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This study investigates the effect of estrus synchronization on the reproductive performance of Ossimi ewes during the early summer season to prove that they are cyclic throughout the year in subtropical climates. In June, 280 ewes were assigned to seven (n = 40) groups and received one of the following: 1) short-term progesterone (ST) P4 treated ewes received 20 mg P4 day after day for 6 days and 500 international unit (IU) equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on day 6; 2) long-term P4 (LT) P4 treated ewes received 20 mg P4 day after day for 12 days and 500 IU eCG on day 12; 3) double prostaglandin (PG) F2α 7days apart and 500 IU eCG on day 7 (PGF2α-7d); 4) double PGF2α 14 days apart and 500 IU eCG on day 14 (PGF2α-14d); 5) traditional ovulation synchronization (T-Ovsynch; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-0 day; PGF2α-5 day and GnRH-7 day); 6) non-traditional ovulation synchronization (NT-Ovsynch; GnRH-0 day; PGF2α-7 day and GnRH-9 day); 7) control ewes received no treatment. There were significant differences among groups for estrus rate, the onset of estrus, pregnancy, and lambing rates as well as prolificacy and gestation period. The highest (90 %) estrus rate was recorded in (LT) P4, PGF2α-14d, and NT-Ovsynch protocols while the lambing rate was the maximum (100 %) in PGF2α-14d. Although all treatments had a positive effect on ewe fertility; long-term protocols particularly PGF2α-14d; are recommended to improve Ossimi ewe fertility during the early summer season.

The self-assembly of cisplatin (Cis-Pt) and chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) has been synthesized and characterized successfully by different analyses and techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The efficiency of loading Cis-Pt on Cs NPs for decreasing the side effects of Cis-Pt by loading it on Cs NP surface was revealed through histopathological and physiological measurements for the liver, testis, and kidney cells. Self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite (Cis-Pt@Cs) could improve spermatogenic cells, seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue. Kidney examination showed intact glomeruli with a mild increase in capsular space in addition to the intact renal tubular epithelial lining, and liver findings showed improvement in dilation and congestion of the central vein besides mild dilation of blood sinusoids in addition to a mild degree of hepatocyte vacuolation. The serum levels of hepatic, renal, and testicular marker analysis were measured, where Cis-Pt increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activity, urea, creatinine, and decreased testosterone levels, while synthesized self-assembly appeared normalized levels. From the results, the self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite decreases and improves the side effects of Cis-Pt.

Recent literature has demonstrated only adult avian palate, albeit there has been only limited focus on the postnatal development of the avian oropharyngeal cavity roof. Hence, the current investigation was designed to obtain the full ultrastructure postnatal description of the oropharyngeal roof during the five developmental age-stages of Coturnix coturnix by employing assessments using gross morphometric analysis and stero and scanning electron microscopy. The elongated triangular oropharyngeal roof has a spoonful rounded beak tip. The palate region is subdivided into the rostral ridged area and the choanal area. The palate has eight longitudinal palatine ridges (seven nonpapillated and one papillated median) and four transverse papillary rows (one slightly oblique row and three transverse papillary crests). The median palatine ridge continuous caudally and is then divided into three ridges: one median and two paramedian ridges (forming the lateral boundaries of the choanal field). The choanal field had three regions (rostral, middle, and caudal). The finger-like projection papillary region has five papillae. The choanal cleft has two unequal parts (rostral and caudal). The rostral nonpapillated short choanal part is subdivided by transverse papillary row into rostral narrow straight and caudal diamond portions. The caudal wide papillated choanal part is further divided by a second transverse crest into rostral long (encircled by interdigitated papillae) and caudal short wider part (not encircled by interdigitated papillae). The infundibular cleft is not bordered by any papillae, while the pharyngeal region has numerous papillae and openings of the salivary glands. Moreover, the morphometric analysis revealed a higher value with increasing age for all dimensions. Our findings indicated a higher degree of functional adaptation between the five developmental age stages of quail. Our observations suggest that adaptations such as these may increase the efficiency of food prehension with increasing age.

