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Objetivos: Investigar la fotobiomodulación vascular en el control de la ansiedad en niños durante la atención odontológica. Métodos: Participaron 90 niños entre 6 y 12 años de la Clínica Universitaria de Salud de la Universidad Católica del Uruguay. Fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: PBM(G1)8.3años; Sham(G0)9.12 años la media. Se utilizó el equipo Therapy EC, DMC Brasil. Para el tratamiento de fotobiomodulación (FBM) se aplicó láser continuo, dirigido a la arteria radial de la mano izquierda, en contacto directo, con 60J de energía, longitud de onda 660nm y 100mW/cm2 de potencia durante 10 minutos en G1. Para G0 la FBM fue simulada, anulando la emisión de luz, niño con tapaojos. Un investigador externo fue responsable de aplicar la FBM. Se evaluaron los niveles de ansiedad mediante la Escala de Imagen Facial (FIS) y Test de Imagen de Venham (VPT), antes y después de la atención odontológica. También fueron medidos parámetros fisiológicos: presión arterial (PA), oximetría(O), y frecuencia cardíaca (FC). Resultados: VPT disminuyo de 4,41 a 3,63 en el G1, permaneciendo constantes en el G0. FIS se mantuvo constante en ambos grupos. O y PA sin diferencia estadisticamente significativa. FC disminuyo de 86 a 84 y de 93 a 86 l/s en el G1 y G0; aunque en G1 (p=0,333), la disminución no fue estadísticamente significativa, la caída en G0 sí fue significativa (p=0,001). Conclusiones: No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas con el uso de fotobiomodulación para controlar la ansiedad de los niños durante la atención odontológica en los grupos estudiados.

