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Summary Background Objective Study design Methods Results Conclusion Uterine torsion (UT) is an infrequent serious obstetric disorder in pregnant mares.To record the outcome of standing flank laparotomy (SFL) for correction of UT in Straight Egyptian Arabian mares.Retrospective analysis of medical records.Hospital records of all pregnant mares that underwent SFL for correction of UT between 2018 and 2022 were analysed. The signalment, history, clinical signs, results of diagnostic techniques, direction and degree of UT, treatment and outcome, rebreeding and recurrence were retrieved and analysed.Out of 97 mares treated with SFL for correction of UT, 87 (89.7%) animals were Straight Egyptian Arabian mares. The median age of the Straight Egyptian Arabian mares presented with UT was 12 ± 2.3 years (Range: 5–18 and IQR: 7–15 years). The median gestational age at the time of occurrence of UT was 270 ± 2.4 days (Range: 210–315 and IQR: 255–260 days). The majority of UT (75.9%) was recorded ≤270 days. The direction of torsion was clockwise in 36 (41.4%) mares and anticlockwise in 51 (58.6%) mares. The degree of UT ranged between <180° and ≥360°. After surgery, 82/87 (94.3%) mares successfully delivered a live foal. However, four mares (4.6%) aborted after 2–15 days of surgery and one mare (1.1%) died after surgery due to rectal tears and intestinal prolapse. Following SFL, 86/87 (98.9%) mares survived. Of the surviving 86 mares, 82 (95.3%) gave birth to viable mature foals. In contrast to the direction of torsion and gender of the foal, the stage of gestation at which UT occurred significantly affected foal survival (p = 0.018).Pregnant Straight Egyptian Arabian mares are at risk of developing UT during the third trimester of pregnancy. Standing flank laparotomy is an effective operation for treating UT in mares, with good foal and mare survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Design Setting Animals Interventions Measurements and Main Results Conclusions To compare glucose measurements from capillary and venous blood samples using a point‐of‐care (POC) glucometer with a standard laboratory (colorimetric, glucose oxidase) assay (LABGLU) in a population of hospitalized, neonatal foals.Multicenter, prospective, experimental study, conducted between March 2019 and June 2020.Four university teaching hospitals and 1 private referral hospital.Fifty‐four hospitalized neonatal (≤30 days of age) foals.Simultaneous capillary (muzzle, POCMUZ) and venous (jugular, POCJUG) blood samples were obtained to determine POC glucose concentrations. Venous samples were also analyzed by LABGLU. Each foal was sampled at the time of enrollment or admission to the hospital and at 1 subsequent point during hospitalization. Indirect mean arterial pressure and hematocrit were concurrently recorded.Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean bias (95% limits of agreement) of −28.0 (−88.6 to 32.6) mg/dL for comparison of POCJUG with LABGLU, −8.2 (−94.3 to 78.0) mg/dL for POCMUZ and LABGLU, and 18.8 (−44.4 to 82.0) mg/dL for POCMUZ and POCJUG. A total of 63.5% of the POCJUG and 45.2% of the POCMUZ samples exceeded the reference value by ±15 mg/dL (for LABGLU samples <75 mg/dL) or ±15% (for LABGLU samples ≥75mg/dL). Concordance correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval [CI]) indicated a fair agreement between POCJUG and LABGLU (0.75, 95% CI: 0.66–0.82) and between POCMUZ and LABGLU (0.71, 95% CI: 0.58–0.80). Fifty percent (14/28) of hypoglycemic foals on the reference method were incorrectly classified as euglycemic by POCJUG, and 5 of 28 were incorrectly classified by POCMUZ.In the sampled population, the chosen POC glucometer lacked agreement with the standard laboratory measurement. Limits of agreement were wide for both POCJUG and POCMUZ. Inaccuracies in POC results could impact decision‐making in the clinical management of glycemic control in hospitalized neonatal foals and, importantly, increase the risk of hypoglycemic events being underdiagnosed in critical patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) provides effective respiratory support in foals, but face masks are poorly tolerated and associated with hypercapnia. Bi‐nasal prongs might be a more effective device interface in foals.To compare bi‐nasal prongs and masks for NIV in foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory insufficiency.Six healthy foals.In a randomized cross‐over study, sedated foals received NIV delivered by mask or bi‐nasal prongs, with the treatment repeated using the alternative device interface after a 3‐day rest period. After periods of spontaneous ventilation through the allocated interface, with and without supplementary O2 (T2‐T3), foals were subject to 10‐minute treatment periods of NIV at different pressure support (5 or 10 cmH2O) and end‐expiratory pressure settings (5 or 10 cmH2O), with and without supplementary O2 (T4‐T7). Vital signs, arterial blood gases, spirometry, and gas exchange data were measured in the final 2 minutes of each treatment window.Bi‐nasal prongs were well tolerated and required less manual positioning or monitoring compared to the mask. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide did not increase during NIV with bi‐nasal prongs and was lower than observed with masks (mean difference, 8.2 mmHg [95% confidence interval, 4.1‐12.2 mmHg] at T6). Oxygenation and respiratory mechanics were improved in all foals and not different between device interfaces.Nasal prongs were well tolerated, had similar effects on respiratory function, and appeared to ameliorate hypercapnia observed previously during NIV in foals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this clinical commentary, the various pathologies occurring in the tail region of horses and foals are briefly summarised, followed by a discussion of angular deviations of the tail and the possibilities of their correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This case report describes a novel fixation technique of scapular neck fracture in a 2‐week‐old Arabian foal using two 3.5 mm tibial‐plateau‐levelling‐osteotomy (TPLO) locking plates originally designed for small animal orthopaedic surgery. The foal presented with a traumatic short oblique scapular neck fracture. Fracture fixation was performed under general anaesthesia using two anatomically pre‐shaped 3.5 mm TPLO locking plates; one on each side of the spine of the scapula. Fracture fixation was successful using two TPLO locking plates. Minimal soft tissue manipulation and identification of the suprascapular nerve allowed for relatively atraumatic application of the implants. The implants were left in place. Follow‐up evaluation 2 years after surgical intervention confirmed the horse to be sound with no clinical or gait abnormalities. Stabilisation of a short oblique scapular neck fracture in a 2‐week‐old foal with an anatomically pre‐shaped implant led to a good outcome in this case report. No complications were encountered during the recovery period. The use of an anatomically pre‐shaped locking plate intended for use on dogs, which is widely available in the veterinary industry, has proven to be a viable alternative for a scapular neck fracture fixation in this foal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diarrhea in foals can be associated with disruption of the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). Effective management of intestinal dysbiosis in foals has not been demonstrated. Hypothesis/Objectives: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in foals with diarrhea influences the intestinal microbiota and improves clinical and clinicopathological outcomes. Animals: Twenty‐five foals <6 months of age with diarrhea and systemic inflammatory response syndrome at 3 veterinary hospitals. Methods: A prospective randomized placebo‐controlled cohort study. Foals in the FMT group (n = 19) or control group (n = 9) received FMT or electrolyte solution once daily for 3 days. Fecal samples were obtained on Day 0 (D0), D1, D2, D3, and D7. Within group and between group data analyses were performed for clinical, clinicopathological, and microbiota variables. Results: Treatment had no effect on survival (FMT 79%; control 100%, P =.3) or resolution of diarrhea (FMT 68%; control 55%, P =.4). On D3, the white blood cell count of the FMT group was lower than the control group (D3 FMT group median 6.4 g/L [5‐8.3 g/L]; D3 control group median 14.3 g/L [6.7‐18.9 g/L] P =.04). Heart rate reduced over time in the FMT group (D0 median 80 bpm [60‐150 bpm]; D2 median 70 bpm [52‐110 bpm] [P =.005]; and D3 median 64, [54‐102 bpm] [P <.001]). Phylum Verrucomicrobiota, genus Akkermansia, and family Prevotellaceae were enriched in the FMT group on D1 (linear discriminate analysis > 4). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In foals with diarrhea, FMT appears safe and can be associated with some clinical and microbiota changes suggestive of beneficial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early‐life locomotor activity during turn out may alter susceptibility to musculoskeletal disease and injury via modulation of behaviours and tissue development during growth. Objectives: Investigate associations between turn out practices and rates of musculoskeletal disease and injury in young Thoroughbreds on stud farms in the United Kingdom. Study design: Prospective cohort. Methods: Daily records were kept on location and duration of turn out for 134 Thoroughbred foals on six stud farms, from birth until leaving the farm or study exit. Data on veterinary‐attended episodes of musculoskeletal disease or injury were collated concurrently. Average daily turn out times (hours), areas (acres) and group size (n foals) were calculated for rolling 7‐ and 30‐day periods of age. Multivariable Cox regression, including farm as a random effect, was used to investigate associations between turn out practices and musculoskeletal disease and injury. Results: The overall incidence of musculoskeletal disease or injury was 5.3 cases/100 foal‐months at risk (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.2–6.6). Compared with 24/7 turn out, average daily turn out times of between 9 and 23 hours over a 7‐day period were associated with a 4.6‐fold increase in musculoskeletal injury rate (95% CI: 1.7–12.3; P < 0.001), adjusting for farm and paddock area. Each 1‐acre increase in the average daily turn out area during the 4th month of life, reduced the rate of musculoskeletal disease and injury between 6 and 18 months of age by 24% (hazard ratio 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58–0.99; P < 0.001), adjusting for farm and turn out time. Main limitations: Non‐random sample of participants may affect generalisability. Use of veterinary‐attended events likely underestimates disease/injury rates. Conclusions: Results suggest that disruptions or alterations to turn out time routines increase injury risk and should be avoided where possible. Turn out in larger paddocks, particularly before weaning, may confer protection against subsequent musculoskeletal disease and injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Equine Veterinary Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Diarrhea in foals can be associated with disruption of the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). Effective management of intestinal dysbiosis in foals has not been demonstrated. Hypothesis/Objectives Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in foals with diarrhea influences the intestinal microbiota and improves clinical and clinicopathological outcomes. Animals Twenty‐five foals 4). Conclusions and Clinical Importance In foals with diarrhea, FMT appears safe and can be associated with some clinical and microbiota changes suggestive of beneficial effect.

Summary: A 15‐day‐old female Shire foal presented for acute lameness after sustaining a solar penetration injury, due to a nail, to the right hind sole 4 days previously. The foal was moderately lame at walk; all vital parameters were within normal limits. Clinical examination of the foot found a 2 mm long slit‐like defect in the plantar third of the lateral body of the frog. Radiographs revealed an ill‐defined rounded radiolucency within the navicular spongiosa that was surrounded by a halo of increased radiopacity. Transcuneal ultrasound corroborated the findings and found the navicular bone lesion to be closely associated with a hypoechogenic region within the lateral lobe of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) all of which was continuous with a hypoechogenic tract extending from the sole. Computed tomographic examination confirmed a tract extending from the solar surface into the lateral portion of the navicular bone and confirmed a suspected impacted bone fragment. A diagnosis of septic navicular osteomyelitis and bursitis was made. The tract, navicular bone and DDFT were surgically debrided and navicular bursa lavage performed. The foal initially recovered well but navicular bursal sepsis recurred 6 days post‐operatively and the foal was euthanised. This report provides comprehensive comparative imaging of septic navicular osteomyelitis and bursitis secondary to a solar penetration in a 15‐day‐old foal and highlights the importance of different imaging modalities in case assessment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the effects of the Chinese herbal medicine, Taishan Panshi San (TSPSS), on the blood routine and serum biochemical indicators in Anglo-Arabian foals. Twelve Thoroughbred mares, weighing between 500 kg and 580 kg, were selected and randomly divided into three groups, with each group having four replicates, and each replicate consisting of one mare. The control group (NC group) received no supplementation, the bi-monthly supplementation group (GY group) was supplemented every 60 days, and the monthly supplementation group (MY group) was supplemented every 30 days, throughout a 300-day gestation period. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of the foals at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days after birth to measure blood routine and serum biochemical indicators. The results showed that compared to the NC group, the white blood cell count (WBC) and lymphocyte count (LYM) in the blood of the 90-day-old foals in the GY group extremely decreased (P<0.01). In the MY group, the LYM in the blood of the foals at 0 and 90 days significantly or extremely decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), the WBC at 60 days significantly increased (P<0.05), and the platelet distribution width (PDW) at 30 days extremely increased (P<0.01), with a significant decrease in WBC at 90 days (P<0.05). Compared to the MY group, the mean platelet volume (MPV) in the blood of the 0-day-old foals in the GY group significantly increased (P<0.05), the PDW at 30 days significantly decreased (P<0.05), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) at 60 days significantly increased (P<0.05), and the PDW significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared to the NC group, the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum of the 30-day-old foals in the GY group significantly or extremely increased (P<0.05 of P<0.01). In the MY group, the serum ALT activity significantly increased at 0 days (P<0.05), while the ALP, total protein (TP) content significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the activities of ALT and ALP at 30 days extremely increased (P<0.01). At 60 days, the serum ALT activity significantly increased, and the ALP, TP, and albumin (ALB) content significantly decreased (P<0.05). The serum Ca2+ and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in the 60-day-old foals in the GY group were significantly higher than in the MY group (P<0.05), and the ALP, TP, and ALB content were extremely higher than in the MY group (P<0.01). The study indicates that different frequency of supplementation of Taishan Panshi San has different effects on the immune and liver of pregnant mares. Bi-monthly supplementation can improve the immune activity of foals, promote the development of bone and liver function, and help to supplement the nutrition of foals, while monthly supplementation can cause certain negative effects on the liver function of foals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide (TMPS) combinations are widely used to treat a range of infectious diseases in horses, but some equine practitioners are reluctant to use them for treatment of both neonatal and older foals. Considering the emergence of increased antimicrobial resistance, the use of protected antimicrobials commonly prescribed to foals should be avoided and alternative first-line therapy considered, where appropriate. This review examines the characteristics and pharmacokinetics of TMPS and its suitability for treatment of foals. Data regarding dosage and route of administration are reported on the basis of recent publications in foals. The review intends to share significant information about the common infections that are most likely responsive to TMPS treatment in foals and, as such, where TMPS might be considered a suitable first-line therapeutic option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bozok Veterinary Sciences is the property of Bozok Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionRhodococcus equi causes life-threatening respiratory disease in foals. The standard treatment typically involves a combination of rifampicin and a macrolide antibiotic. Although previous studies have demonstrated the in vitro activity of these antibiotics against Rhodococcus equi, the tested concentrations often do not reflect those achievable in foals.Material and MethodsTherefore, this study was performed to evaluate the in vitro bactericidal activity of rifampicin, doxycycline, and four macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin, gamithromycin and tulathromycin) individually and in combination, at concentrations observed at the target site of infection in foals. Additionally, we investigated the efficacy of these antibiotics at different pH levels to replicate the conditions in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and within macrophages, where R. equi can reside. We assessed the activity of antibiotics against a virulent strain of R. equi by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and performing checkerboard and time-kill curve assays with drugs both alone and in combination.ResultsTime-kill curves with rifampicin or doxycycline demonstrated a reduction in R. equi counts by more than 3 log10 CFU/mL. Among the macrolides, tulathromycin was ineffective, while clarithromycin achieved bacterial elimination within 24 h under both extracellular and intracellular conditions. Gamithromycin and azithromycin exhibited bactericidal activity only in extracellular conditions, with no effect on the bacteria at pH 5.8. The checkerboard assay did not reveal any strong synergistic or antagonistic effects for rifampicin or doxycycline when combined with macrolides. In time-kill curves performed with maximal local concentrations achievable in foals, the combinations of rifampicin or doxycycline with macrolides did not increase the bacterial killing rate compared with the drugs alone, except for the combination of rifampicin with azithromycin, which showed slightly faster activity. However, the lower concentrations of doxycycline and clarithromycin that might be present 24 h after treatment in foals were effective in killing bacteria under intracellular conditions only when used in combination, and not when used alone.ConclusionOur study suggests that clarithromycin can be used either alone or with doxycycline and that its use in combination with rifampicin should be reconsidered. Nevertheless, further studies are required to assess the clinical efficacy and potential side effects of doxycycline in foals.

