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This study describes the development of a fog collector material for fog harvesting. Polypropylene (PP) doped with fumed silica (0–2%) was punctured at equal intervals and exposed to fog produced by a humidifier. The amount of water harvested by each sample was measured using an ultrasonic fogger. Polypropylene doped with 1% fumed silica was most effective at harvesting water, and collected almost 19–20 times more water than pure polypropylene. This improvement is due to the surface tension, which decreased from 16.754 mN/m (pure PP) to 13.512 and 9.992 mN/m (0.5% and 1% fumed silica, respectively). On the other hand, when fumed silica doping exceeded 1%, this increased the polymer’s surface tension, measured as 20.6 and 38.1 mN/m for 1.5 and 2% fumed silica doping. We therefore propose fog harvesting using 1% fumed silica-doped polypropylene as a low-cost method for collecting clean water in arid regions.

The aim of this research is to study factors affecting thermal fogger for controlling “Parloria Blanchardi” on the date-palm trees. The outlet tube of the tested fogger was modified by addition tube of 1000 mm length with 30.8 mm diameter. So, the total resonator length increased to 1740 mm to suit with palm-tree heights and easy fog flow. The studied variables included fogger conditions (mobile fogger by human and fogger attached to tricycle), control materials (Malathion, Mineral oil(KZ),“KZ+malathion” and without insecticide), tricycle forward-speeds (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m/s), the fog angles (30⁰, 45⁰ and 60⁰) and resonator length (74 and 174 cm). The maximum control efficiencies for the nymphs and adult insect were 84.7 and 95.81% respectively, using fog angle of 45⁰, resonator length of 174 cm, control material of “KZ” and forward-speed of 0.6 m/s. The fogger capacities were 93, 108, 120 and 132 tree/h using tricycle forward-speeds of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m/s respectively. Using optimum fog angle of 45⁰ with resonator length of 174 cm, the maximum yield of date-palm fruit is 109.6 kg/tree at forward-speed of 0.6 m/s and “KZ” controlling material. Meanwhile, the minimum yield recorded 88.2 kg/tree was obtained under forward-speed of 1.2 m/s and “Malathion” control material. Under fog angle 45⁰ approximately and resonator length of 174, the minimum range of hourly, operation and production costs of using the fogger attached to tricycle at forward speed range of 0.6-1.2 m/s were 24.6-26.2 L.E./h, 0.20-0.26 L.E./tree and 1.96-2.41 L.E./Mg fruit for “KZ”.

A field study investigated penetration of outdoor ground ultra-low–volume (ULV) aerosol and thermal fog adulticide applications into a dwelling to control the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L). Four applications of Kontrol 4-4 (4.6% permethrin active ingredient [AI], 4.6% piperonyl butoxide) at the maximum label rate were made at 25–30 m in front of a house at Camp Blanding Joint Training Center, Starke, FL, during summer 2016. The ULV sprayer and thermal fogger nozzles were oriented horizontally, and vehicle travel speeds were 16 and 24 km/h, respectively. All doors and windows of the house were left open. Spray efficacy was assessed using caged female mosquitoes positioned 30 cm above ground, outside and inside of the house. Interior cages were placed in open areas and cryptic sites (i.e., in a closet or cardboard box). A spinner holding 2 rods sized 3 mm × 75 mm was deployed next to each cage (except cryptic sites) to sample droplets and to quantify AI deposition. Thirty minutes after application, cages were removed, slides collected, and mosquitoes transferred to clean cages in the laboratory where mortality was assessed at 24 h posttreatment. The ULV application to the south side of the house produced 100% mortality in outdoor and indoor cages and 24% mortality at cryptic sites. Similarly applied thermal fog resulted in 85% mortality outdoors, 34% indoors, and only 4% in cages at cryptic sites. Application of either method from the west resulted in 19–61% mortality outdoors and 0.5–6.5% indoors. Droplet volume median diameter (Dv0.5) on rods from the ULV application was significantly larger compared with the thermal fogger outdoors, but similar indoors. Outdoors and indoors, the AI deposition from ULV was significantly higher than from thermal fog. Our results show the potential for controlling dengue vectors inside houses with outdoor ground ULV applications in areas where doors and windows are left open for ventilation.