Phobias are associated with anxiety disorders resulting from extreme feelings of fear that can interfere with a person’s daily life. Al-Quran is believed to be a miracle for human well-being and one of them is to be a source of treatment for physical and spiritual diseases. Among those discussed in the Qur’an are related to how to deal with the uncertainty of feelings such as fear and worry. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the verses of the Qur’an that are related to the basis of phobias, namely fear and worry, as well as identifying methods of dealing with them. The content analysis method was used to filter verses of the Quran related to anxiety and fear with the help of the Quran Al Kareem application through the iPad OS 13.1.2 operating system and the Quran for Android application through the Android operating system. There are 105 verses in the Quran that talk about the feeling of fear or worry that refer to the word al-khauf. Of the 105 verses, there are 24 verses that contain how to deal with al-khauf (CTK). Analysis of the 24 verses summarised that there are 12 practices or ways to deal with or avoid the feeling of fear arranged in order of priority based on the frequency stated in the verses. Among the identified CTK are believing in Allah, the Messenger, and the Last Day, fearing the commandments of Allah SWT, and not fearing the devil, doing righteous deeds, and always doing good, following Allah’s instructions (Al-Quran and Hadith), increasing prayers, delivering zakat/charity and others. The implication of the study is that Muslim medical and psychiatric experts can apply the methods and elements recommended by the Quran in treating and reducing the symptoms of phobias, especially for Muslim patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of exposure therapies is limited by the sometimes high effort that in vivo confrontations require. VRET (Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy) offers viable alternatives through controlled simulation of stimuli. VRET is therefore increasingly finding its way into psychotherapy and psychiatry. The overall level of evidence for VRET in specific phobias can be classified as very high. A major therapeutic challenge is the treatment of addictive disorders. The clinical benefit of VRET in the context of addictions has therefore been increasingly investigated in recent years. In various studies, a proof of concept could be shown that addicts react to the virtual confrontation with alcohol and other substances as well as gambling with increased addictive pressure. Concrete therapeutic concepts are currently being developed and investigated. The positive evidence base as well as technical advancements and lower acquisition costs speak for the spread of the application of VRET in psychiatric clinics and psychotherapeutic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intends to be a contribution to a reading perspective that brings together Walter Benjamin's critical reflection and the psychoanalytical theory. Namely, initiates from a symptomatic framework pointed out by Benjamin, the contradiction between technical means and social ends, characteristics of a capitalist society, framework which results in war and its perverse form of resolution, nevertheless, covers a set of factors and vectors that operate ratifying the given property and production relations. So, the outlines and implications of this arrangement will be centralised in a set of texts from the 1930s produced by Walter Benjamim. From the psychoanalytical side, it is about, based on psychopathology of fobia, as presented in Freud's essencial interpretation of Little Hans Case, also in the Lacanian reinterpretation, building a reading key of Benjamin's Critical Theory, through an opening field of resonance and interpretative solidarity between both theorical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Phobia as a psychological disorder seems to be aggravated during health crises like the current COVID-19 outbreak. On the other hand, people's knowledge about a situation can help decrease the resulting fear. Study design. This is a cross-sectional analytical study to evaluate the COVID-19 related phobia and to measure knowledge, attitude, and practice of our target Iranian population about COVID-19. Methods. In this study, DSM-5 specific phobia questionnaire, adapted to SARS-CoV2-19 infection, was used to evaluate the COVID-19 related phobia. Moreover, the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire, specific for SARS-CoV-2 infection, was applied. Results. Phobia score was significantly higher in 1st-degree relatives of healthcare staff (20.38±5.82) than healthcare staff (18.36±5.68) (p=0.021). Females showed a significantly more severe phobia (20.27±5.41) than males (17.72±5.35, p=0.001). COVID-19 phobia was significantly more severe in those with past psychiatric conditions than in those without psychiatric history (p<0.05). The 1st-degree relatives of healthcare staff had a significantly lower level of knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 infection (8.19±1.65) than healthcare staff (9.08±1.28, p=0.001). Additionally, age had a positive significant correlation with knowledge and practice towards SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion. Both Iranian healthcare staff and 1st-degree relatives of healthcare workers are suffering from moderate COVID-19 phobia. Females are more concerned than males about COVID-19. Phobia is more severe in people with underlying psychiatric conditions than other people. The knowledge level of Iranian healthcare workers and 1st-degree relatives of healthcare staff about COVID-19 is acceptable but it needs improvement in certain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Disease phobia may impose distressing manifestations along with compromised quality of life, particularly in young age. COVID-19 caused substantial psychological concerns in general population which required the attention of health authorities to address the issue as soon as possible. Objective. This study was aimed to determine COVID-19 phobia in Pakistani youth during the current pandemic. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted to ascertain the extent of fear of COVID-19 among university students in Lahore, Pakistan using the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Psychological, somatic, social, and economic factors were ascertained among students. The relationship of demographics with the phobia score was determined through appropriate statistical tests. Result. This study included 374 students with a male preponderance (64.7%). The mean C19P-S score was 59.08 ± 14.44 (IQR: 50 - 70), with no significant difference among demographics except gender (male 57.65 ± 14.77 vs female 61.70 ± 13.47; p = .009). The mean psychological, psycho-somatic, economic, and social subscale scores were 19.59 ± 5.00 (25th percentile = 16 and 75th percentile = 24), 12.29 ± 4.56 (25th percentile = 10 and 75th percentile = 15), 11.22 ± 3.67 (25th percentile = 8 and 75th percentile = 14) and 15.97 ± 4.04 (25th percentile = 13.75 and 75th percentile = 19), respectively. Male students had a significantly lower score on social and psychological subscales than females (p < .05). Discussion and conclusion. One fourth of the students achieved a fear score > 70 on C19P-S. These results indicate the need of dire maneuvers for reducing corona-phobia among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente escrito centra su atención en una figura que hoy ha tomado gran relevancia en el mundo contemporáneo: el refugiado, el desplazado, el marginado, abordado desde una ontología social del mismo, en relación con su condición social y política, desde un marco referencial de pobreza y de su impacto político en un mundo desigual, pero a la vez de hospitalidad hacia este ser social.

Copyright of Alcoholism & Drug Addiction / Alkoholizm i Narkomania is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Um garoto de 12 anos sente um bloqueio ao ir à escola. Não por preguiça de estudar, mas por algum medo inconsciente. Quando os pais pressionam, entra em crise de pânico, treme, chora, grita e se fecha. Passada a crise, diz sentir medo terrível de alguma coisa da escola. Uma professora, após 20 anos de trabalho em sala de aula, começa a sentir um medo difuso, pavor, ansiedade e bloqueio de dar aula. A ansiedade cresce toda vez que lhe vem a idéia de entrar numa escola. “Faço qualquer coisa, menos voltar à sala de aula”, diz ela. Tanto o aluno quanto a professora sofrem de fobia escolar. Ambos resistem – inconscientemente – em voltar à escola. Mas, que fazer com a professora que se recusa a trabalhar justamente naquilo em que se formou, e que exerce a mais de duas décadas?