BACKGROUND Fish farming is one of the most productive economies in the world. One of the essential goals in fish production is to minimize processing costs while maintaining and increasing the vital functions, weight and immunity of fish. OBJECTIVE We conducted this study to explore nanoselenium (Nano-Se) particles in various feeding schemes. MATERIAL AND METHOD Nano-Se particles incorporated in the basal diet at (0.5 mg/kg diet), and the fish was divided into six groups after adaptation as the follows: The first group was feed daily with a diet containing Nano-Se (0.5 mg/kg diet); the second group was exposed to a feeding programme in which it has day feeding followed by day of starvation with a diet containing Nano-Se (0.5 mg/kg diet); the third group was day feeding followed by 2 days of starvation; the fourth group served as a negative control group in which this group was continuous feeding with a basal diet without Nano-Se; the fifth group was day feeding with the basal diet followed by a day of starvation; and the sixth group was day feeding with basal diet followed by 2 days of starvation. RESULT Our result revealed that Group 2 showed significant improvement in haematological parameters, red blood cells and haemoglobin with a substantial increase in total protein (p

The present study represents the first trial to characterize the ultrastructural of five ages of Coturnix coturnix. Lingual nail had membrane that differ in number among five studied ages. Filiform papillary system had four caudally directed papillae types; small (apex, rostral, and median part of body in 1 day, body in 10 and 20 days), long (apex and rostral part of body in 10 days, tip and two lateral area in 20, 30, 40-days, lateral border in 1 and 10 days, two lateral area of body in 40 days), broad (median area of body in 20, 30, 40 days). Scales on the ventral surface of apex, mound. Lingual sulci on the apex and body without reaching tip in 10, 20, 30, 40-days while, in 1 day the body had ridge caudally. Three papillae on posterior part of lateral border of body. W-shape crest had papillae on its median part while, its lateral part had two giant papillae on each side. Dorsal giant papillae terminated caudally with six processes, while ventral papillae terminated caudally with three processes. The unique root appearance, at 1 day had four papillae while in 10-day, it had one papilla however in 20, 30, 40 days, it had T-shaped ridge. Mound had one longitudinal row on each side of cleft and two transverse papillary rows at its caudal border and additional row at 40-days. Our findings exposed unique structural and functional characterizations of lingual and laryngeal entrance that reflected with feeding behavior.

This study aims to see if Ginseng

Isolates of Streptococcus iniae were recovered from the diseased fish during summer season, identified and characterized using different laboratory techniques. Three hundred and sixty Nile tilapia (100 ± 5.0 g average weight) were divided into two subgroups in triplicates with 20 fish per replicate and received either sterile PBS (B0, B1 and B2, respectively) or S. iniae (B0+ S. iniae, B1+ S. iniae and B2 S. iniae, respectively). At 15 days post‐challenge, results showed low mortality rates in probiotic‐fed groups. The mortalities ranged from 6.67% in B2 to 81.67% in B0 following S. iniae challenge. The haematological parameters showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in haemoglobin, red blood cells and white blood cells in B1, B1+S. iniae, B2 and B2+ S. iniae groups compared to B0+ S. iniae group. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was elevated (p < 0.05) in tilapia challenged with S. iniae compared to the control groups. Glucose and creatinine levels were elevated (p < 0.05) in all groups compared with B0. Both albumin and globulin levels were significantly low (p < 0.05) in B0+ S. iniae compared to other groups. The total protein level, phagocytosis and phagocytic index were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in B0+ S. iniae than other groups. Histological analysis showed that the hepatopancreas of B0, B1 and B2 groups represents normal hepatocyte architecture, while the infected tilapia showed severe diffused necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration and loss of the normal architecture. Spleen of PBS control groups did not show any pathological changes, while that of infected tilapia revealed several necrotic areas in addition to marked depletion of lymphoid cells. A loss of skin layers was observed in infected tilapia with marked interstitial oedema and leucocytic cell infiltration which was not observed in the probiotic‐fed fish. The current study highlights the immunomodulatory effect of Bacillus probiotic mixture against S. iniae infection in tilapia that can be further applied to control the disease in farms.

This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of different monochromatic LED light colour (white ‘WL’, green ‘GL’, blue ‘BL’ and mixed green and blue ‘GL × BL’) and two levels of light intensity (5 lx and 20 lx) on growth performance, physiological responses (haematological and biochemical), behaviour and fear reactions in broiler. A 4 × 2 factorial treatment structure was used to evaluate the impact of 4 LED light colours (WL, GL, BL and GL × BL) and 2 levels of light intensity (5 lx and 20 lx) in triplicates. One-day-old Cobb Avian-48 chicks (N = 384, 36.29 ± 0.092 g) were used. Results revealed a significant effect of light colour on performance (final weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio [FCR]), haematological parameters (haemoglobin, RBCs, PCV, TLC and H/L ratio), biochemical parameters (TP, albumin (AL), and AL/globulin (GL) ratio), tonic immobility (TI) duration and open field (OF) test (latency to first step, mobility duration, immobility duration, immobility sitting, immobility standing, pecking and dropping) with the best results observed in GL × BL. Light intensity had no effects on studied parameters except for H/L ratio, TI duration, latency to first step, immobility sitting, immobility standing and pecking with better findings detected in 5 lx. There was a significant light colour × light intensity interaction on final weight, weight gain, AL, TI duration, mobility duration, immobility duration, immobility sitting, immobility standing and pecking. Conclusively, monochromatic LED light (GL × BL, BL and GL) particularly of low intensity could be a source of light in broiler houses that might have the potential to improve broiler welfare.Highlights LED light is an important factor in the broiler production. Mixed blue and green, blue or green light of 5 lx improves broiler performance and health status. Mixed blue and green, blue or green light of low intensity reduced fear reaction in broilers.

