211 results on '"Floris P. de Lange"'
Search Results
2. Acute threat enhances perceptual sensitivity without affecting the decision criterion
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Lycia D. de Voogd, Eline Hagenberg, Ying Joey Zhou, Floris P. de Lange, and Karin Roelofs
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Threatening situations ask for rapid and accurate perceptual decisions to optimize coping. Theoretical models have stated that psychophysiological states, such as bradycardia during threat-anticipatory freezing, may facilitate perception. However, it’s unclear if this occurs via enhanced bottom-up sensory processing or by relying more on prior expectations. To test this, 52 (26 female) participants completed a visual target-detection paradigm under threat-of-shock (15% reinforcement rate) with a manipulation of prior expectations. Participants judged the presence of a backward-masked grating (target presence rate 50%) after systematically manipulating their decision criterion with a rare (20%) or frequent (80%) target presence rate procedure. Threat-of-shock induced stronger heart rate deceleration compared to safe, indicative of threat-anticipatory freezing. Importantly, threat-of-shock enhanced perceptual sensitivity but we did not find evidence of an altered influence of the effect of prior expectations on current decisions. Correct target detection (hits) was furthermore accompanied by an increase in the magnitude of this heart rate deceleration compared to a missed target. While this was independent of threat-of-shock manipulation, only under threat-of-shock this increase was accompanied by more hits and increased sensitivity. Together, these findings suggest that under acute threat participants may rely more on bottom-up sensory processing versus prior expectations in perceptual decision-making. Critically, bradycardia may underlie such enhanced perceptual sensitivity.
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- 2022
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3. Uncertainty increases curiosity, but decreases happiness
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Lieke L. F. van Lieshout, Floris P. de Lange, and Roshan Cools
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract You probably know what kind of things you are curious about, but can you also explain what it feels like to be curious? Previous studies have demonstrated that we are particularly curious when uncertainty is high and when information provides us with a substantial update of what we know. It is unclear, however, whether this drive to seek information (curiosity) is appetitive or aversive. Curiosity might correspond to an appetitive drive elicited by the state of uncertainty, because we like that state, or rather it might correspond to an aversive drive to reduce the state of uncertainty, because we don’t like it. To investigate this, we obtained both subjective valence (happiness) and curiosity ratings from subjects who performed a lottery task that elicits uncertainty-dependent curiosity. We replicated a strong main effect of outcome uncertainty on curiosity: Curiosity increased with outcome uncertainty, irrespective of whether the outcome represented a monetary gain or loss. By contrast, happiness decreased with higher outcome uncertainty. This indicates that people were more curious, but less happy about lotteries with higher outcome uncertainty. These findings raise the hypothesis, to be tested in future work, that curiosity reflects an aversive drive to reduce the unpleasant state of uncertainty.
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- 2021
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4. Word contexts enhance the neural representation of individual letters in early visual cortex
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Micha Heilbron, David Richter, Matthias Ekman, Peter Hagoort, and Floris P. de Lange
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Science - Abstract
Letters are more easily identified when embedded in a word. Here, the authors show that word contexts can enhance letter information in early visual cortex, suggesting that the advantage offered by words occurs already during early perceptual processing.
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- 2020
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5. Action sharpens sensory representations of expected outcomes
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Daniel Yon, Sam J. Gilbert, Floris P. de Lange, and Clare Press
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Science - Abstract
Our brains predict the likely sensory consequences of actions we take; one theory is that these sensory responses are suppressed, but another theory is that they are sharpened. Here, the authors show using fMRI evidence consistent with the sharpening account for sensory consequences of hand movements.