O objetivo deste estudo é refletir sobre a fobia, a partir de um caso atendido em psicoterapia bipessoal em dois períodos: o primeiro pessoalmente, e o segundo por telefone. Apresento esses períodos divididos por momentos, conforme minha compreensão do caso. Procuro um entendimento sobre a fobia na abordagem psicanalítica e, depois, procuro recortes teóricos sobre a fobia no psicodrama, contrapondo-os ao caso atendido.

Even with the technical-scientific advance in Dentistry, it is still seen as a profession that causes anxiety in children and adults. Therefore, in addition to the technical knowledge, the dental surgeon must have different strategies in the management and conduct of this situation once anxiety if aggravated can become pathological and interfere in the patient's oral health and his or her quality of life. Thus, the present study was conducted in order to realize the main aspects of dental anxiety, aiming to improve patient-dentist relationship, avoiding the onset of phobic disorders. This is an integrative review of the literature, using the Lilacs and SciELO databases with the descriptors anxiety, phobia and dentist verified individually and later they were crossed with AND operator with search period from 2000 to 2019, articles in Portuguese and in fulltext. The exclusion criteria were: thesis, books, final paper and dissertations. 20 articles were identified which showed that anxiety directly interferes with the effectiveness of treatment in different age groups. Priority should be given to communication between the dental surgeon and his or her patient, to recognize possible causes of discomfort. In addition, it is necessary to carry out more studies because there are differences in the literature concerning the interference of social and economic factors and schooling levels in the anxiety development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para el psicoanálisis, el lazo socialno agrega a los humanos, sino queliga a los parlêtres entre sí, convistas a renovar lo viviente y hacerobra civilizatoria. Lo virtual en lasrelaciones humanas da fe de queel mundo contemporáneo se hallamarcado por el evitamiento fóbico.Facebook es un testimonio de ello:instaura un “agregado de agregado”de individuos que creen reconocerseporque comparten los mismosgustos y valores, protegiéndosedel Otro encarnado. Un psicoanálisiscompromete al sujeto en laseparación del Otro y le permitemodificar su lazo con los otros. Lafobia, núcleo de la neurosis, nosenseña que la separación y el lazoson consecuencia del efecto de laactividad lenguajera. Desactivadala fobia, el analizante podrá saltarmás allá del límite fijado por el objetofobígeno, y aquella se convertiráen oportunidad para el lazo social,cuando el sujeto salga de ella paraavanzar en la vida con los otros.

Many competences such as biology, sociology, geography, politics, history, linguistics, anthropology, etc. challenge each other around the problem of borders. Leaving aside so much complexity, the author's intent is to tackle the issue in the specifically psychoanalytic field by exploring the boundary of self as it becomes configured in the process of normal and pathological development, within the dual dimension - interpersonal (the establishment of an encounter between self and the other) and intrapsychic - as a progressive organization and differentiation of areas and structural levels. When investigating the early roots of deficits and suffering, flaws are inevitably found in the separation-individuation process that underlies the constitution of the sense of borders. In the second part of the paper, the case of a bulimic patient suffering from agoraphobic crises is illustrated inasmuch as - in the opinion of the author - this problem is particularly evident in the psychopathological configuration of agoraphobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Psicoterapia is the property of Revista de Psiquiatria y Psicologia Humanista, S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: A high prevalence of stigmatizing attitude among healthcare personnel towards obese people has been reported. Objective: To evaluate the beliefs, attitudes and phobias that Mexican medical and psychology students have towards obese people. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 528 students enrolled at the Autonomous University of Baja California in psychology and medical schools. Weight, height and waist circumference were evaluated. Beliefs about obesity were assessed with the BAOP scale, attitudes towards obese people by the ATOP scale and obesity phobias by the F-scale. Results: Participants achieved a mean F-scale score of 3.4. Only seven per cent showed neutral or positive attitudes towards obesity (≤ 2.5). Less fat phobia was associated with beliefs that obesity was not a result of the person's self-control (p = 0.0001) and had better attitudes towards obese people (p = 0.0001). Men had higher risk of fat phobia (OR = 1.5). Conclusions: High prevalence of phobias and negative attitudes towards obesity was observed. Men had higher stigma.