The presented experiment entitled Physiological Performance Of Mango Grafts Under Different Conditions were carried out during year 2018-2019 at Instructional Cum Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Badnapur, with objectives to study the growth performance of mango grafts under different conditions. The experiment laid out in Randomized Block Design with 4 treatment i.e. polyhouse with foggers, polyhouse without foggers, shade net and open condition which replicated five times. The observations were recorded on various aspects viz., days taken for sprouting, number of shoots per graft, length of shoot (cm), diameter of shoot (mm), number of leaves per graft, height of grafted plants (cm), diameter of rootstock (mm), diameter of scion (mm) were recorded at 30 days interval up to 90 days. The results of present study indicated significant differences with all observations. Significantly number of leaves per graft (19.01), height of grafted plants (26.38 cm), diameter of rootstock (6.01 mm), and diameter of scion (6.11 mm) after 90 DAG was recorded in polyhouse with foggers condition. The minimum days taken for sprouting (7.61), maximum number of shoots per graft (3.24), highest length of shoot (4.16 cm), maximum diameter of shoot (3.86 mm) after 90 DAG was observed in polyhouse with fogger’s condition and it was followed by polyhouse without fogger’s condition. The present investigation it can be concluded that the polyhouse with fogger’s condition had shown significantly superior performance in relation to growth of mango grafts.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE The study aimed to determine the efficacy of adding a 12% hydrogen peroxide dry hydrogen peroxide vapor fogger system as an additional layer of infection control in a dental surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total number of agar plates from the five locations were used during the treatment of the 22 patients (n = 440). During the treatment of each patient, four agar plates (n = 4) were used per location [location 1: X-ray, location 2: the dental arm, location 3: left side desk, location 4: under the foot of the dental chair, location 5: ri ght side desk and (n = 20 for the five locations per patient)]. The control agar plates were incubated after the treatment of the patient was completed period. The test agar plate groups were sprayed with a 70% isopropanol surface disinfectant, or received exposure to an automated 12% hydrogen peroxide fog, or a 70% isopropanol surface disinfectant spray immediately followed by exposure to the automated 12% hydrogen peroxide. RESULTS One-way ANOVA and Scheffe's method identified significant differences (p < 0.01). Between the control agar plates and the three disinfection methods used a significantly lower colony count was established for colonies recorded in the surgery assessed as a whole, the X-ray unit, and the ri ght side desk. CONCLUSION The disinfection of dental surgery r equires sufficient time as it not only includes the working surfaces but also various inanimate objects. Surface disinfectant spray followed by hydrogen peroxide decontamination has potential for dental surgery, as the colony-forming units have been r educed further compared to spray alone and even just fog alone for all the various areas of the dental surgery that was assessed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The infection control protocols with hydrogen peroxide vapor would ensure the maximum efficacy of the disinfection protocols.

The project addressed the application of biodiesel as a fuel in replacing the petroleum-based liquid carrier in common fogging system. In controlling the population of larvae and adult mosquito using chemical pesticide spraying through fogging method, the dilution rate based on the efficient mixing of pesticide and biodiesel is yet to be investigated. A simulation field trial was conducted indoor in a visible container with the designed dimension of 50 cm × 50 cm × 50 cm with the method of fogging was adapted from the principle of thermal fogger. The biodiesel was produced through the transesterification reaction of palm oil with methanol using hydrotalcite as catalysts. To evaluate the larvicidal and adulticidal mortality, dilution of pesticide which is Sumithion L-40 into biodiesel as liquid carrier is varied. The 5 ml pesticide-carrier mixture with the dilution ratio of 1:9, 3:7 and 5:5 were used and dispersed into the ambient in the form of fog. After several tests, it can be deduced that the most effective dilution ratio for against larvae is 1:9 and adult mosquito is 5:5. The larvae mortality rate achieved 100% at the duration of 117 min due to effective settlement of the spraying droplet of formulation mixture on exposed water. The result also proven that, biodiesel as liquid carrier capable to overcome the solubility problem encountered by the conventional petroleum-based carrier. The adult mosquito needs shorter knockdown time with the higher dosage of pesticide. Sumithion L-40 consists of two active ingredients which are tetramethrin and fenitrothion that provide quick knockdown and residual effect especially to adult mosquito.

Hydroponics is a technique in agriculture that uses very minimal nutrient material to nourish the plants. In this project it is proposed to connect all the sensors and actuators to the UBIDOTS cloud and make the environment a closed loop system under the concept Internet of Things (IoT). We have used these sensors to create an artificial luminance to provide efficient photosynthesis even in low light conditions/night. The system also focuses on monitoring the temperature and humidity inside greenhouse. Using this ambience values, the weather inside the greenhouse is controlled by actuating the exhaust fan and fogger. The entire project is automated using IoT and the microcontroller used is ESP32 which has an inbuilt Wi-Fi Module for connecting to cloud. All the data will be viewed in UBIDOTS cloud platform in real time. The variations in all the data can be visually seen by the user in the application.