A trial was operated to assess the potential of using Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 (L-137) and/or β-glucan (BG) in improving the resistance of Nile tilapia against Aeromonas hydrophila. Control diet and 3 diets supplemented with L-137, BG or L-137 + BG were prepared. Final body weight, specific growth rate, superoxide dismutase, and catalase showed considerably (P .05) increased values in L-137 or L-137/BG groups, while glutathione peroxidase increased significantly (P .05) only in L-137/BG group. Fish fed L-137 and/or BG diets showed that feed conversion ratio and malonaldehyde levels were significantly decreased (P .05). Also, both L-137 and BG helped Nile tilapia to have high phagocytosis activity and relative expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) genes. After A. hydrophila challenge, the intestinal villi epithelium of the L-137/BG group was intact and denser than the other groups. The hepatopancreas and spleen of the control group displayed severe necrosis in hepatocytes and congestion of blood sinusoids in addition to diffuse vacuolation. Regarding the L-137, BG and L-137/BG groups, there was a moderate and normal degree of vacuolation with focal necrosis and mild to moderate degree of congestion of blood sinusoids. Red blood cells, hemoglobin, and albumin showed meaningfully (P .05) increased values in L-137 or L-137/BG groups. TNF-α, IL-1β, and INF-γ expressions were upregulated by L-137 and/or BG. The obtained results revealed the ability of L-137 and/or BG to protect Nile tilapia from the effects of A. hydrophila infection by the motivation of the immune, antioxidative, and antiinflammation responses.

The current study was instigated by investigating the ameliorative potential of Ornipural

Varieties of studies have been used to investigate the health benefits of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis); however, more research is needed to examine if its nano form may be utilized to treat or prevent several chronic diseases. So, we designed this study to explore the effect and the cellular intracellular mechanisms by which Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) alleviates the testicular injury induced by diabetes in male Wistar rats. Eighty Wistar male rats (n = 80) were randomly allocated into eight groups. Group 1 is untreated rats (control), Group 2 including STZ-induced diabetic rats with 65 mg/kg body weight STZ (STZ-diabetic), Group 3-5: including diabetic rats treated with NSP1, NSP2, and NSP3 at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg body weight, respectively, once daily orally by the aid of gastric gavage for 12 consecutive weeks and groups 6-8 include normal rats received NSP (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg body weight once daily orally. The identical volume of normal saline was injected into both control and diabetic rats. After 12 weeks of diabetes induction, the rats were killed. According to our findings, NSP administration to diabetic rats enhances the total body weight and the weight of testes and accessory glands; in addition, NSP significantly reduced nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in testicular tissue improved sperm parameters. Intriguingly, it raises testicular GSH and SOD activity by a significant amount (p 0.05). As well, Oral administration of NSP to diabetic rats resulted in a decrease in the blood glucose levels, HA1C, induced in the diabetic group, which overcame the diabetic complications NSP caused down-regulation of apoptotic genes with upregulation of BCL-2 mRNA expression (p 0.05) and prominent up-regulation of steroidogenesis genes expression level in testes in comparison to the diabetic rats which resulted in improving the decreased levels of testosterone hormone, FSH, and LH induced by diabetes. In the same way, our histopathological findings support our biochemical and molecular findings; in conclusion, NSP exerted a protective effect against reproductive dysfunction induced by diabetes not only through its high antioxidant and hypoglycemic action but also through its down-regulation of Apoptotic genes and up-regulation of steroidogenesis regulatory genes expression level in diabetic testes.