Introduction: Clinical case study of a woman who has been operated on breast cancer and lymphadenectomy who was referred by her oncologist in 2009, given because she didn’t move her arm for fear of acquire lymphedema. Purposes: 1. Psychoeducation about lymphedema and how to look after the arm. 2. Overcoming fear of moving the arm. 3. Improving the patient’s quality of life. Method: Designing an exposure therapy in which the patient has to cope with situations that arouse great anxiety and fear. These situations are related to common activities in the patient’s daily life and has been rated in a list of increasing level of anxiety: Eating, getting dressed, housework, personal hygiene and physical exercise. The patient kept a record book with the exposure tasks that she confronted. Results: The patient overcame all her fears for lymphedema, leading a completely normal life and learning about the measures and cares to take for lymphedema prevention. Conclusions: Exposure is the most appropriate treatment option for phobic disorders in patients who suffer cancer

Este artigo aborda o sintoma fóbico segundo a psicanálise. Busca-se circunscrever como a sexualidade opera na formação do sintoma fóbico, entre os efeitos imaginários do amor e os campos do gozo e do desejo. Com a premissa de que o falo simboliza uma falta irredutível, a fobia é considerada uma resposta do sujeito entrincheirado entre o amor em fuga e o encontro com o gozo. O caso Hans permitirá situar a fobia como resposta à dissimetria amorosa e ao acossamento pulsional.

OBJECTIVE: Specific phobia (SP) is characterized by irrational fear associated with avoidance of specific stimuli. In recent years, neuroimaging techniques have been used in an attempt to better understand the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of articles that used neuroimaging techniques to study SP. METHOD:A literature search was conducted through electronic databases, using the keywords: imaging, neuroimaging, PET, spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance, structural magnetic resonance, SPECT, MRI, DTI, and tractography, combined with simple phobia and specific phobia. One-hundred fifteen articles were found, of which 38 were selected for the present review. From these, 24 used fMRI, 11 used PET, 1 used SPECT, 2 used structural MRI, and none used spectroscopy. RESULT: The search showed that studies in this area were published recently and that the neuroanatomic substrate of SP has not yet been consolidated. CONCLUSION: In spite of methodological differences among studies, results converge to a greater activation in the insula, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex of patients exposed to phobia-related situations compared to controls. These findings support the hypotheses of the hyperactivation of a neuroanatomic structural network involved in SP.A Fobia Específica (SP do inglês) é caracterizada por medos irracionais associados à evitação de estímulos específicos. Nos últimos anos, técnicas de neuroimagem vêm sendo empregadas na tentativa de melhor compreender a neurobiologia dos transtornos de ansiedade. O objetivo do presente estudo é realizar uma revisão sistemática dos artigos que utilizaram neuroimagem para estudar a SP. A busca na literatura foi realizada por intermédio de indexadores eletrônicos, utilizando-se as palavras-chave: imaging, neuroimaging, PET, spectroscopy, functional magnetic ressonance, structural magnetic ressonance, SPECT, MRI, DTI e tractography, cruzadas individualmente com os termos simple phobia e specific phobia. Foram encontrados 115 artigos, sendo 38 deles selecionados para a presente revisão. Desses, 24 usaram fMRI, 11 usaram PET, 1 usou SPECT, 2 usaram MRI estrutural e nenhum artigo de espectroscopia. Verifica-se que os estudos na área foram publicados recentemente e que, até o momento, o substrato neuroanatômico deste transtorno não está consolidado. Apesar das diferenças metodológicas entre os estudos, os resultados convergem para maior ativação na ínsula, cíngulo anterior, amídala e córtex préfrontal e orbitofrontal dos pacientes expostos a situações phobia related quando comparados aos controles. Esses achados reforçam hipóteses a respeito da hiperativação de uma determinada rede de estruturas neuroanatômicas envolvidas no transtorno de SP.