An aborted female foal was submitted for necropsy. During the gross examination, the ovaries were pale, grayish, and enlarged (6 × 5cm), with a well-developed vascular structure surrounding the external surface; the cut surface of the ovaries showed a brownish parenchyma with white follicular areas mainly localized in the peripheral region. The ovaries were fixed for histological investigations. The histological evaluation of the ovaries showed polygonal-shaped cells with abundant cytoplasm and round or oval nuclei, arranged in cords of single cells. The tissue architecture was characterized by the presence of lobular-like tissues with a central vein. The tissue mimicking hepatocytes was delimited by a mature fibrous tissue and was surrounded by the normal ovarian tissue characterized by germinal epithelium and primordial follicular structures. Based on the histological findings, a diagnosis of bilateral ovarian hamartoma was carried out initially. For a better characterization of the ovarian tissue, the expression of tissue-specific (liver and ovary) markers was investigated using immunohistochemistry. Following the immunohistochemical analysis, the hamartoma diagnosis was excluded. The ovaries exhibited unique characteristics different from those of adult horse ovaries as well as unique morphological features different fromothermammalian species. This case report enhances our understanding of ovaries at a later stage of pregnancy and unveils unique characteristics of horse ovaries development, avoidingmisdiagnosis with pathological findings, hamartomas, or neoplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lawsonia intracellularis causes proliferative enteropathy in horses and in various other species, such as pigs. Affected horses often present to a clinic with diarrhoea along with other clinical signs. This article discusses the treatment and nursing of a 6-month-old Thoroughbred foal with equine proliferative enteropathy, including nutrition, fluid therapy, medications and general nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The objective of this study was to report clinical characteristics, surgical management and medium‐term (6–12 months) outcomes of three Arabian neonatal foals with meniscal disruption associated with septic arthritis of the lateral femorotibial joint. The three neonatal Arabian foals with septic arthritis of the lateral femorotibial joint (LFTJ), were diagnosed with disruption of the lateral meniscal (LM). Suspicion of meniscal pathology was based on ultrasonography, computed tomography (in 2 foals) and confirmed during arthroscopy. Treatment included arthroscopic debridement and lavage of the joint with debridement of the meniscal disruption. Postoperative care included systemic and intra‐articular antimicrobials, based on culture and sensitivity results. Two of the foals received intra‐articular injections of autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Marked LM disruption was observed in the LFTJ of the affected joints of all foals, involving the meniscal body (n = 3) and caudal horn (n = 1). Purulent material within the torn tissue was debrided with a synovial resector. Foal 1 was lame‐free as a yearling. Foal 2 was lame at walk at 7.5 months and euthanised due to poor prognosis. Foal 3 showed mild lameness at trot in a straight line at 6 months. Disruption of the LM continued to be visible on US in both foals at these timepoints. It was concluded that meniscal disruption and infection should be considered as a differential in neonatal foals with persistent femorotibial septic arthritis. In such cases, the LM could be the primary nidus of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated age-related radiographic changes in the distal parts of the forelimbs by radiographic evaluation and identified the radiographic changes associated with diseases specific to foals. The hoof angle (HA), distal phalanx angle (P3A), distal phalanx palmer angle (P3PA), distal interphalangeal joint angle (DIPJA), and metacarpophalangeal joint angle (MPJA) on lateromedial radiographs of forelimbs were measured on the day after birth (Day 1); at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age; and then at monthly intervals until 12 months of age. HA and P3A significantly increased from 1 day to 4 weeks and 4 weeks to 3 months of age. The P3PA increased dramatically from 1 day to 1 week, 1 week to 2 weeks, and 2 weeks to 8 weeks of age, and then decreased after 3 months of age. DIPJA significantly decreased from 1 day to 2 weeks of age before increasing from 3 to 5 months of age. MPJA increased with age until 4 weeks, slightly decreased from 2 to 4 months of age, and then gradually decreased from 4 to 6 months of age. The findings indicate that foals' forelimbs typically show flexion of the fetlock and a broken backward hoof--pastern axis just after birth, an upright fetlock until 4 months of age, and a change to a mature conformation after 6 months of age. Physiological variants were correlated with the occurrence of common foal diseases during the radiographic evaluation periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphone-based technology for ECG recording has recently spread as a complementary tool for electrocardiographic screening and monitoring in adult horses and in other animal species. The present study aimed to assess the feasibility and accuracy of a smartphone-based ECG in healthy foals. This was a prospective observational study (authorization n. 45,865/2016) including 22 foals aged less than 21 days. A reference standard base-apex ECG (rECG) was acquired, and a smartphone ECG (sECG) was recorded immediately after by using a smartphone-based single lead electrocardiograph. All ECG tracings were evaluated in a blind fashion by a single board-certified cardiologist, who judged whether the tracings were acceptable for interpretation and performed ECG measurements and diagnosis. The Spearman correlation coefficient, the Cohen's k test and the Bland-Altman test were used to assess the agreement between sECG and rECG. All sECG tracings were acceptable for interpretation. All foals showed sinus rhythm on both rRCG and sECG tracings, with perfect agreement in heart rate classification (κ = 0.87; p < 0.001). No clinically relevant differences were found in the assessment of waves and intervals duration. Concerning P wave and QRS complex polarity, the percentage of agreement between rECG and sECG was 78% and 83%, respectively. About ECG tracing quality, rECG and sECG showed a substantial agreement (κ = 0.624; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the smartphone-based ECG device tested in the present study recorded good quality single-lead ECG tracings in foals, reliable for heart rate and ECG measurements, but different polarity of P waves and QRS complexes was found in some foals in comparison to rECG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Veterinary Reports / Hrvatski Verinarski Vjesnik is the property of Croatian Veterinary Chamber and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary Background Objectives Study design Methods Results Main limitations Conclusions Reports describing short‐ and long‐term postoperative complications and outcomes after umbilical vein marsupialisation in foals are limited and nondetailed.The objective of the study was to report surgical treatment, short‐ and long‐term complications and outcomes in foals with umbilical vein infection with or without liver abscessation treated with marsupialisation of the umbilical vein.Retrospective clinical study, short case series.Medical records were reviewed (between 2014 and 2022, four referral centres) to identify foals (n = 11) that were treated for umbilical remnant infection and had surgery to perform marsupialisation of the umbilical vein.Short‐term complications encountered were postoperative myositis (n = 1), herniation