The present study aimed to assess the in ovo administration of clenbuterol on chick fertility, growth performance, muscle growth, myogenic gene expression, fatty acid, amino acid profile, intestinal morphology, and hepatic lipid-related gene expressions. In this study, 750 healthy fertile eggs from the local chicken breed Dokki-4 strain were analyzed. Fertile eggs were randomly divided into five experimental groups (150 eggs/3 replicates for each group). On day 14 of incubation, in addition to the control group, four other groups were established where 0.5 mL of worm saline (30 °C) was injected into the second group of eggs. In the third, fourth, and fifth groups, 0.5 mL of worm saline (30 °C), 0.9% of NaCl, and 10, 15, and 20 ppm of clenbuterol were injected into the eggs. Results suggested that clenbuterol increased growth efficiency up to 12 weeks of age, especially at 15 ppm, followed by 10 ppm, decreased abdominal body fat mass, and improved hatchability (p &lt, 0.01). Clenbuterol also modulated saturated fatty acid levels in the breast muscles and improved essential amino acids when administered at 10 and 15 ppm. Additionally, clenbuterol at 15 ppm significantly decreased myostatin gene expression (p &lt, 0.01) and considerably increased IGF1r and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) expression. Clenbuterol administration led to a significant upregulation of hepatic PPARα, growth hormone receptor, and Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression with a marked decrease in fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1c) expression. In conclusion, the current study revealed that in ovo injection of clenbuterol showed positive effects on the growth of hatched chicks through reduced abdominal fat deposition, improved intestinal morphology, and modulation of hepatic gene expressions in myogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis.

Protein and lipid molecules in seminal plasma (SP) collected from fertile bulls were investigated. Semen was collected from 10 bulls (2 ejaculates each) and examined for standard semen analysis. Raw SP was recovered by centrifugation and total protein (TP) concentration was determined using a refractometer. Raw SP was desalted using a Sephadex G-25 desalting column then both raw and desalted SP was subjected to SDS-PAGE. Neutral lipids and phospholipids of raw and desalted SP were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The results revealed that, all bulls had normal semen characteristics and TP concentration in SP ranged from 7.0 to 10.4 g/dL except bull No. 6 had a relatively low concentration of 4.9 to 6.8 g/dL. Neither proteins nor lipids species were different between raw and desalted SP. Seventeen proteins were detected ranging from 8.5 to 185.8 kDa, and those of 12, 13.5, 15, 21, 23 and 38 kDa were predominant. Notably, proteins of 10, 17.5, 19, 21, 80 and 185.8 kDa might be new candidates of SP proteins (SPPs). The detected neutral lipid spots corresponded to cholesterol, 1,2-dimyristoyl glycerol, 1,2-dioleoyloglycerol, 1,3-dimyristoyl glycerol and 1,3-dioleoyloglycerol. The detected phospholipids spots corresponded to non-migrating phospholipids, sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), cerebroside and polyglycerol phosphatide. Cholesterol represents the major molecule of neutral lipids, whereas SM, PC, PI and PE represent the major phospholipids. Noteworthy, there were 2 species of diacylglycerol (DAG) and 3 species of PI in bovine SP. In conclusion, this study gave a general picture of SP protein and lipid species in fertile bull semen, which might serve as fundamental knowledge for either semen analysis or prediction of male fertility.

Background: This work was designed to provide a morphologic, morphometric and histochemical description of the eye of the African straw-coloured fruit bat ( Eidolon helvum ). An explanation of the optical role of the choroidal papillae in the vision of megachiropteran bats was provided. Materials and methods: Enucleated eyes of captured fruit bats were measured and processed for light microscopy. Results: Typical gross features of the mammalian eye including an anterior transparent cornea, posterior whitish sclera and a golden-brown iris surrounding a round pupil were observed in the eye. Presence of undulating retina typically found in megachiropterans were also seen. The ratio of mean corneal diameter to mean axial eye diameter was 0.58 ± 0.08. The histochemical investigation of the eye indicated the presence of mucins, proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, glycogen and/or glycoproteins in the corneal, scleral, choroidal and retinal tissues. Conclusions: The presence of reflective materials of the tapetum lucidum on the undulating retina was shown to be a morphological adaptation for increased light sensitivity as each parabolic surface of the choroidal papillae served as a convex mirror, reflecting the light rays to the adjacent parabolic surface, thus sensitizing photoreceptors in affected regions. This phenomenon thus empowers megachiropteran bats with improved scotopic visual capability and could explain why most of them are reliant on their vison without the need for echolocation.