Autor artykułu analizuje problem homofobii, homouprzedzenia i homonegatywizmu. Termin homofobia zgodnie ze swym semantycznym źródłosłowem oraz współczesnymi klasyfikacjami chorób i zaburzeń psychicznych – ICD‑10 i DSM‑IV – powinien oznaczać zaburzenie psychiczne z grupy fobii. Obserwuje się, iż w dyskursie społecznym termin ten jest na ogół nieprawidłowo redefiniowany, najczęściej stosowany stereotypowo na określenie wszystkich postaw niechętnych bądź wrogich wobec homoseksualizmu. W rezultacie terminu homofobia używa się na określenie wielu różnych modal‑ ności, co jest zjawiskiem niekorzystnym. Tymczasem istnieją doniesienia ilustrujące przypadki kliniczne rzeczywistej ho‑ mofobii. Opierając się na przeglądzie światowego piśmiennictwa, autor proponuje stosowanie terminu homofobia wy‑ łącznie w odniesieniu do jednostki klinicznej z grupy fobii. W stosunku do postaw dyskryminacyjnych, nacechowanych wrogością i agresją wobec mniejszości seksualnych zasadne jest stosowanie terminu homouprzedzenia, badania wykazują, iż podłoże emocjonalne takich postaw wiąże się z emocjami, takimi jak wstręt i gniew. U osób niechętnych homoseksu‑ alistom lęk nie występuje wcale lub w ilościach śladowych. Termin ten dobrze koreluje z psychologiczną wiedzą na temat uprzedzeń. Trzeci rodzaj postaw wobec homoseksualizmu reprezentują jednostki, które nie akceptują zachowań homo‑ seksualnych, ale w relacjach osobistych i społecznych są tolerancyjne, nie wykazują wrogich, dyskryminacyjnych zacho‑ wań wobec gejów i lesbijek. Takie postawy krytyczne zostały w tekście określone mianem homosceptycyzmu, w odróżnieniu od homonegatywizmu, który to termin był już używany w piśmiennictwie w przeciwstawnych znaczeniach. Autor wyraża przekonanie, iż przedstawiona propozycja uporządkowania terminologii stosowanej na określenie postaw wobec homo‑ seksualizmu zadowoli specjalistów i obniży temperaturę sporów społecznych.

Objective: To compare patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) associated with the medication with patients treated only with medication and verify the behaviour of the cardio-respiratory symptoms of both groups. Methods: Randomized sample in the Psychiatry Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, divided in two groups of 25 participants each. Group 1 undertook 10 weekly sessions of CBT with one hour of duration each together with medication. Group 2, Control, were administered medication that only consisted of tricyclic anti-depressants and selective inhibitors of the re-uptake of serotonin. Evaluation instruments were applied at the beginning and to the end of the interventions. Results: According to the applied scales, group 1 showed statistically more significant results than group 2, with: reduction of panic attacks, cardio-respiratory symptoms, anticipatory anxiety, agoraphobia avoidance and fear of bodily sensations. Conclusion: Exposures (in vivo and interoceptive), especially for induction symptom exercises and relaxation, were considered essential to prepare patients with panic disorder to handle future cardio-respiratory symptoms and panic attacks with agoraphobia.

Consideramos uma pista lógica encontrada em Freud que atribuiu à histeria de angústia dois efeitos singulares. O primeiro é referente à fobia do pequeno Hans em que a libido é posta na forma de ansiedade. No segundo, a histeria de angústia pode combinar-se, em qualquer proporção, com a histeria de conversão. Supomos que tal fato tenha ocorrido com Christoph Haitzmann. As duas situações comparadas à heterossexualidade típica, em que o recalque e a castração são mais bem estruturados, mostram Hans ter concernido a uma homossexualidade atípica e Haitzmann a uma heterossexualidade atípica.

La delimitación del estatuto clínico de la fobia ha sufrido modificaciones a lo largo de la historia de la psiquiatría planteándose desde el siglo XIX, diferencias entre los clínicos e investigadores que abordaron el tema, destacándose entre ellos la figura de Freud quien también, en su vasta obra, concibió la fobia de diversos modos a medida que iba formalizando la teoría psicoanalítica. El objetivo general del trabajo consistirá en establecer la especificidad de la fobia, delimitando su concepto; siendo los objetivos específicos describir la relación entre la noción de fobia definida y las manifestaciones patológicas predominantes en la clínica actual y plantear un abordaje terapéutico posible desde el lugar habilitador y constituyente del deseo, que es la palabra. Para responder los lineamientos del trabajo se realizará un recorrido temático partiendo del empleo del concepto de fobia en la psiquiatría desde el siglo XIX. Luego se planteará cómo la noción de fobia se fue modificando en relación a los diferentes momentos de la obra de Freud y de Lacan a continuación, y desde el marco teórico propuesto por ambos autores, se describirá la relación existente entre las manifestaciones de la fobia en el presente y el contexto sociocultural postmoderno para, finalmente, plantear la posibilidad de su abordaje terapéutico en función de la palabra y atendiendo a la urgencia con que hoy se presenta.