of the linea alba (n = 1), stoma necrosis (n = 1), pneumonia (n = 3) and septic arthritis (n = 1). The foal with septic polyarthritis was euthanised due to poor athletic prognosis. Long term, four foals required a second surgical procedure due to herniation at the marsupialisation site (n = 3) or midline incision (n = 1). The omphalophlebitis was resolved in 10 of the 11 foals with a follow‐up time from 5 to 88 months.The variability of management related to the duration of study time, number of surgeons and multiple institutions may have limited this study.Marsupialisation of the umbilical vein can be a viable surgical option if en‐bloc resection does not allow the removal of all infected tissues. Our main complication was herniation at the stoma site. Compared with simple en‐bloc resection, marsupialisation may require further veterinary treatment and increased associated costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of transfusion of Rhodococcus equi hyperimmune plasma (REHIP) on serum concentrations of complement component 1q (C1q) and to examine the association of serum C1q and anti-rhodococcal antibodies of newborn foals with subsequent development of rhodococcal pneumonia. ANIMALS/SAMPLES Foals (n = 205) from 2 Thoroughbred breeding farms in New York transfused with REHIP between January 1, 2022, and December 1, 2022. PROCEDURES Blood was collected immediately before transfusion with REHIP and again from the contralateral vein immediately after transfusion. Foals were followed through weaning for clinical and ultrasonographic evidence of rhodococcal pneumonia. Serum samples were tested by ELISA for concentrations of C1q and for activity of IgG1 and IgG4/7 recognizing the virulence-associated protein A (VapA) of R equi. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between rhodococcal pneumonia and levels of C1q and anti-VapA IgG1 and IgG4/7. RESULTS REHIP significantly decreased C1q concentrations immediately after transfusion. Accounting for effects of farm and birth month, estimated odds of pneumonia were 2.1-fold (P = .0330) higher for foals with pretransfusion C1q concentrations less than or equal to the population median and 3.3-fold (P = .0051) higher for foals with posttransfusion IgG1 activity in the lower quartile. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both C1q and IgG appear to contribute to protection against R equi, and IgG1 appears to be especially important. Increasing IgG1 concentrations targeting rhodococcal proteins in REHIP or serum of foals might improve protection against R equi foal pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This is the first known case report of encephalitic listeriosis in a donkey (Equus asinus). A 5‐day‐old female donkey foal presented for fever, progressive weakness and loss of suckle reflex. Upon arrival, its vital parameters were normal, but the foal was collapsed. It had horizontal nystagmus, front limb paddling, minimal response to stimuli, prolapse of the left third eyelid and curling the neck to the left when in sternal recumbency. Samples collected for diagnostic evaluation included blood and cerebral spinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed a pleocytosis consisting mainly of nondegenerative neutrophils and a normal protein concentration. Bacteria were not seen on Gram stain. After 24 h of treatment with intravenous fluids, anti‐inflammatories, antibiotics, nasogastric feedings of the dam's milk and supplemental nasal oxygen, little improvement was observed and the owners elected to euthanise the foal. Post‐mortem examination revealed multifocal, irregularly distributed hepatic necrosis and multifocal lymphohistiocytic encephalitis. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from a section of brainstem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This case report describes the clinical and diagnostic imaging findings, treatment and outcome of a 3‐month‐old Thoroughbred foal referred for the evaluation of severe left forelimb lameness and presents the acquisition of a novel radiographic projection of the scapula used to achieve the diagnosis. No abnormalities were found with the standard radiographic examination of the left shoulder. A right dorsal 45° lateral‐ left ventral lateral oblique radiographic view was performed to evaluate the body of the left scapula. A longitudinal, minimally displaced fracture of the infraspinous fossa was diagnosed with this projection. Ultrasound was used in conjunction to confirm the diagnosis, assess the displacement of the fracture in the sagittal plane and evaluate soft tissue damage. The foal was treated conservatively with anti‐inflammatory drugs and stall rest. A radiographic follow‐up and clinical reassessment were performed, and the horse appeared sound, no atrophy of the region was appreciated and no radiographic abnormalities were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increased risk of infection in neonates, including foals, is associated with the naivety of the immune system and the immaturity of the endocrine system. Foal dendritic cells (DCs) are phenotypically and functionally less mature than adult horse DCs. Exposure of foal DCs to foal plasma alters DC phenotypic maturation, cytokine secretion and bacterial endocytosis. Specific plasma factors that impact equine DC activity are unknown. Endocrine dysfunction, resulting in altered cortisol availability, is common in foals. Cortisol impacts DC maturation and function in other species, but the effect of cortisol on equine DCs is not described. We hypothesized that exposure to cortisol would impact both the phenotype and function of equine monocyte–derived DCs (MoDCs), perpetuating an immature phenotype and altered cytokine profile. Methods: MoDCs were generated from foals (n = 8) on 1, 7 and 30 days of age and adult horses (n = 9). MoDCs were exposed to killed bacteria in the presence or absence of cortisol. The expression of surface markers (MHC class‐II, CD86 and CD14) was measured by flow cytometry. Supernatant cytokine concentrations (IL‐4, IL‐17, IFN‐γ and IL‐10) were quantified using a validated bead‐based immunoassay. Results: Cortisol exposure reduced the percentage of equine MoDCs expressing MHC class‐II and CD86 (p ≤ 0.03). Adult horse MoDCs exposed to bacteria and cortisol produced less IL‐4, IL‐17, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 than cells not treated with cortisol, and foal MoDCs secreted less IL‐10 and IL‐4 (p ≤ 0.009). Conclusions: In sum, cortisol exposure perpetuates an immature MoDC phenotype and alters cytokine responses, which might impact the foal's susceptibility to infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Numerous techniques have been described to repair inherently unstable bilateral rostral fractures of the mandible. However, these can require significant expertise and specialised equipment and have numerous risk factors for surgical site complications. Case Summary: A novel technique to repair bilateral mandibular fractures in the foal is described. A 32-day old foal presented for assessment and treatment of bilateral fractures of the rostral body of the mandible. The fractures were stabilised with two crossed Steinmann pins, placed through the rostral mandible at the level of the lateralmost incisor and across the intermandibular space into the opposing hemimandible, aiming for the level of the second cheek tooth. The foal was comfortable enough to nurse immediately after recovery from anaesthesia and was discharged the next day. When presented for pin removal eight weeks post-surgery, there was bony callous formation at both fracture sites, considered adequate for pin removal. One pin had been prematurely lost. At follow-up seven months later, no long-term complications were reported. Relevance: The cross-pin technique achieved sufficient stabilisation of the bilateral mandibular fractures to allow healing. Surgical insertion of cross pins is technically easier compared to internal fixation, external skeletal fixation, U-bar fixation and intra-oral splinting. Advantages include reduced surgical time, simple surgical equipment, low implant cost and potentially lower risk of surgical site complications and infection. Further studies with larger numbers of cases and longer-term follow-up are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embryo transfer (ET) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are widely used in equine species, but their effects on fetal adnexa and neonates have not been investigated yet. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate whether pregnancies obtained by ET or ICSI could be associated with the presence of macroscopic alterations of fetal membranes (FM) and umbilical cord (UC) and if the use of these techniques could influence neonatal outcome. Sixty-six light breed mares hospitalized at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Bologna, for attending delivery were included in the study. Mares were divided into Artificial Insemination (AI; 32/66 mares, 48 %), Embryo Transfer (ET; 12/66 mares, 18.2 %) and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI; 22/66 mares, 33 %) groups. All the medical reports of mares and their foals were reviewed and data about mare, pregnancy, foaling, fetal membranes, umbilical cord and foal were recorded. The occurrence of dystocia resulted statistically different between AI group and ICSI group (p = 0.0066), and between AI group and ET group (p = 0.044). Macroscopic examination of FM revealed alterations in 30/66 mares (46 %): 8/32 in AI (25 %), 7/12 in ET (58 %) and 15/22 in ICSI (68 %) with significant lower incidence in AI compared to ET (p = 0.04) and ICSI (p = 0.002) groups. Alterations reported were chorionic villi hypoplasia, chorioallantois edema, allantois cysts, necrotic areas and greenish-grey concretions. Total length of UC resulted significantly shorter in ICSI group (49 ± 9 cm; p < 0.03) compared to AI (60 ± 17 cm) and ET (59 ± 15 cm). However, there were no differences in the incidence of foals' diseases at birth and in foals' survival among groups (p > 0.05). The results demonstrate that transfer of in vivo or in vitro produced embryos may lead to alterations of placental development, as observed in other species, without being associated with a higher incidence of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Further studies about trophoblast development, FM histological evaluation, and placental gene expression should be carried out to clarify the mechanisms underlying the placental alterations. • Total length of umbilical cord resulted significantly shorter in ICSI foals. • In vivo or in vitro ARTs may lead to dystocic delivery. • In vivo or in vitro ARTs may lead to alterations of placental development. • In vivo or in vitro ARTs is not associated with neonatal morbidity/mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE Design and evaluate immune responses of neonatal foals to a mRNA vaccine expressing the virulence-associated protein A (VapA) of Rhodococcus equi. ANIMALS Cultured primary equine respiratory tract cells; Serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 30 healthy Quarter Horse foals. METHODS VapA expression was evaluated by western immunoblot in cultured equine bronchial cells transfected with 4 mRNA constructs encoding VapA. The mRNA construct with greatest expression was used to immunize foals at ages 2 and 21 days in 5 groups: (1) 300 μg nebulized mRNA (n = 6); (2) 600 μg nebulized mRNA (n = 4); (3) 300 μg mRNA administered intramuscularly (IM) (n = 5); (4) 300 μg VapA IM (positive controls; n = 6); or (5) nebulized water (negative controls; n = 6). Serum, BALF, and PBMCs were collected at ages 3, 22, and 35 days and tested for relative anti-VapA IgG1, IgG4/7, and IgA activities using ELISA and cell-mediated immunity by ELISpot. RESULTS As formulated, nebulized mRNA was not immunogenic. However, a significant increase in anti-VapA IgG4/7 activity (P < .05) was noted exclusively in foals immunized IM with VapA mRNA by age 35 days. The proportion of foals with anti-VapA IgG1 activity > 30% of positive control differed significantly (P = .0441) between negative controls (50%; 3/6), IM mRNA foals (100%; 5/5), and IM VapA (100%; 6/6) groups. Natural exposure to virulent R equi was immunogenic in some negative control foals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Further evaluation of the immunogenicity and efficacy of IM mRNA encoding VapA in foals is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is highly contagious and causes outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses almost worldwide. Particularly at risk for infection with EIV are "naïve" horses that have had no previous contact with EIV or that have received no or only incomplete primary vaccination. This article is intended, among other things, to give an overview of the scientific findings to date on the immune response of foals to vaccination, which differs from that shown by adult horses due to numerous influencing factors. It will discuss the components of the colostrum (antibodies, cytokines and other maternal cells) and their influence on the immune response of foals. The questions at which age a foal should receive the first vaccination of the primary vaccination against EIV, as well as which vaccination scheme is recommended, are also discussed by summarising the results of numerous scientific studies. This review article is intended to help veterinarians advise their clients on the timing and schedule of primary vaccination against equine influenza in foals based on the individual situation (mare's prepartum vaccination status, foal's age at first vaccination, infection pressure, vaccine availability and practicality) on a scientific basis. Based on new study results regarding the primary vaccination of foals against influenza, it can be summarised that shortening the vaccination intervals leads to a lower humoral immune response against EI, that switching vaccine types leads to a higher humoral immune response against EI and that simultaneous vaccination against influenza, herpes and tetanus does not have a detrimental effect on the humoral immune response against EI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ruptures of the urinary bladder and urachus are the most frequent cause of uroperitoneum in foals. Surgical correction is often the first treatment choice, however, nonsurgical methods, such as urine removal via urinary catheters and abdominal drains, have been successfully performed in foals. Case Description: Two foals were referred to the Equine Perinatology Unit for suspicion of uroperitoneum. The diagnosis was confirmed by hematobiochemical and ultrasound examinations, thus cystorrhaphy and cystoplasty were attempted. Surgeons found a lesion in the dorsocranial margin of the bladder (Case 1) and a tear in the pelvic urethra (Case 2); in the first case, the defect was routinely repaired, while the last lesion was impossible to repair due to its localization. A urinary catheter was left in place in both cases. Uroperitoneum recurred 72 hours after the surgery in both foals: a second surgical correction was not recommended due to the localization of the tears and conservative treatment, with the placement of a 32F chest tube in the most ventral part of the abdomen, was preferred. Abdominal drains were removed 5-7 days after surgery, while urinary catheters were left in place for up to 7-8 days. Colts' conditions improved during hospitalizations. Two months after bladder surgery, Case 1 was euthanized due to multiple adhesions between the small intestine and the abdominal wall. Case 2 was still alive one year postoperatively. Conclusion: Although it cannot be considered the first choice