The self-assembly of cisplatin (Cis-Pt) and chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) has been synthesized and characterized successfully by different analyses and techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The efficiency of loading Cis-Pt on Cs NPs for decreasing the side effects of Cis-Pt by loading it on Cs NP surface was revealed through histopathological and physiological measurements for the liver, testis, and kidney cells. Self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite (Cis-Pt@Cs) could improve spermatogenic cells, seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue. Kidney examination showed intact glomeruli with a mild increase in capsular space in addition to the intact renal tubular epithelial lining, and liver findings showed improvement in dilation and congestion of the central vein besides mild dilation of blood sinusoids in addition to a mild degree of hepatocyte vacuolation. The serum levels of hepatic, renal, and testicular marker analysis were measured, where Cis-Pt increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activity, urea, creatinine, and decreased testosterone levels, while synthesized self-assembly appeared normalized levels. From the results, the self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite decreases and improves the side effects of Cis-Pt.

Nile tilapia Juveniles (19.50 ± 0.5 g) were fed on a basal diet (control group (CTR)) and a diet supplemented with 1 g Aspergillus oryzae (ASP) per kg diet for 12 weeks. Fish were then subjected to different salinity levels (0, 10, 15, and 20 practical salinity units (psu)) for another 15 days. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that the individual effects of ASP in Nile tilapia exposed to salinity levels presented a significant decrease (p &lt, 0.05) in values of haemato-biochemical indices (such as glucose, cortisol, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and malondialdehyde) compared to those in the CTR group exposed to the same salinity levels. Moreover, significant increases (p &lt, 0.05) of blood protein profile (albumin, globulin, and total protein), non-specific immune responses (lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity, and phagocytic index), and antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) were observed in ASP-supplemented groups. Interestingly, there was significant (p &lt, 0.05) downregulation of the mRNA expression values of heat shock protein 70 and interferon-gamma genes, alongside upregulation of the mRNA expression values of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 8 genes, in the hepatic tissues of Nile tilapia in ASP-supplemented groups exposed to different salinities compared to those in the CTR group exposed to the same salinity levels. Taken together, these findings supported the potential efficacy of dietary supplementation with ASP in alleviating salinity stress-induced haemato-biochemical alterations, immune suppression, and oxidative stress in the exposed Nile tilapia.

The present work was focused on the evaluation of morphological characteristics of the lingual caruncles and tongue with its papillae of Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using gross examination, light and scanning electron microscopy.The ventral surface of the sublingual caruncle carried a small opening of the duct of both monostomatic and mandibular salivary gland. The lingual mucosa of dorsal, lateral border and, to some extent, of ventral surface of apex had lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform), while the lingual mucosa of the lingual body especially at torus linguae had conical papillae, but circumvallate papillae observed at the caudal part of body and root. The dorsal surface of the apex and body carried numerous long, thread-like, with blunt apex, caudally directed filiform papillae that covered with keratinised scales without secondary papillae.The degree of keratinisation classified filiform papillae into rostral part of high keratinisation and caudal of less keratinisation. Conical papillary surface carried exfoliated epithelium with longitudinal groove on its rostral surface and carried secondary papillae. Fungiform papillae were scattered among filiform papillae on the dorsal and ventral surface of the apex and its convex surface had exfoliated keratinised epithelium. Circumvallate papillae were surrounded by circular deep groove bordered by vallum that carried small secondary papillae that ended into the primary groove. Taste buds of circumvallate papillae opened in the lateral lining epithelium facing the groove.Von Ebner's glands were observed in computed tomography under papillae especially toward the groove and their ducts open into the base of the groove.

The current investigation was aimed to clarify the correlations between the feeding strategy and lingual structure of the Egyptian fruit bat captured from the Egyptian east desert.The current work was performed on 12 adult Egyptian fruit bats that were observed grossly and with the help of the stereo, light, and scanning electron microscope. There were three types of the lingual papillae: one mechanical (filiform) and two gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate).There were seven subtypes of filiform papillae recognised on the seven lingual regions. There were few fungiform papillae distributed among the filiform papillae on the lingual tip and two lateral parts of apex and body while fungiform papillae were completely absent in the median part. There were three circumvallate papillae. The central bulb of circumvallate papillae was surrounded by one layer of two segmented circular pad. The lingual tip had cornflower-like and diamond-shaped filiform papillae.Histochemical results revealed that the lingual glands showed a stronger Alcian Blue (AB)-positive reaction and gave dark blue colour, while the reaction for the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stain was negative. Also, the glands exhibited a blue colour as an indication of positive AB reactivity with combined AB-PAS staining.