La crisis de angustia en la fobia se desencadena frente a aquello que se presenta como un precipicio. Pero es necesario distinguir dos topos en la fobia: el de la puesta en función del objeto fóbico, que permite delimitar una escena sin entrar en contacto con el objeto del miedo y el del momento de pánico, cuando el objeto se desliza al interior de la escena haciendo estallar dicha escena. Si bien esta relación de la fobia al espacio está tempranamente distinguida por Freud, en el campo psicoanalítico después de Lacan, nos habituamos rápidamente a comprender el objeto fóbico en tanto que significante, evitando, a mi entender, la cuestión imaginaria de ese objeto. De esa forma, perdemos la perspectiva espacial que la fobia nos señala: cuando justamente la fobia abre una pregunta radical sobre el espacio y lo imaginario. Nosotros intentaremos recuperar esa pregunta que la fobia encarna. Primero abordaremos la cuestión del estatuto del objeto y luego aquello que hace a la singularidad de la escena fóbica. De este modo, la perspectiva espacial se ordenará en virtud de aquello que configura una escena subjetiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity of chronic migraine (CM) with psychiatric disorders, mostly anxiety and mood disorders, is a well-recognized phenomenon. Phobias are one of the most common anxiety disorders in the general population. Phobias are more common in migraineurs than non-migraineurs. The clinical profile of phobias in CM has never been studied. METHOD: We investigated the psychiatric profile in 56 patients with CM using the SCID I/P interview. RESULTS: Lifetime criteria for at least one mental disorder was found in 87.5% of the sample; 75% met criteria for at least one lifetime anxiety disorder and 60.7% of our sample fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for lifetime phobic avoidant disorders. Mood and anxiety scores were higher in phobic patients than in non-phobic CM controls. Number of phobias correlated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION: Phobias are common in CM. Its recognition may influence its management. Early treatment may lead to better prognosis.INTRODUÇÃO: As comorbidades psiquiátricas das enxaquecas crônicas são bem conhecidas. As fobias, transtorno ansioso mais comum, são mais prevalentes entre enxaquecosos do que entre não enxaquecosos. O perfil clínico de fobias em uma população enxaquecosa nunca foi estudado. MÉTODO: Estudamos aspectos psiquiátricos de uma população de 56 pacientes com enxaqueca crônica. RESULTADOS: Usando o SCID I/P para o DSM-IV, critérios diagnósticos para ao menos algum transtorno psiquiátrico durante a vida foram preenchidos por 87,5% de nossa amostra, 75% para ao menos um transtorno ansioso e 60,7% para condições fóbicas em algum momento de suas vidas. Os escores de ansiedade e humor foram maiores entre os fóbicos e o número de fobias teve correlação positiva com o grau de ansiedade e depressão. CONCLUSÃO: Fobias são comuns na enxaqueca crônica e seu reconhecimento poderia influenciar seu manejo e melhorar seu prognóstico.