HighlightsThe atomizer droplet size should be considered an important factor when designing aeroponic systems.Airless atomizers had significant positive effects on plant growth, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity.Airless atomizers and a spraying interval of 20 min on and 3 h off was the best combination for lettuce plants.Abstract. Throughout our literature review, the effects of various aeroponic atomizers (droplet sizes) on specific leafy plant growth and quality were minimally reported. Lettuce ( L.) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables consumed around the world. The present study sought to determine the effects of various aeroponic atomizers (droplet sizes) on the growth, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of lettuce plants. Aeroponic systems were designed and manufactured using three kinds of atomizers: air-based (A1), airless (A2), and ultrasonic fogger (A3). The South China Agricultural leafy vegetable B nutrient solution was selected as the cultivating solution. Additionally, the spraying time and spraying interval were set at 20 min on and 3 h off. The sizes of the droplets generated by these atomizers were measured using a laser particle size analyzer, and the measured average droplet sizes generated by the A1, A2, and A3 atomizers were 23.281, 46.386, and 3.451 µm, respectively. The results showed that the lettuce plants treated with the A2 atomizers exhibited more significant effects on the growth, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of the lettuce compared to those treated with the A1 and A3 atomizers. The results indicated that nutrient solution droplet size should be considered an essential factor when designing an aeroponic system. Keywords: Aeroponic, Antioxidant activity, Soilless, Spraying time, Total polyphenol content.

This work was carried out in the animal production research station in Gemmayzeh, Tanta, Al-Gharbia Governorate. The experimental part was during the summer, July and August season of 2015. Twenty-four dairy cattle were selected to the treatment, they were divided to two groups, twelve cows per group. Two cooling systems (Micro Sprinkler System (MSS), Fogger Sprinkler System (FSS)) were used in this work. The main objectives of this work were studying the effect of providing adequate shade on heat stress and milk production of dairy cattle to meet the demands of a small and medium-sized primitive farms for the production of milk, studying some engineering factors affecting the performance of the designed cooling system and to determine the effect of spraying by the designed cooling system and providing adequate shade for dairy cattle at pre-milking automated stage on the production of milk. The obtained results indicated that using the runtime periods of 1.5, 3, and 4.5min. per 15 min., without using a shelter reducing rate of ambient temperatures by 5, 5.9, and 6.4°C compared with 1.9, 3.6, and 5.7°C for MSS, and FSS, respectively. While, by using a shelter, the reducing rate of ambient temperatures by 5.2, 6.1, and 9.4°C compared with 1.9, 3.7, and 3.8°C for MSS, and FSS, respectively. From these pervious results the runtime period of 4.5/15min. was chosen for cooling the cattle. by applying this run time period on animals twice, four, and six times before milking, the milk producing was increased by 1.4% (0.6kg), 1.96% (0.9kg), and 11.57% (5.6kg) compared with the morning production, respectively. Therefore, the runtime period of 4.5/15 min. must be used for cooling the animals six time before milking.

Greenhouse is provide controlled area environment to grow plants. Growth of the plant always affected by key environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, moisture etc. In the present system, environmental parameters in a greenhouse are monitored and controlled. Sensors are used for data aquisition and are interfaced with microcontroller unit. Android application is developed to display environmental parameters. To control temperature fan is used. To control humidity fogger is used. To control soil moisture water pump is used. To control light intensity artificial light source is used. Wifi module is interfaced with MCU. Greenhouse parameters can be monitored & controlled using IoT.

The manually high-volume spray techniques are widely used in China to apply plant-protection products in glasshouses, having poor efficiency due to heavy losses to the soil and high risks of worker exposure. Accordingly, a fixed-pipes twin fluid cold fogging system realized the ultra-low volume spray was designed based on the self-developed venturi nozzles. The system performance were investigated in comparison with a trolley cold fogger. Meanwhile peppers in fruiting period were chosen to explore the influence of canopy on droplet distribution of the fogging system. In the test, the air and water pressure of the fogging system were 0.3 MPa and 0.05 MPa with application rate of 2 L/min. The trolley cold fogger was placed at a distance of 2 m from the front collection area in the middle of the greenhouse, the angle between air cylinder and horizontal ground was 15°. The application rate of the trolley fogger was 1.5 L/min. The total application time was 5 min. Results show that compared with the trolley cold fogger, the droplet deposition coefficient of variation of the fogging system among different collection areas was only 13%, the fogging system can achieve unmanned pesticide application throughout the greenhouse with desired uniformity of droplet distribution; the presence of peppers was conducive to droplets gather on surrounding leaves, droplet deposition in vertical height in different regions had no significant difference. Consequently, the fogging system had better working performance and uniform droplet distribution can realize the separation work between human and the fogging system.