for the treatment of uroperitoneum in the foal, nonsurgical treatment was successful in both cases in the short-term follow-up. However, the prognosis should be cautious due to the risk of long-term complications. Conservative management may be used to manage bladder/urethral tears that cannot be solved by surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Foals are commonly subjected to surgeries related to umbilical pathologies. Due to side effects of systemic analgesics and the immaturity of their organ systems, it is challenging to provide adequate analgesia. It is in this context that the role of regional anaesthesia allows for the provision of good quality analgesic coverage, reducing the potential complications associated with systemic analgesic drugs such as opioids. Ultrasound-guided locoregional techniques are commonly employed in both human and veterinary medicine to provide accurate, safe, and effective analgesia in the regions of interest. The rectus sheath block provides adequate analgesia in procedures involving the umbilical area in humans and has been described in other species, including dogs, pigs, calves, and lately in adult horses. The aim of this study was to describe an ultrasound-guided periumbilical rectus sheath block in foal cadavers and evaluate the spread of the contrast media injected. The results obtained indicated that this approach could provide analgesia around the umbilical area due to the nerves stained. However, further studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of the rectus sheath block are necessary. In neonatal equines, pathologies involving umbilical structures are an important cause of morbidity, and surgical removal of urachal remnants is a common procedure in clinical practice. Surgery involving the ventral abdominal wall can cause substantial pain, leading to complications and prolonged recovery. The objectives of this study were to describe a two-point bilateral ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block at the level of the umbilicus and to evaluate the extent of dye distribution in foal cadavers. Ten foal cadavers were included in the study, in which a bilateral two-point ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block was performed—one injection 5 cm cranially and a second one 5 cm caudally to the umbilicus. The injectate consisted of a mixture of iodinated contrast medium and blue dye at a volume of 0.25 mL kg−1 per injection point (total 1 mL kg−1). After the injection, computer tomography and subsequent dissection of the ventral abdominal wall were performed. The extension of the contrast medium, the number of stained nerves, and contamination of the abdominal cavity were evaluated. The cranio-caudal extension of the contrast ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 cm per milliliter of injectate. The most commonly stained ventral branches of spinal nerves were thoracic (Th) nerves 16, 17, and 18 (95%, 85%, and 80% of the nerves, respectively). Abdominal contamination was found in four animals. The results suggest that the block could provide periumbilical analgesia. Further studies with different volumes of injectate and living animals are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aborted female foal was submitted for necropsy. During the gross examination, the ovaries were pale, grayish, and enlarged (6 × 5 cm), with a well-developed vascular structure surrounding the external surface; the cut surface of the ovaries showed a brownish parenchyma with white follicular areas mainly localized in the peripheral region. The ovaries were fixed for histological investigations. The histological evaluation of the ovaries showed polygonal-shaped cells with abundant cytoplasm and round or oval nuclei, arranged in cords of single cells. The tissue architecture was characterized by the presence of lobular-like tissues with a central vein. The tissue mimicking hepatocytes was delimited by a mature fibrous tissue and was surrounded by the normal ovarian tissue characterized by germinal epithelium and primordial follicular structures. Based on the histological findings, a diagnosis of bilateral ovarian hamartoma was carried out initially. For a better characterization of the ovarian tissue, the expression of tissue-specific (liver and ovary) markers was investigated using immunohistochemistry. Following the immunohistochemical analysis, the hamartoma diagnosis was excluded. The ovaries exhibited unique characteristics different from those of adult horse ovaries as well as unique morphological features different from other mammalian species. This case report enhances our understanding of ovaries at a later stage of pregnancy and unveils unique characteristics of horse ovaries development, avoiding misdiagnosis with pathological findings, hamartomas, or neoplasia.

Abstract Background Increased risk of infection in neonates, including foals, is associated with the naivety of the immune system and the immaturity of the endocrine system. Foal dendritic cells (DCs) are phenotypically and functionally less mature than adult horse DCs. Exposure of foal DCs to foal plasma alters DC phenotypic maturation, cytokine secretion and bacterial endocytosis. Specific plasma factors that impact equine DC activity are unknown. Endocrine dysfunction, resulting in altered cortisol availability, is common in foals. Cortisol impacts DC maturation and function in other species, but the effect of cortisol on equine DCs is not described. We hypothesized that exposure to cortisol would impact both the phenotype and function of equine monocyte–derived DCs (MoDCs), perpetuating an immature phenotype and altered cytokine profile. Methods MoDCs were generated from foals (n = 8) on 1, 7 and 30 days of age and adult horses (n = 9). MoDCs were exposed to killed bacteria in the presence or absence of cortisol. The expression of surface markers (MHC class‐II, CD86 and CD14) was measured by flow cytometry. Supernatant cytokine concentrations (IL‐4, IL‐17, IFN‐γ and IL‐10) were quantified using a validated bead‐based immunoassay. Results Cortisol exposure reduced the percentage of equine MoDCs expressing MHC class‐II and CD86 (p ≤ 0.03). Adult horse MoDCs exposed to bacteria and cortisol produced less IL‐4, IL‐17, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 than cells not treated with cortisol, and foal MoDCs secreted less IL‐10 and IL‐4 (p ≤ 0.009). Conclusions In sum, cortisol exposure perpetuates an immature MoDC phenotype and alters cytokine responses, which might impact the foal's susceptibility to infection.

Lower survival has been reported in foals than adults with small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SISO), but age-dependent outcomes have not been examined directly. Hospital records were collected from five US academic referral hospitals. It was hypothesized that foals would exhibit lower survival than case-matched adults. Foal cases 6-months-of-age or younger, and adult cases between 2- and 20-years-of-age were collected. Data revealed 24 of 25 (96.0%) foals and 66 of 75 (88.0%) adults that were recovered from surgery for SISO survived to hospital discharge. Sixteen of the total 41 (39.0%) foals studied were euthanized intraoperatively, whereas 30 of 105 (28.6%) adults were euthanized intraoperatively. Common lesions in foals that were recovered from surgery were volvulus (n = 13) and intussusception (n = 5), whereas common lesions in adults were volvulus (n = 25) and strangulating lipoma (n = 23). This study was limited by incomplete medical records, relatively small sample size, and lack of long-term follow-up. Unexpectedly, short-term survival tended to be higher in foals than adults and may have been partly driven by case selection prior to referral or surgery or decision-making intraoperatively. More optimism toward surgical treatment of foals with SISO may be warranted.