This work aimed to study the hepato-testicular protective effect of garlic in rats treated with cyclosporine A (CsA). Forty male Westar albino rats were randomly distributed in five groups (8 rats each): control, olive oil, garlic, CsA, and CsA co-treated with garlic. CsA induced an upsurge in the alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels and decreased albumin and total protein levels, expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene, serum testosterone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine levels compared to the control group. Additionally, there was an increase in the cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels and a substantial reduction in the high-density lipoprotein levels compared to the control groups. Histopathological investigation of the liver showed abnormalities like hepatic cell degeneration, congestion of blood vessels, and highly active Kupffer cells in the CsA group. Histopathological examination of testes showed damaged seminiferous tubules, stoppage of the maturation of spermatogonia, and the presence of cells with irregular dense nuclei in the lumina of some tubules. For the groups treated with garlic, mitigation of the damage caused by CsA in the liver and testes, liver function tests, lipid profiles, and hormones was seen along with improved gene expression of SOD and steroidogenesis genes, and decreased gene expression of collagen I-&alpha, 1 and transforming growth factor-1&beta, Conclusively, garlic had a positive impact on CsA-induced hepatic and sperm toxicity. It is recommended that garlic should be supplemented in transplant treatments using CsA to alleviate the cyclosporin-induced oxidative injuries and other harmful effects.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive, and there is a trepidation that MSG plays a critical role in multiple hepatic disorders. This study was planned to investigate Graviola extract (GE) effects on hepatic and cellular alterations induced by MSG. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups: control (received normal saline), Graviola (received 200 mg/kg body weight), MSG (received 2.4 gm MSG/kg, 15% of Lethal dose (LD50) of MSG), Graviola + monosodium glutamate (MSG + GE, received GE, 200 mg/kg/day and MSG 2.4 gm/kg body weight (BW) for the next four weeks), and monosodium glutamate + Graviola (received MSG only (2.4 gm/kg BW) daily for four weeks, then concomitant with Graviola (200 mg/kg BW) daily for the next four weeks. MSG and GR were administered orally for eight weeks. Our results showed that MSG caused a significant increase in oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) level, a tumor protein (P53), hepatic cellular damage, as well as proapoptotic markers caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)-like protein 4 (Bax). A significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and an antiapoptotic agent B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCl-2) was observed. The detected MSG effects were normalized by Graviola administration, either a prophylactic or protecting dose. Besides, Graviola reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) and led to the upregulation of the silent information regulator protein one gene expression gene (SIRT1).In conclusion, the results suggest that Gaviola&rsquo, s interrelated antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties are potential mechanisms to enhance hepatic deficits and protect the liver. Graviola can, therefore, be considered a promising hepatoprotective supplement. Additionally, further human clinical trials are also necessary to validate the present research.

Delayed puberty and lower fertility are among the most challenging concerns in rabbit development during the summer season. This study was, therefore, aimed at enhancing male NZ rabbits' performance by using L-tyrosine. Thirty male, New Zealand rabbits, were employed for this purpose at the age of 60 days. Rabbits were divided accidentally into two groups: a control group and another treated with L-tyrosine (100 mg/kg body weight). After 4 weeks, three bucks of each group were assassinated. A comparable oral dose of L-tyrosine was administered to half of the treated group left untreated during the second half. Weekly blood samples were assembled from each group for testosterone, T3, and T4 hormone testing. The results showed that body weight and serum testosterone, T3, and T4 increased exponentially with increasing age in both groups. L-tyrosine contributed to another vital rise in dose-dependence than control, in bodyweight, GSI, and testosterone, T3, and T4. At the end of the third month, tests fell in the scrotum, compared to 2 weeks before in the L-tyrosine group. In the middle of the fourth month, the semen evaluations were first carried out for the L-tyrosine group and 1 month after for the control group. L-tyrosine has contributed to a substantial upsurge in semen quality and motility, and abnormalities have reduced dramatically (P < 0.01). The L-tyrosine-treated group showed significantly increased mRNA expression of steroidogenesis markers STAR, CYP11A1, and 3B-HSD. Besides, free sperm in the seminiferous tubular lumen was discovered at the end of the third month. Nevertheless, it achieves only in control of the spermatocyte stage. The research suggests that L-tyrosine supplements promote puberty and improve male New Zealand rabbit fertility during high-temperature periods in the year.

In this, we use six male African ostriches aging 10-13 months. Our findings revealed the morphometric and histological structure of the African ostrich cerebellum that controls the balance and locomotion of the largest, heaviest, and fastest flightless bird. The average length, width, perimeter, and surface area of ostrich cerebella were measured. The large-sized cerebellum of the ostrich provides the bird with proper control of locomotion and balance in addition to complex cognitive abilities. Histologically, we describe the histoarchitecture of the ostrich cerebellum with the distinct three layers, molecular layer, Purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cell Nissl granules and cell Processes were demonstrated using special stains. The complicated cerebellar circuity and the different information inputs to the cerebellum from the vestibular system, spinocerebellar tracts, and pontine nuclei were discussed. Pontine nuclei of the ventral pons which represent the main input of information to the cerebellum were also demonstrated.