Potato seed production by conventional methods represents a sizeable investment that, when passed on to farmers, can decrease their profit margins. Potato minitubers produced by aeroponic systems are space- and cost-efficient, and they also provide healthy propagules to be used by farmers. We evaluated the effects of different misting nozzle types, with and without an antidrip feature, and spray direction on potato minituber yield using the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) Aeroponic System. Potato plants (cv. Agata) propagated from sprouts were grown in a covered, high-density 100-L polyethylene bucket. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with four replicates and eight treatments combining misting nozzle types (Fogger, MA-30, and CoolNet) with and without antidrip and comparing upward with downward spray directions. Plants were evaluated weekly from 33 to 68 days after transplant (DAT). The parameters used to evaluate treatments were number and mass of minitubers as a function of harvest times, dry mass of roots, stems, leaves, and total biomass. The number and fresh weight of minitubers, as well as root dry weight, stems, leaves, and total biomass were affected by misting nozzle types and spray direction. Treatments also affected biomass partitioning of roots, stem biomass, and the shoot:root ratio. There was also an effect of harvest time on the number and fresh weight of minitubers for various combinations of misting nozzle type and spray direction, except for minituber number with the CoolNet misting nozzle without antidrip and downward spray direction. On the basis of the assessed parameters, the best minituber production system was achieved with the Fogger spray combined with no antidrip, a rate of 12 L·h−1, and with the downward spray direction. The UFV Aeroponic System produced an average of 491 minitubers per plant. This system is simple to implement and may lead to a more affordable upscaling of potato seed minituber production.

Cold storage is a refrigerated warehouse where fruits and vegetables can be stored for a long period of time without any deterioration of the products stored. Optimum storage temperature and relative humidity are necessary to maximize shelf life and maintain the quality of the products stored. Although India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables but 59 MT of fruits and vegetables are wasted each year because of the inadequate Cold storage facility and refrigerated transport. Looking at the wastage of food in the local market it is found that some solution must be needed to avoid wastage as well as to maintain food quality and increase their storage life. To address the above problem a prototype cold storage of 1 m3 is fabricated. The components of cold storage i.e. Condenser, evaporator and compressor are designed and the refrigeration load is calculated. The compressor used is of 130 W and cooling capacity is of approximately 0.137TR. In order to maintain the relative humidity, 90–95% the fog humidity sensor is used which constantly senses the relative humidity in the cold room and electronically turns the fogger on or off to maintain the humidity level. The main Objective is to maintain the temperature and relative humidity set by National Horticulture Board Standards to enhance storage life of different Vegetables stored in prototype Cold storage. Vegetables like Spinach, Tomato, Coriander leaves are tested in the Prototype Cold storage The shelf life and moisture loss of these vegetables are checked and compared with the Vegetables kept outside the Cold storage. The results showed that the storage life of each vegetable can be increased by 50–60% when they are kept inside the prototype Cold storage.

The distribution of aerosol applications of pyrethrin + methoprene, generated from a mechanical fogger, and pyrethrin + pyriproxyfen, dispensed from a pressurized cylinder, were characterized inside a pilot-scale flour mill using measurements of particle size and concentration and effects on adult confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacqueline duVal, in bioassay arenas. Particle measurements were made using TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) units placed in an open straight line at distances of 4.3, 8.9, and 13.5 m from the aerosol release point (open configuration). Measurements were also made using a second configuration (termed obstructed), which was done by moving the APS unit at 8.9 m underneath a piece of equipment, and moving the APS unit at 13.5 m behind a support beam. Actual concentration and calculated deposition were about 4× greater for the pyrethrin + methoprene aerosol compared to the pyrethrin + pyriproxyfen aerosol. However, efficacy was similar since bioassays using adult T. confusum showed no difference in recovery after exposure to either insecticide. Concentration and calculated deposition of both aerosols decreased with increasing distance from the spray release point and when the APS units were in the obstructed configuration, and recovery of bioassay insects after exposure increased with increasing distance from the spray release point. Results from this field trial show how efficacy of aerosol applications is impacted by distance and obstacles, and how use of equipment that measures droplet size and concentration can help quantify the dispersion and spread of insecticidal aerosols. Results also provide guidance to develop relationships between aerosol deposition and efficacy and thus improve pest management programs for structural management of stored product insects.

We evaluated misting nozzle types and the coating on the bucket’s inner wall on the yield of basic potato seed minitubers. Tubers of potato cv. Agata were sprouted in a non-acclimatized greenhouse from June to September 2013. Six treatments were evaluated, three types of misting nozzle (32 L/h with anti-drip, 32 L/h without anti-drip, and 9 L/h without anti-drip) and two types of bucket inner lining, with and without polyurethane, with four replications. Dry weight of roots, stems and leaves besides minituber number and tuber fresh weight were evaluated. The “UFV Aeroponic System” effectively produces minitubers and should be equipped with a fogger with an outflow of 32 L/h without anti-drip and no inner lining of the bucket for optimal yield.

