or groove. Features such as the larger disk and broader rays are observed within the variation of examined specimens, especially those with larger size (R>7.0). The tiny dermal spinelets described by Fisher (1939) are projections from tiny, minute ossicles present in each papular region (Fig. 9 F). These ossicles (but not the spinelets) are present in P. inflata from California (Fisher 1911) and were more abundant in specimens of P. inflata from Japan. The holotype for P. japonica is relatively large (R= 7.7 cm) suggesting that these ossicles may be more pronounced as a function of its greater size. Anderson and Shimek (2010) have suggested that coelomic fluid is expelled as a defensive measure resulting in greater exposure of its spination. While the arms do not show any size disparity, as outlined by Anderson and Shimek (2010), the expulsion of coelomic fluid as a stress response or simple deformation from preservation, could have resulted in enhanced protrusion of these ossicles from the delicate body wall. The notch/groove on the furrow spines is not as distinct on the holotype of P. japonica but cross-section of the furrow spines shows the shape is consistent with that of other P. inflata. Other taxonomic notes. Two subspecies of Poraniopsis inflata were recognized by Fisher (1911: 261) P. inflata inflata and P. inflata flexilis. Fisher (1911: 265) separated the latter from the former based on the weaker skeleton, larger papular areas, furrow spines tapering/pointed without grooves and the absence of grains/ossicles in the integument of the papular areas in P. inflata flexilis. However, all of these characters fail to show the clear delination as suggested by Fisher as additional specimens are examined. Although some specimens do conform to the flexilis morphology, other specimens show both character states. For example, furrow spines on individual specimens in USNM 1126277 are both pointed and blunt with grooves. Characters may be affected by ecological plasticity and/or growth. Specimen preservation (wet versus dry) also may be an important consideration in observing the furrow spine groove as dry specimens may display the groove, or at least an incipient notch on the spine tip more evidently. There is a lack of a clear distinction between subspecies, which supports synonymy of flexilis into P. inflata. Occurrence. Russia, (Moneron Island), Korea, Japan, west coast of North America: Alaska (Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians, Patton Seamount), British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, west to Pioneer Seamount, south to Southern California, Baja California, Panama, Galapagos Islands. 80���1022 m Material examined. Japan. USNM E 5603 Holotype P. japonica. East of Honshu Island, Kinkazan Island. 38 �� 12 'N, 142 �� 1 ' 59.8 E, 333 m. Coll. USFS Albatross, Northwestern Pacific Expedition (R= 7.7, r= 3.8). USNM 1085995 Uozu, Honshu Island, Toyama Bay. 91 m. Coll. Yasuo T. Kano. 13 March 1985. (1 dry spec. R= 5.1, r= 1.9); CASIZ 173996 Uozu, Toyama Bay, Sea of Japan, 80 m. Coll. Y.T. Kano, 3 May 1988 (1 dry spec. R= 5.8, r= 2.4); North America. CASIZ 117815 Gulf of Alaska, 121 m. Coll. R/V Miller Freeman (1 dry spec. R= 7.5, r= 3.1); CASIZ 175081 Gulf of Alaska, 44 �� 92 ���N, 124 �� 77 ���W, 333 m. Coll R/V E.J. Kools, 8 April 2003 (1 wet spec. R= 6.7, r= 2.4); CASIZ 120063 Gulf of Alaska, 58 �� 30.36 ���N, 139 �� 53.87 ���W, 227 m. Coll. R. VanSyoc, 15 July 1999 (1 wet spec. R= 6.9, r= 3.1); CASIZ 120349 Patton Seamount, 54 �� 37.0636 N, 150 �� 26.2302 W, 971 m. Coll. Bill Donaldson and Matt Heinty on R/V Alvin, 27 July 1999 (1 wet spec. R= 10.3, r= 3.7). CASIZ 118319, Off Oregon coast, 45 �� 53.40 ���N, 124 �� 47 ���N, 549��� 640 m. Coll. R/V Cayuse, 13 Aug 1974 (2 wet specs. R= 2.2, r= 0.9; R= 2.2, r= 0.7); CASIZ 121348 Off Oregon coast, 45 �� 56 ���N, 124 �� 35 ���W, 176 m. Coll. A. Carey aboard R/V Cayuse, 14 Oct 1969 (1 wet spec. R= 6.3, r= 2.1). CASIZ 116789 Off Pt. Sur, California 36 �� 22.70 N, 122 �� 5.90 W, 600 m. Coll R. VanSyoc, and D. Chivers, 9 May 1985 (1 wet spec. r= 2.4, r= 0.7); CASIZ 178617 Cordell Bank, Marin County, California. 86.0 m, Coll. 7 Aug 2008 (1 wet spec. R= 1.1, r= 0.4); USNM 1215323 North Pacific, Pioneer Seamount, 37.369502, - 123.41070, 1022 m. D 84 -A1, 8 Sept. 2005 (1 wet spec. R= 4.1, r= 1.9). Galapagos. CASIZ 115192 Isla Espanola, Galapagos, 1 �� 22.20 ���S, 89 �� 49.20 ���W, 354 m (1160 ft), Coll. J. McCosker, 7 July 1998 (1 wet spec. R= 5.5, r= 2.2); USNM E 51288 Marchena Island, Galapagos Islands. 3800, - 90.4333, 555 m. Coll. C. Baldwin, G. Merlen, aboard the Johnson Sea Link II, July 1998 (1 wet spec. R= 6.3, r= 2.3); USNM E 51289 Darwin Island, Galapagos Islands, 1 �� 42 'S, 92 ��W, 249���436 m, Coll. D. Pawson & J. McCosker, aboard the Johnson Sea Link II, July 1998 (1 wet spec. R= 5.2, r=2.0) Other records (not examined). Southern California. SIO E 163 Scripps Canyon-canyon walls, La Jolla, California, 40 m (130 ft), Coll. Hopkins and Crozier; SIO E 164 off La Jolla Canyon, La Jolla, CA; SIO E 345 Off Scripps Pier in Scripps Canyon, 88.3 m (290 ft), Coll. C. Limbaugh, Oct 5, 1959; SIO E 590 La Jolla Canyon ���pothole���, La Jolla, California, 44 m (145 ft), Coll. C. Limbaugh, Oct 3, 1959. Baja California. SIO E 930 NE of Isla Guadalupe, Baja California 29 �� 30.8 ���N, 117 �� 16.8 ���W, 549���732 m, Coll. R. Parker on R/V S.F. Baird, Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 360-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/252134, {"references":["Fisher, W. K. (1906) Two new starfishes from Monterey Bay, California. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30 (10), 299 - 302.","Fisher, W. K. (1910) New starfishes from the North Pacific. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 35, 568 - 574.","Hayashi, R. (1940) Contributions to the classification of the sea - stars of Japan I. Spinulosa. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University, series VI, Zoology, 6 (3), 107 - 204.","Djakonov, A. M. (1950) Morskie Zvezdy Morei SSSR. Tableaux analytiquesdelafaune deU. R. S. S., 34, 1 - 203. [Translated as Dyakonov. A. 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