Background: Ruptures of the urinary bladder and urachus are the most frequent cause of uroperitoneum in foals. Surgical correction is often the first treatment choice, however nonsurgical methods, such as urine removal via urinary catheters and abdominal drains, have been successfully performed in foals. Case Description: Two foals were referred to the Equine Perinatology Unit for suspicion of uroperitoneum. Diagnosis was confirmed by hematobiochemical and ultrasound examinations, thus cystorrhaphy and cystoplasty were attempted. Surgeons found a lesion in the dorsocranial margin of the bladder (Case 1) and a tear in the pelvic urethra (Case 2); in the first case the defect was routinely repaired, while the last lesion was impossible to repair due to its localization. A urinary catheter was left in place in both cases. Uroperitoneum recurred 72 hours after the surgery in both foals: a second surgical correction was not recommended due to the localization of the tears and conservative treatment, with the placement of a 32F chest tube in the most ventral part of the abdomen, was preferred. Abdominal drains were removed 5-7 days after surgery, while urinary catheters were left in place for up to 7-8 days. Colts' conditions improved during hospitalizations. Two months after bladder surgery, Case 1 was euthanized due to multiple adhesions between the small intestine and the abdominal wall. Case 2 was still alive one year post-operatively. Conclusion: Although it cannot be considered the first choice for treatment of uroperitoneum in the foal, nonsurgical treatment was successful in both cases in the short-term follow-up. However, the prognosis should be cautious due to the risk of long-term complications. Conservative management may be used to manage bladder/urethral tears that cannot be solved by surgery. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(11.000): 1471-1477]

Abstract Background Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) is a common disease in adult horses, but clinical disease in foals is rarely reported. The relationship between equine maternal and neonatal antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum is unclear. Hypothesis/Objectives That mares in an endemic region would be seropositive for A. phagocytophilum and that mare and foal serum IgG concentrations for A. phagocytophilum would correlate. Additionally, we hypothesized that foal IgG concentrations for A. phagocytophilum acquired by passive immunity would decline by 6 months of age. Animals Twenty‐two healthy mare‐foal pairs. Methods This prospective observational study investigated serum IgG concentrations specific for A. phagocytophilum in mares and foals using an immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA). The association between foal titer (as a binary variable) and age in months was assessed using a mixed‐effects logistic regression. Results A positive correlation between newborn foal antibody titers and mare titers was identified at both the pre‐foaling (τa = 0.38, τb = 0.50, P = .009) and foaling timepoints (τa = 0.36, τb = 0.47, P = .01). In A. phagocytophilum seropositive neonates, it was unlikely that a positive titer would be detected by 3 months of age (OR = 0.002, P = .02, 95% CI: 0.00001‐0.38). Three out of 20 foals seroconverted between 3 and 6 months of age. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Transfer of specific passive immunity to A. phagocytophilum occurred in 80% of foals born to seropositive mares and declined by 3 months of age. A. phagocytophilum infection should be considered in foals displaying clinical signs consistent with EGA.

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science. It discusses the importance of mechanical ventilation in anesthesia and critical care for animal patients. The editorial highlights the advancements and challenges in this field and emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of mechanical ventilation in order to provide high-quality care to animals. The document also mentions four new papers that focus on mechanical ventilation in horses and dogs, discussing issues such as alveolar recruitment maneuvers and the use of positive end-expiratory pressure. The studies emphasize the importance of monitoring and avoiding lung injuries and hemodynamic dysfunctions during mechanical ventilation. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background Upper respiratory disease was reported over many seasons in Arabian foals on a single stud farm in the Middle East. Affected foals were noted to have mucopurulent nasal discharge, cough, fever and tachypnea. All affected foals had been empirically treated with a macrolide and rifampicin, by the referring veterinarian without improvement. On endoscopic examination, all affected foals had significant guttural pouch empyema (GPE). Objectives (1) To document a previously unreported presentation of guttural pouch empyema (GPE) in a family of juvenile Arabian foals; (2) To document the cytological and microbial composition of the empyema; (3) To identify clinical signs significantly correlated with the presence of GPE, as predictors for the need for guttural pouch (GP) endoscopy; (4) To demonstrate successful resolution of the identified syndrome with mechanical GP lavage and evidence based antimicrobial use, improving antibiotic stewardship and the one‐health approach to respiratory disease in this demographic of foals. Methods Evaluation and scoring of clinical signs, upper airway endoscopy and thoracic ultrasound were performed in 14 affected foals and 10 age‐matched controls, followed by comparative tracheal and guttural pouch sputum culture and cytological evaluation. Therapeutic GP lavage was performed and response to therapy monitored. Results GPE, cranioventrally distributed ultrasonographic lesions and opportunistic pathogen infection suggested a primary lesion of GPE with aspiration of GP discharge into the lungs. GP lavage resolved the empyema and associated clinical signs in all cases. Conclusions Cytological examination of tracheal and guttural pouch aspirates revealed a neutrophilic exudate with lipid‐laden phagocytes, suggestive of engulfed milk. Bacteriology revealed a high prevalence of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus admixed with other opportunistic pathogens. Streptococcus equi ssp. equi was not isolated in any case.

Summary: A 2‐day‐old female Warmblood foal (70 kg) presented with a closed, displaced Salter‐Harris type‐II fracture of the proximal physis of the left hind first phalanx. The fracture was repaired with four 4.5 mm cortical screws and a wire in a figure‐of‐8 pattern applied on the lateral and medial aspect of the phalanx, respectively. A 4.5 mm cortical screw was additionally inserted in lag‐fashion to engage the lateral metaphyseal spike. Three days postoperatively, medial and proximal displacement of the distal fracture fragment and implant infection were apparent and revision surgery was performed. Previous implants were removed and two 4.5 mm transphyseal cortical lag‐screws were placed in proximolateral–distomedial and dorsoproximal–plantarodistal direction across the physis and the fracture line. Postoperatively, the fracture healed rapidly and the implants were removed 6 weeks later. Nineteen months after implant removal, the horse did not show any sign of lameness, despite a shortening of the proximal phalanx compared to the contralateral limb. In cases of postoperative implant instability and infection, implant removal often becomes necessary. However, new implants cannot be placed safely in the previous location. To avoid this problem, this report describes an alternative approach for screw positioning in case of previous implant infection in a Salter‐Harris type‐II fracture of the proximal physis of the first phalanx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared thermography is a valuable tool adapted for veterinary diagnostics with an increasing number of uses. However, proper image acquisition is hard, not only due to various factors affecting the image but also because informative image processing is a struggle. Thus, this study aims to quantify the area of maximum temperature (Area of Tmax) on the lateral surface of horses and foals to compare the Areas of Tmax between horses and foals and to compare two new approaches to the Area of Tmax quantification in horses. Infrared images were acquired with a thermographic camera from 12 horses and 12 foals in the same ambient condition. The backgrounds of the images were removed, and the images were then processed in Rainbow HC and a grayscale palette. Then, 10 images were created, showing the Areas of Tmax in gradually decreasing ranges. The evaluation of the Area of Tmax with two image processing methods showed higher maximum temperatures in foals, although the high-temperature values covered less of their total body area than in adult horses. The results indicate the struggles of foals with thermal homeostasis. The proposed methods—multi-colored annotated pixels on Rainbow HC and red-annotated pixels on grayscale—provide a common quality in the thermogram evaluation of foals and adult horses. Further research is essential to determine their diagnostic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) is a common disease in adult horses, but clinical disease in foals is rarely reported. The relationship between equine maternal and neonatal antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum is unclear. Hypothesis/Objectives: That mares in an endemic region would be seropositive for A. phagocytophilum and that mare and foal serum IgG concentrations for A. phagocytophilum would correlate. Additionally, we hypothesized that foal IgG concentrations for A. phagocytophilum acquired by passive immunity would decline by 6 months of age. Animals: Twenty‐two healthy mare‐foal pairs. Methods: This prospective observational study investigated serum IgG concentrations specific for A. phagocytophilum in mares and foals using an immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA). The association between foal titer (as a binary variable) and age in months was assessed using a mixed‐effects logistic regression. Results: A positive correlation between newborn foal antibody titers and mare titers was identified at both the pre‐foaling (τa = 0.38, τb = 0.50, P =.009) and foaling timepoints (τa = 0.36, τb = 0.47, P =.01). In A. phagocytophilum seropositive neonates, it was unlikely that a positive titer would be detected by 3 months of age (OR = 0.002, P =.02, 95% CI: 0.00001‐0.38). Three out of 20 foals seroconverted between 3 and 6 months of age. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Transfer of specific passive immunity to A. phagocytophilum occurred in 80% of foals born to seropositive mares and declined by 3 months of age. A. phagocytophilum infection should be considered in foals displaying clinical signs consistent with EGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Equine Veterinary Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Equine Veterinary Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Equine Veterinary Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described equine copiparvovirus named eqcopivirus, as well as three previously uncharacterized viruses, were identified. The complete ORFs genomes of two closely related protoparvoviruses, and of a bocaparvovirus, plus the partial genome of a picornavirus were assembled. The parvoviruses were classified as members of new ungulate protoparvovirus and bocaparvovirus species in the Parvoviridae family. The picornavirus was classified as a new species in the Salivirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples from each foal were then tested for these viral genomes by nested PCR and RT-PCR. When present, parvoviruses were detected in both feces and spleen. The picornavirus, protoparvovirus, and eqcopivirus genomes were detected in the lungs of one animal each. Three foals were co-infected with the picornavirus and either a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected with a protoparvovirus only. No viral infection was detected in one animal. The complete ORFs of the first equine protoparvoviruses and bocaparvovirus, the partial ORF of the third equine picornavirus, and their detection in tissues of foals with interstitial pneumonia are described here. Testing the involvement of these viruses in fatal interstitial pneumonia or other equine diseases will require larger epidemiological and/or inoculation studies.