The current experiment was carried out in greenhouse in the Central Laboratory of Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt, to develop proper system for a Vertical Farming Irrigation System" VFS" for lettuce and celery crops, to get the best vegetative growth uniformity along vertical axis of planting column (tube), maximum water use efficiency (WUE) with minimum energy consumption, and maximum fresh yield per square meter floor. The effects of plant type, nozzle type, vertical-pipe nozzle position, and number of nozzles per vertical farming tube at operating pressure range of 150 to 300 kPa, on growth uniformity, fresh yield (kg/m2). Energy consumptive use and WUE were considered. The initial and operating cost, in addition to net profit of "VFS"are also discussed. The main results are summarized as follows: The longest vegtative growth heights of lettuce and celery, recorded by using four nozzles along the vertical tube was 24 and 46 cm at bottom layer of the planted column of the vertical farming tube(VFT), with increased percent ratios of 37.5 and 52.3% compared with using one mini sprinkler nozzle for the two crops resp.. The highest values of WUE under different number of nozzles and positions was 11.2, 8.8, and 8 kg/m3 for lettuce crop, and 12.8, 12.4, 9.75 kg/m3 for celery crop by using four, two, and one nozzle along the "VFT" axis, with increasing ratios of 21.5, 28.6 % for lettuce crop, and 3, 23.8% for celery crop, compared with micro and fogger nozzles resp.. The maximum energy requirements of lettuce and celery crops were 111.1, 97.2 kj/kg/y for lettuce and celery crops, by using four nozzles (75 μm-DS) along the "VFT" for all tested nozzle types. The best uniformity of vegetative growth was 96% by using four mini sprinkler nozzles along the "VFT" axis. The maximum productivities of lettuce and celery fresh yield were recorded as 14, 11, 10 kg/m2 for lettuce crop, and 16, 12.5, 11.5 kg/m2 for celery crop, for mini sprinkler, micro sprinkler and fogger nozzles resp., The maximum consumptive use of energy was 4.32kW.h/y, when using mini sprinkler nozzle, increased by 81% compared with fogger nozzle. Meanwhile the minimum consumptive use of energy was 0.6kW.h/y, when using fogger sprinkler nozzle. The maximum net profit was 1047, 1527LE/y/column for lettuce and celery crops, by using mini sprinkler (75 μm-DS) with an increase of 42.7, 41.1% for lettuce and celery crops, compared with using fogger nozzle (45 μm-DS).

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in the need for increased surface disinfection. For this purpose, biocides, UV-C radiation, or ozonation can be used. The most commonly used are biocides that can be deposited on the surface with the use of various devices, including foggers. The disinfection efficiency is related to the size of the aerosol droplets formed and their distribution. This paper specifies the distribution of droplet diameters and mean droplet diameters obtained during the use of a commercial fogger. It was shown that the droplet diameters formed were mainly in the range of up to 30–40 μm. A ceramic filter allowed for a larger number of smaller droplets and a limitation in the number of droplets with larger diameters. The results are important in the context of fighting the virus in hard-to-reach places where battery devices can be used.

The present embedded system has been design and developed in order to measure, display and control polyhouse related environmental factors such as humidity, soil moisture and temperature by using 89E516RD microcontroller. In order to maintain favorable condition for plant growth in polyhouse the humidity sensor, soil moisture sensor and temperature sensor along with microcontroller are deployed. The micro-controller based embedded system sense and display information on 16x2 LCD display and also provides automated ON-OFF control action for exhaust fan, heater and fogger. The result in the graphical format shows the response of embedded system under discussion. This system is cost effective, easy handling and has compact hardware.

The effectiveness of thermal fog application of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Vectobac® WDG) against larval Aedes aegypti was evaluated in open and forest canopied environments in northeastern Florida, using a handheld IGEBA® TF34 thermal fogger (with water conversion kit). The product was applied at the maximum label rate of 1 kg/ha to linear transects, in each environment, containing empty 0.5-liter cups. After application, late-2nd to early-3rd instars of Ae. aegypti were added to each cup. Complete larval mortality occurred 48 h after treatment, 8 m away from the spray line in the open field while 63.4% larval mortality was achieved at this same distance in the forest canopy at 72 h posttreatment. Operational efficacy was then evaluated in an urban tropical environment in Key West, FL. In this study, empty plastic cups were placed in cryptic areas of a commercial lobster and crab trap yard. The 0.1-ha area was treated with Vectobac WDG at the maximum label rate using the same equipment. Aedes aegypti larval mortality from treated cups was >99% at 24 h posttreatment, whereas complete mortality was achieved at 48 h after application.

The cooling capacity of the naturally ventilated greenhouse is limited and not much suitable for the hot weather of south Asian countries. As a cooling process for naturally ventilated greenhouse depends on the outside air temperature, which sometimes rises above the desired reference temperature during summers. The fogger and rooftop wind turbine are integrated with a naturally ventilated greenhouse to enhance the cooling capacity with economical energy dependency. Simulations of the integrated greenhouse and the naturally ventilated greenhouse were carried out under identical external environment conditions. The results obtained demonstrated the enhanced cooling efficiency of the integrated system aided in closely following the reference temperature with fewer energy demands for its operation.