Novel hybrid nanocomposites have been designed, fabricated, and characterized successfully, that fabricated via a decoration of graphene oxide nanosheet surface (GO) by the nanoparticles (NPs) via the sol-gel and ultrasonication methods. Hybrid nanocomposites utilized for improving and increasing the production of fish wealth and return economically via performance improvement of the aquatic environment and assess the effects of dietary on the aquaculture system such as physiological aspects, growth, immune, enzymatic activities, and disease resistance. 1 mg/kg of examined nanocomposites used to feed the tilapia that classified into four groups each group has 15 fish/aquarium which has an average weight of about 15.03 ± 0.04 g, the experiment performed at eight weeks. Enhanced antioxidant activity and physiological aspects via evaluation of gene expression of tilapia liver and spleen SOD tissues, that fed on fabricated nanocomposites for three months, also histomorphology of tilapia tissue was examined. The antioxidant ability of GO@Se and GO@Se.ZnO nanocomposite due to the potent antioxidant capacity of selenium nanoparticles and zinc nanoparticles can be an excellent alternative to conventional zinc in feeding. The histopathological finding revealed severe degeneration in intestinal villi at 24 h and liver at a one-week post-challenge with Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) gram-positive bacteria in all groups.

This study was conducted to describe and evaluate the ultrasound-guided technique and the anatomical relation for brachial plexus block in donkeys. In the first study, three donkey's cadavers were used to determine the neuroanatomical description of the brachial plexus. In the second study, four donkeys were used to evaluate the ultrasound structure of brachial plexus and the distribution of methylene blue solution that was injected around the nerves during subsequent postmortem anatomical dissection. In the third study, six donkeys were used to evaluate the efficient of the ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block after injection of lidocaine. Ultrasound was used to identify brachial plexus and blood vessels. Anatomical scrutiny assured the relationship between the nerves and the blood vessels. The nerves were adequately stained with methylene blue solution in all donkeys. A volume of 25 mL of lidocaine per injection site resulted in effective sensitive and motor block of forelimbs nerves after brachial plexus block. Based on the obtained data we could conclude that brachial plexus nerve block guided by ultrasound can be used in surgery of donkey distal fore limb. Key words : ultrasound; brachial plexus; nerve block; donkey

Feed supplementation is so important to sustain the aquaculture industry. Research studies showed that sodium butyrate used as a feed supplement could improve the growth and health condition of fish. It is hypothesized that the use of sodium butyrate nanoparticles (SB-NP) as a feed supplement may improve the overall fish performance and welfare status than the ordinary-sized one. The current study was done to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with SB-NP on growth, digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histomorphometry, and expression of some growth-related genes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Fish (25.3 ± 0.35 g) were fed on diets supplemented with 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg SB-NP/kg diet up to apparent satiation (thrice per a day) for eight weeks. Growth–stimulating effects of dietary SB-NP were significantly noted in regard to the final body weight, weight gain percentage, and specific growth rate with optimum levels of 1.0–1.5 mg SB-NP/kg diet. Furthermore, fish groups fed on diets supplemented with SB-NP significantly enhanced the feed intake over those fed on the control diet alongside with no significant differences in feed conversion ratio among the experimental groups. Pairwise comparisons with the control group showed that serum amylase, lipase, and protease activities were significantly increased (P

The present study evaluated the possible synergistic impacts of sodium butyrate and Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth performance, carcass composition, blood health, and intestinal histomorphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A control and three treated diets were supplemented with sodium butyrate (SB) 350 mg, Spirulina platensis (SP) 1g and a mixture of 350 mg SB and 1g SP/kg diet (SB/SP) respectively, were fed for monosex Nile tilapia (12.5± 0.50 g, n=120) for two months. The results revealed higher growth performance (final weight, weight gain, weight gain rate, SGR and PER) compared to control group (CG) (P

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between total protein concentration (TPC) of seminal plasma (SP) and semen characteristics in rams. A total of 105 ejaculates from 21 Barki rams, of known fertility (9 highly fertile, 9 fertile and 3 subfertile) were collected by electroejaculation (EE) and used in the present study. An aliquot (200 μl) from each ejaculate was used for evaluation of semen characteristics (wave motion, motility, viability, sperm morphology, intact-acrosome, sperm concentration and total sperm count per ejaculate). The remaining volume was centrifuged to collect SP and TPC (g/dl) of SP was estimated with hand-held Refractometer; then SP proteins were separated on 15% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel. The results revealed that TPC of SP and almost all semen characteristics were significantly (P