The aim of the article is to analyze two cases of phobias in children: Juanito (Freud, 1909) and Sandy (Shnurmann, 1949) according to the clinical method. Triggering factor differ. Conceptually in the first case it is the accentuated lack of the paternal function and, in the second case, maternal deprivation. The symptom structure also differs: it is metaphorical, in the first case, and metonymic in the second. In both cases, it concerns the substitution of the lacking function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se expone el caso de una paciente diagnosticada de cáncer de colon, que ha desarrollado una fobia a los tratamientos de quimioterapia, generalizada al hospital de día, personal sanitario, otros pacientes y resto del hospital. Asimismo, presenta un trastorno adaptativo mixto, con ansiedad y estado de ánimo depresivo. La paciente presenta importantes sesgos perceptivos y concepciones erróneas acerca del tratamiento en quimioterapia. Además, muestra un déficit en autoestima, atribuciones de culpabilidad, y sentimientos de indefensión e incontrolabilidad de su enfermedad. El miedo a la quimioterapia y el hospital obstaculizan la continuidad del tratamiento. Adicionalmente, Se detecta la existencia de malos tratos psicológicos por parte de su pareja que agravan la situación de la paciente. Los objetivos del tratamiento psicológico se dirigieron prioritariamente a eliminar el trastorno fóbico, corregir concepciones erróneas y auto-instrucciones desadaptativas acerca de la enfermedad y sus tratamientos. Se aplicaron técnicas de desensibilización sistemática y reestructuración cognitiva en 14 sesiones (21 días). Posteriormente, se llevo a cabo un tratamiento asertivo y de mejora de autoestima para hacer frente a los problemas de pareja. Los resultados han sido altamente satisfactorios: la fobia desapareció, y la paciente pudo terminar su tratamiento de quimioterapia satisfactoriamente, su nivel de ansiedad disminuyó significativamente y su estado de ánimo mejoró –evaluado mediante el HAD y EVAs-. Asimismo, mejoró la comunicación con el personal médico y el afrontamiento de su enfermedad, así como el problema de relación de pareja.

Fobia adalah rasa ketakutan yang berlebihan terhadap suatu benda, situasi atau kajian yang ditandai dengan keinginan untuk menjauhi sesuatu yang ditakutinya. Fobia bisa dialami oleh semua orang, baik pada anakanak, remaja, dewasa maupun orang tua. Metode hipnoterapi bekerja di alam bawah sadar untuk memberikan sugesti yang positif secara berulang-ulang terhadap perilaku yang ingin diubah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab timbulnya fobia dan mengetahui keefektifan pendekatan hipnoterapi untuk menyembuhkan penderita fobia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan naturalistik. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyembuhan fobia dengan menggunakan terapi teknik hipnosis dinilai sangat efektif, dan penyebab fobia adalah karena individu pernah mengalami ketakutan yang hebat atau traumatis di masa lalunya, pengalaman pribadi yang kurang menyenangkan atau mempunyai rasa bersalah terhadap suatu hal.

Nesse texto, objetivou-se indicar as relações da angústia com as manifestações patológicas da fobia e do pânico, demonstrando a adequação da proposta de intervenção terapêutica, dentro de uma perspectiva psicanalítica. Esse trabalho se refere a resultados parciais de pesquisa teórica sobre a angústia, onde o método utilizado é o de análise crítica dos conceitos. Neste, buscamos investigar a coerência entre as formulações teóricas de S. Freud e J. Lacan, já clássicas, com o que se observa na clínica hoje. Para tanto, valemo-nos da referência a dados da experiência clínica. A investigação aponta para a adequação da concepção psicanalítica da fobia e do pânico, pois confirma o caráter de substituto que tem o objeto temido. É esta mesma natureza que o torna permeável à ação da fala, no dispositivo de linguagem que é o da clínica psicanalítica.The paper seeks to point out the relationship between anguish and the pathological manifestations of phobia and panic, and to demonstrate the adequacy of a proposal of therapeutic intervention within a psychoanalytical perspective. It reflects the parcial results of a theoretical research on anguish based on the formulations of Freud and Lacan. It is also reflexive of observations derived from present-day clinical practice. To this, data of clinic experience were used as reference. The results point to the usefulness of the psychoanalytic notion of phobia and panic since they confirm that the object of fear has a nature of substitute. This very nature makes the object fear permeable to the action of speech within the language device of the psychoanalytic clinic.

For psychoanalysis, the social bond does not aggregate human beings but rather links the parlêtres among themselves, in order to renovate life and carry out the task of civilization. Virtual human relations attest to the fact that human relations in the contemporary world are marked by phobic avoidance. Facebook is proof of this: it establishes an "aggregate of an aggregate" of individuals who think they recognize each other because they share the same tastes and values, and protect themselves from the incarnate Other. Psychoanalysis engages subjects with respect to the separation from the Other and allows them to modify their bonds with others. Phobia, as the nucleus of neurosis, teaches us that separation and bond are consequences of language activity. Once the phobia is deactivated, the subject undergoing analysis will be able to go beyond the boundaries set by the phobogenic object, thus giving rise to the possibility of a social bond when the subject advances toward life with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]