The Anastasia Mosquito Control District (AMCD) tests all equipment before field use to determine if machines are suitable for the needs of the district. Three handheld ultra-low-volume (ULV) foggers--the American LongRay (ULV) Fogger Model 3600B with rechargeable lithium battery (DC model), American LongRay ULV Fogger Model 3600E with 110V or 220V AC power (AC model), and Boston Fog Battery Motorized Fogger (Boston Fogger)--were compared to determine which fogger would be most suitable for use by AMCD. Mortality of caged Aedes albopictus was analyzed after 24 h to determine the success of a single application. All 3 foggers resulted in 100% mortality after 24 h using the insecticide Aqualuer 20-20 (active ingredients permethrin 20.6% and piperonyl butoxide 20.6%) 1:5 dilution with reverse osmosis water. Based on operator safety, robustness, and operational performance, the American LongRay DC model was found to be the most suitable at administering Aqualuer 20-20 against caged adult Ae. albopictus.

The field study’s objectives were to compare the physical characteristics as well as efficacy with multiple insecticides for Bonide® Fog Rx Insect Fogger, Black Flag® Propane Insect Fogger, and Burgess® Outdoor Propane Insect Fogger. Evaluations were conducted with 7 machine chemical combinations, 3 depths of spray, and 3 species of laboratory-reared mosquitoes, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti. Combinations of these factors were analyzed in conjunction with environmental parameters. Data showed statistical significance between all machines. The Bonide machine maintained integrity and durability for the longest period of time compared with the other 2 machines. When evaluating the 3 machines with DUET™, mortality was highest with the Bonide and lowest with the Burgess machine.

In this experimental and theoretical study, an attempt has been made to examine and compare the techno-economic performance of a conventional solar still (CSS) and CSS augmented with ultrasonic fogger & cotton cloth. For experimentation, two identical CSS having 1 m2 basin area were used. In one of the still, modifications were done whereas, the other still is used for comparison. For energy analysis, a simple linear regression-based heat transfer model has been used. The exergy analysis has been performed to access the actual thermodynamic performance. Moreover, the cost per liter (CPL) of both the stills were evaluated. This study aims to make the solar still more productive, efficient, and economical by eliminating the chances of over misting during low radiation hours. This is done with the help of a cotton cloth, which is mounted on the frame (like a tent). Also, it helps in reducing the characteristic dimension of still. Modified solar still (MSS) has yielded 53.12% higher in comparison to the conventional. In the evening hours, MSS yielded more in comparison to CSS. The CPL of potable water produced from MSS is 27.46% lower in comparison to CSS. The overall efficiency of MSS is 44.64% higher than CSS.

The surface area of basin water exposed to the incident solar radiations plays a vital role in the performance of a conventional solar still (CSS). This research article presents a new method to increase the distillate yield of CSS by augmenting it with an ultrasonic fogger/humidifier. Experimental and theoretical investigations are performed on CSS and CSS augmented with Ultrasonic fogger (MSS). The heat transfer coefficients were evaluated by using a thermal model which is based on regression analysis. The ultrasonic fogger has increased the water surface area and introduced the turbulence in the basin water, which results in the better performance of MSS over CSS. There has been an improvement of 97% in the value of evaporative heat transfer coefficient for MSS in comparison to CSS. MSS gives 33.26% higher distillate yield from 11:00 to 18:00 h in contrast to CSS. The augmentation of ultrasonic fogger has increased the mean thermal efficiency of MSS by 31.04%. It has been observed that the MSS yields remarkably when the direct solar radiations are falling on it. The per liter cost of potable water produced from MSS is 9.89% lower than its CSS counterpart.

Shelter management is the manipulation of microclimate of the animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to cost of construction. House should be designed to meet the requirements health and comfort to the animals, convenience and comfort of the operator, efficiency of labour and materials handling and compliance with applicable health regulation. Problems related with the cost of housing,ventilations, scare resources, hygiene, manifestationof disease,behavioural concerns etc. Amelioration of these problems could be achieved by management intervention with respect to various components of housing and installation of cooling system to reduce heat. The major physiological changes involved in this acclimation and acclimatization while animals do acclimatize by gradually adapting to such stressors within their natural environment. During extreme weather condition open sides of shed can be covered temporarily with gunny bags, plastic sheet, bamboo mats, straw panels etc. Area-wise housing strategies for different kinds of the animals can be indentified and evaluated of new housing design to suit for different local condition based on locality available resources in this context could be explored. Also some modification in loose house can be very useful for example, in summer the thatch roofing succeeded in ameliorating heat stress but in winters, modification of floor with sand or rubber mat improved productive performance of dairy animals. Mist foggers, mist fogger with heavy duty dairy fans and ceiling fans are used to reduce thermal load during ambient temperature when body thermoregulation mechanism are not able to maintain normal physiological parameters.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of high temperatures on milk production of dairy cows in southern Slovakia in the 2015 year. The hypotheses that milk yield is influenced by the evaporative cooling (fogger and fan) was tested. Production data included 227,500 test-day records belonging to 34 Holstein breed herds situated in lowlands (130 m to 182 m above sea level) and kept in free-stall housing. Herds were allotted into groups according to manner of cooling. The first group of cows (19 herds) was cooled evaporative and forced ventilation, the second group (15 herds) was cooled using only forced ventilation (automatically controlled fans in housing and feeding areas). The meteorological data were recorded continuously at each farm by electronic probes. The data were analyzed using a General Linear Model ANOVA. During the period from May to September, 36 summer and 22 tropical days were recorded, 37 days were with a mean thermal humidity index value above 72.0, on 34 days we recorded mean values above 78.0. Dairy cows cooled by fans with water foggers produced significantly more milk than cows cooled only with forced ventilation (9650.4 kg vs 8528.0 kg; P