Abstract A 2‐day‐old Cleveland Bay colt was referred to the Equine Emergency Service of the Farm Animal and Equine Veterinary Medical Center at North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of decreased nursing behaviour and right hindlimb lameness of 2 days’ duration. When assisted to stand, the foal was unable to extend either hindlimb or bear weight on the hindlimbs, the right patella was luxated laterally and unable to be reduced, and the foal assumed a crouched position. Stifle radiographs revealed minimal, heterogeneous, ill‐defined ossification of both patellae. Due to the severity of the musculoskeletal defects, humane euthanasia was elected. Post‐mortem examination identified a congenital malformation of both patella bones with failure of ossification and cardiac changes suggestive of right atrioventricular valve dysplasia. Histology of the patellae showed no evidence of osteoid deposition or ossification. To our knowledge, bilateral congenital patellar aplasia has not been previously described in foals.

Foal diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity in neonatal foals and is often caused by various environmental pathogens. The adaptive immune system of foals depends on postpartum Ig absorption from maternal colostrum. To date, there lacks an easy way to supplement the immune system before intestinal closure. Thus, an anti-endotoxin IgY supplement derived from hyperimmunized hens may provide pathogen-specific protection if successful in passive transfer. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effects of an oral anti-endotoxin IgY on growth, stress, and passive transfer in neonatal foals with the hypothesis that IgY would successfully cross the gut barrier, positively impact growth, and ameliorate stress. To test this, Quarter Horse foals (n = 11) were randomly assigned based on foaling date to one of two treatment groups for a 28-d trial. Upon signs of impending parturition, mares were moved to box stalls (3.7 × 7.3 m) and parturition was attended. At birth, foals were assigned to either the control (CON; n = 5) or treatment group (TRT; n = 6). Foals assigned to TRT were supplemented with 40 g egg-derived anti-endotoxin IgY oral supplement (Camas, Inc.) dissolved in 50 mL ddH2 0 at 20 min after nursing and again at 12 h postpartum. The CON foals received isovolumetric ddH2 O. Beginning at h 24, and daily thereafter, TRT foals received 1 g eggderived anti-endotoxin IgY diluted in 5 mL ddH2 O. Blood samples were collected from foals prior to nursing at h 0 and following the first oral treatment at h 2, 6,12, 24 and d 3, 7, 14, 21, 28. Harvested serum was analyzed for IgG, IgA, IgY, and cortisol by commercial ELISA. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS v9.4 with repeated measures of time. Vital signs were similar for all foals regardless of treatment (P > 0.24) and all growth parameters increased over time (P < 0.01). There tended to be a treatment × time interaction for wither height (P = 0.10) where TRT wither height was greater at d 28 (P = 0.07). There was a treatment × time interaction (P < 0.01) for serum IgY concentrations where CON foals had undetectable concentrations for the duration of the study and TRT foals peaked on d 7 with detectable l concentrations remaining on d 28. Cortisol, however, was not influenced by treatment (P > 0.29), and IgG and IgA concentrations were only influenced by time (P < 0.01). In conclusion, despite having no effect on vital signs and stress, IgY is passively absorbed following oral administration to neonatal foals without negatively impacting the passive transfer of maternal IgG or IgA, lending to future work on pathogen-specific protection against foal diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A 4‐month‐old colt foal was admitted to the hospital with a history of acute stranguria and colic signs. On presentation, he was tachycardic, tachypnoeic and pyrexic. Blood work showed marked leucocytosis and severe azotaemia. Ultrasound examination of the abdomen revealed a reduced bladder lumen and a large volume of free peritoneal fluid. Abdominocentesis confirmed uroperitoneum. The foal underwent a general anaesthetic to repair the bladder. Unfortunately, the following day, the uroperitoneum recurred, so a revision surgery was performed. The bladder wall was repaired and a large impaction of the terminal small colon and rectum was diagnosed at this point. Rectal examination post‐operatively revealed a spherical mass compressing the dorsal aspect of the rectum, which reduced its diameter by approximately 75%. Ultrasound examination, cytology and culture of a fine‐needle aspirate of the mass revealed it to be a perirectal abscess, and this was drained per rectum and lavaged several times. The foal recovered well, regained the ability to micturate and remained healthy at subsequent post‐operative checks. It is suspected that the perirectal abscess led to overdistention and subsequent rupture of the bladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newborn foals are very susceptible to potentially fatal diseases. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify variables that allow to predict the survival of these patients, and promptly start the appropriate treatment for each case. A retrospective study was carried out at the Equine Foal Care Perinatology Center, located in the municipality of Cajicá, Cundinamarca. The medical records of 106 foals admitted to hospitalization between September of 2019 and December of 2020 were reviewed, the necessary data was collect, and analyzed, in order to evaluate the predictive value of the clinical examination against the survival of hospitalized neonatal foals, and to identify which of these variables function as early markers of survival. Different statistical tests were used, such as the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney test, the binary logistic regression, the chi-square tests, the ROC curves and the odds ratio (OR). The variables most significantly related to survival were heart rate (p = 0.019), rectal temperature (p = 0.002), lukewarm ears and limbs (p = 0.013) and concordant full strong pulse (p = 0.002). Risk factors associated with foal nonsurvival were temperature < 38 °C, heart rate < 100 bpm, cold ears and extremities, and weak pulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]