It is widely accepted the concept that tissue morphogenesis is mediated by reciprocal interactionsbetween epithelial and mesenchymal cells, whereas the molecular details of these interactions remainlargely elusive. The hair follicle (HF) is a mini-organ whose proper morphogenesis is governed by aseries of interactions between epidermal and dermal cells. Due to its relatively simple structure, the HFaffords an excellent model to decipher the molecular mechanisms of epithelial – mesenchymalinteractions. To explore the molecular mechanisms by which Dermal Papilla (DP) cells regulate hairfollicle formation, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis and identified numerous genespreferentially expressed in the DP cells. Among these, a gene encoding type XIX Collagen (Col19a1)has become the focus of our attention because of its extensive evolutionary conservation. We generatedCol19a1LacZ reporter mice using CRISPR/Cas9 system to induce homologous recombination torecapitulate Col19a1 expression pattern. In mouse embryos, Col19a1LacZ expression is confined to theDP cells of hair follicles, ring sinus of whiskers, skeletal muscles and basal keratinocyte layer of skinepidermis of limbs and tail. Moreover, Col19LacZ started to be expressed at E14.5 in the dermalcondensates of hair germ stage to the DP cells of mature hair follicle but not in the placode stage.Ongoing generation of Col19a1 null mice will ultimately explore the functional role of Col19a1 duringHF morphogenesis. From this perspective, it is plausible to expect that future studies will provideadditional functional evidence for Col19a1 during development which might be a useful tool tounderstand the molecular mechanisms undergoing HF stem cell regulation

Background Heat stress is a condition that is due to extreme heat exposure. It occurs when the body cannot keep its temperature healthy in response to a hot climate and associated with oxidative stress. Testicular hyperthermia can induce apoptosis of sperm cells, affect sperm production and decrease sperm concentration, leading to sperm disorder, for this reason, we examined the protective impact of pycnogenol that it has a wide range of biological benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities against the oxidative alterations that happen in testicular and brain tissues due to heat stress in rats. Study design Forty-eight Wistar male rats, approximately around 6 weeks age were allocated randomly into four groups (12 in each) of control, HS (subjected to heat stress and supplemented orally with 50 mg of pycnogenol/kg b. w./day dissolved in saline for 21 days), and pycnogenol (rats supplemented orally with 50 mg of pycnogenol/kg b. w./day dissolved in saline for 21 days). Results Data revealed a promising role of pycnogenol as an antioxidant, natural product to successfully reverse the heat-induced oxidative alterations in testicular and brain tissues of rats through significant upregulation of superoxide dismutase-2, catalase, reduced glutathione, and anti-apoptotic gene, while downregulating pro-apoptotic, and heat shock protein70. Pycnogenol treatment also reversed the reproductive hormone level and spermatogenesis to their normal values. Conclusion Pycnogenol as a natural protective supplement could recover these heat stress-induced oxidative changes in testes and hypothalamus.

Chicken Salmonella enterica serovars are enteric bacteria associated with massive public health risks and economic losses. There is a widespread antimicrobial resistance among S. enterica serotypes, and innovative solutions to antibiotic resistance are needed. We aimed to use probiotics to reduce antibiotic resistance and identify the major probiotic players that modify the early interactions between S. enterica and host cells. One-day-old cobb broiler chicks were challenged with S. typhimurium after oral inoculation with different probiotic strains for 3 days. The adherence of different probiotic strains to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells was studied in vitro. Lactobacillus (Lacticaseibacillus) casei ATTC334 and Bifidobacterium breve JCM1192 strains attached to Caco-2 cells stronger than B. infantis BL2416. L. casei ATTC334 and B. breve JCM1192 reduced S. typhimurium recovery from the cecal tonsils by competitive exclusion mechanism. Although B. infantis BL2416 bound poorly to Caco-2 epithelial cells, it reduced S. typhimurium recovery and increased IFN-&gamma, and TNF-&alpha, production. L. casei ATTC334, B. breve JCM1192 and B. infantis BL2416 improved body weight gain and the food conversion rate in S. typhimurium-infected broilers. B. longum Ncc2785 neither attached to epithelial cells nor induced IFN-&gamma, release and consequently did not prevent S. typhimurium colonization in broiler chickens. In conclusion, probiotics prevented the intestinal colonization of S. typhimurium in infected chickens by competitive exclusion or cytokine production mechanisms.