The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of climatic variables on physiological responses and haematological parameters of crossbred cows in summer season. In this study 16 crossbred cows were selected and randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2). Cows of control group were housed in shed with sprinkler, whereas the cows of treatment group were housed in shed with fogger plus fans and mosquito net. Data on various physiological and haematological parameters were recorded and analysed statistically. Analysis revealed that, the maximum temperature and THI were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in treatment shed as compared to control shed. Significantly (P less than 0.05) higher dry matter intake and milk yield in treatment (13.64±0.44 and 18.18±0.36 kg) as compared to control group (12.33±0.37 and 15.94±0.47 kg) were recorded during peak hot period. Rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in treatment (38.28±0.05, 36.42±2.98 and 78.65±1.09 °C) as compared to control group (38.57±0.14, 51.15±4.34 and 83.59±0.83 °C). However, haemoglobin concentration (g/dl) and white blood corpuscles (103/cmm) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in treatment (10.54±0.36 and 12.35±0.64) as copared to control group (9.52±0.43 and10.88±0.57). Therefore, it can be concluded that fogger with fans is the fundamental mean to protect the animals from thermal stress under loose housing during summer season.

The experiments carried out during July 2014 in hydroponics unit in Qwisna, El-Minufia governorate .The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of different nozzles (fogger, mist and mini sprinklers), irrigation periods (30sec, 60sec and 90sec) for (2hr,4hr and 6hr) respectively and seed thickness in the trays (0.5, 1.0 and1.5 cm) on barely sprouts produced hydroponically. Measurements were taken for every production unit (WUE, yield/tray, yield/kg seed, protein %, fibers%). Data showed that using fogger gave the highest CU% , DU% ,water use efficiency, yield/kg seed, protein %, fiber % and carbohydrates %. On the other hand, data illustrated that using 0.5 cm seed thickness recorded the highest yield/kg seed, protein %, fiber % and carbohydrates %. Concerning using 30 sec/2hr recorded the highest water use efficiency, yield/kg seed, protein %, fiber % and carbohydrates %. Finally, from the overall results it can concluded that using 0.5 cm seed thickness irrigated 30 sec/2hr with fogger recorded the highest tested parameters.

Efficacies of a handheld thermal fogger (Patriot™) and a backpack ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer (Twister™) with combinations of 2 different adulticides (pyrethrin, deltamethrin) and an insect growth regulator (pyriproxyfen) were field-tested and compared for their impact on reducing indoor Aedes aegypti populations in Thailand. The effectiveness of the indoor space sprays was evaluated by sampling the natural Ae. aegypti population in houses and determining their physiological status, by monitoring mortality of sentinel caged mosquitoes (AFRIMS strain) and by assessing larval mortality in laboratory bioassays using water exposed to the spray. A total of 14,742 Ae. aegypti were collected from Biogents Sentinel traps in this study. The combination of ULD® BP-300 (3% pyrethrin) and NyGuard® (10% pyriproxyfen) sprayed either by the Patriot or Twister significantly reduced some Ae. aegypti populations up to 20 days postspray relative to the control clusters. The addition of pyriproxyfen to the adulticide extended how long household mosquito populations were suppressed. In 2 of the 4 products being compared, the Twister resulted in higher mortality of caged mosquitoes compared with the Patriot. However, neither machine was able to achieve high mortality among Ae. aegypti placed in hidden (protected) cages. The larval bioassay results demonstrated that the Twister ULV provided better adult emergence inhibition than the Patriot (thermal fogger), likely due to larger droplet size.

Sprayer comparisons and larval morality assays were conducted following SR450 backpack mist blower and Superhawk XP thermal fogger applications of Vectobac® WDG Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) against Culex quinquefasciatus. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was applied at maximum label rate in a 232.26-m2 field plot located in north-central Florida with containers placed at 2 heights (ground level and 1.52 m above ground) on stakes positioned 3.04, 6.09, 9.14, 12.19, and 15.24 m from the spray line. Results indicated that there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in 24- and 48-h larval mortality between the 2 sprayers or between the 2 heights. There was significant difference (P 70% larval mortality 3.04–9.14 m from the spray line, and

Control of the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti (L.), inside human habitations must be performed quickly and efficiently to reduce the risk of transmission during dengue outbreaks. As part of abroad study to assess the efficacy of dengue vector control tools for the U.S. Military, two pesticide delivery systems (ultra-low volume [ULV] and thermal fog) were evaluated for their ability to provide immediate control of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with a contact insecticide inside simulated urban structures. An insect growth regulator was also applied to determine how well each sprayer delivered lethal doses of active ingredient to indoor water containers for pupal control. Mortality of caged Ae. aegypti, pesticide droplet size, and droplet deposition were recorded after applications. In addition, larval and pupal mortality was measured from treated water samples for 4 wk after the applications. The ULV and the thermal fogger performed equally well in delivering lethal doses of adulticide throughout the structures. The ULV resulted in greater larval mortality and adult emergence inhibition in the water containers for a longer period than the thermal fogger. Therefore, the ULV technology is expected to be a better tool for sustained vector suppression when combined with an effective insect growth regulator. However, during a dengue outbreak, either delivery system should provide an immediate knockdown of vector populations that may lower the risk of infection and allow other suppression strategies to be implemented.

A computational study to assess the effect of gas turbine (GT) frame size on efficiency of gas turbine power plant configurations is presented in this paper. The work includes the effect of relative humidity (RH), ambient inlet air temperature and frame size on gas turbine plant configurations with and without fogger unit. Investigation also covers economic analysis. 20 MWe GE 5271RA, 40 MWe GE-6561B and 70 MWe GE-6101FA frames are selected for the present study. GT PRO software has been used for carrying out the analysis including; net plant output and net efficiency, break even electricity price (BEEP) and break even fuel LHV price (BEFP), etc. The relative humidity and temperature have been varied from 30 to 45 % and from 80 to 100° F, respectively. Fuels considered in the study are natural gas, diesel and crude oil. Results show that variation of humidity does not affect the gas turbine performance appreciably for all GT frame size regardless of type of fuel. For a decrease of inlet air temperature by 10 °F, net plant output and efficiency have been found to increase by 4 and 1.7 %, 4.2 and 1.3 %, 4.7 and 1.8 %, respectively for 20 MW,40MW and 70MW for crude oil and for GT only situation. However, for GT with Fogger scenario, for a decrease of inlet air temperature by 10 °F, net plant output and efficiency have been found to further increase by 3.1 and 1.3 %, 3 and 0.9 %, 3.2 and 1.1 %, respectively for 20 MW,40MW and 70MW. For situations with and without fogger for crude oil, BEFP have been found to vary from 1.3968 to 1.3916, 2.13 to 2.0948, 2.387 to 2.4642 USD/MMBTU respectively for 20 MW, 40MW and 70MW and BEEP have been found to vary from 0.03142 to 0.0313, 0.02488 to 0.02504, 0.0229 to 0.0233 USD/kWh respectively for 20 MW, 40MW and 70MW.

Recent research work deals with using vertical spray booms for the safe and efficient application of crop protection chemicals in greenhouses. Nozzle type and setting significantly affect spray deposition and crop nutrition and should be carefully considered. Six different types of nozzles were tested and calibrated with two operating pressures for each and different spacing between nozzles. Wetted radius, precipitation rate, discharge were measured and calculated. Nozzle types included: Copper nozzle, Plastic nozzle with four exits, Single fogger (naandan®), Oblique nozzle, Rondo flow-regulated mini sprinkler (green) (RFR) and Rondo mist sprayer (violet). Copper nozzle was recommended for further aspects of selection and technical evaluation. It is demonstrated the best delivery of pest and the best distribution in the lap and inside the greenhouse after testing.

This work is primarily about the improvement of current agricultural practices by using modern technologies for better yield. This work provides a model of a smart greenhouse, which helps the farmers to carry out the work in a farm automatically without the use of much manual inspection. Greenhouse, [1], [2] being a closed structure protects the plants from extreme weather conditions namely: wind, hailstorm, ultraviolet radiations, and insect and pest attacks. The irrigation of agriculture field is carried out using automatic drip irrigation, which operates according to the soil moisture threshold set accordingly so as optimal amount of water is applied to the plants. Based on data from soil health card, proper amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other minerals can be applied by using drip fertigation techniques. Proper water management tanks are constructed and they are filled with water after measuring the current water level using an ultrasonic sensor. Plants are also provided the requisite wavelength light during the night using growing lights. Temperature and air humidity are controlled by humidity and temperature sensors and a fogger is used to control the same. A tube well is controlled using GSM [3] module (missed call or sms). Bee-hive boxes are deployed for pollination and boxes are monitored using ultrasonic sensors to measure honey and send mails to the buyers when they are filled. Further, the readings collected from storage containers are uploaded to cloud service (Google drive) and can be forwarded to an e-commerce company.