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- 2018
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6. No exploitation of temporal sequence context during visual search
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Floortje G. Bouwkamp, Floris P. de Lange, and Eelke Spaak
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predictive processing ,visual search ,spatial context ,temporal context ,contextual cueing ,Science - Abstract
The human visual system can rapidly extract regularities from our visual environment, generating predictive context. It has been shown that spatial predictive context can be used during visual search. We set out to see whether observers can additionally exploit temporal predictive context based on sequence order, using an extended version of a contextual cueing paradigm. Though we replicated the contextual cueing effect, repeating search scenes in a structured order versus a random order yielded no additional behavioural benefit. This was also true when we looked specifically at participants who revealed a sensitivity to spatial predictive context. We argue that spatial predictive context during visual search is more readily learned and subsequently exploited than temporal predictive context, potentially rendering the latter redundant. In conclusion, unlike spatial context, temporal context is not automatically extracted and used during visual search.
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- 2021
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7. Spatiotemporal dynamics of brightness coding in human visual cortex revealed by the temporal context effect
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Hao Zhou, Matthew Davidson, Peter Kok, Li Yan McCurdy, Floris P. de Lange, Hakwan Lau, and Kristian Sandberg
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Vision ,Brightness ,Illusion ,Temporal context effect ,Magnetoencephalography ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Human visual perception is modulated by both temporal and spatial contexts. One type of modulation is apparent in the temporal context effect (TCE): In the presence of a constant luminance patch (a long flash), the perceived brightness of a short flash increases monotonically with onset asynchrony. The aim of the current study was to delineate the neural correlates of this illusory effect, particularly focusing on its dynamic neural representation among visual cortical areas. We reconstructed sources of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data recorded from observers (6 male and 9 female human adults) experiencing the TCE. Together with retinotopic mapping, signals from different occipital lobe areas were extracted to investigate whether different visual areas have differential representation of the onset vs. offset synchronized short flashes. From the data, TCE related responses were observed in LO and V4 in the time window of 200–250 m s, while neuronal responses to physical luminances were observed in the early time window at around 100 m s across early visual cortex, such as V1 and V2, also in V4 and VO. Based on these findings, we suggest that two distinct processes might be involved in brightness coding: one bottom-up process which is stimulus energy driven and responds fast, and another process which may be broadly characterized as top-down or lateral, is context driven, and responds slower. For both processes, we found that V4 might play a critical role in dynamically integrating luminances into brightness perception, a finding that is consistent with the view of V4 as a bottom-up and top-down integration complex.
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- 2020
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8. Repetition suppression to objects is modulated by stimulus-specific expectations
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Christian Utzerath, Elexa St. John-Saaltink, Jan Buitelaar, and Floris P. de Lange
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in an attenuated brain response in cortical regions that are activated during the processing of that stimulus. This phenomenon, called repetition suppression (RS), has been shown to be modulated by expectation. Typically, this is achieved by varying the probability of stimulus repetitions (Prep) between blocks of an experiment, generating an abstract expectation that ‘things will repeat’. Here, we examined whether stimulus-specific expectations also modulate RS. We designed a task where expectation and repetition are manipulated independently, using stimulus-specific expectations. We investigated to which extent such stimulus-specific expectations modulated the visual evoked response to objects in lateral occipital cortex (LOC) and primary visual cortex (V1), using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In LOC, we found that RS interacted with expectation, such that repetition suppression was more pronounced for unexpected relative to expected stimuli. Additionally, we found that the response of stimulus-preferring voxels in V1 was generally decreased when stimuli were expected. These results suggest that stimulus-specific expectations about objects modulate LOC and propagate back to the earliest cortical station processing visual input.
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- 2017
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9. Time-compressed preplay of anticipated events in human primary visual cortex
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Matthias Ekman, Peter Kok, and Floris P. de Lange
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Science - Abstract
Perception is guided by anticipating future events, but it is not clear how this is computed neurally. Here, the authors use ultra-fast fMRI to show that humans preplay anticipated visual sequences in the primary visual cortex and that this preplay correlates with faster detection of the stimuli.
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- 2017
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10. Rapid recalibration of speech perception after experiencing the McGurk illusion
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Claudia S. Lüttke, Alexis Pérez-Bellido, and Floris P. de Lange
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perceptual learning ,mcgurk illusion ,audiovisual integration ,recalibration ,signal detection theory ,Science - Abstract
The human brain can quickly adapt to changes in the environment. One example is phonetic recalibration: a speech sound is interpreted differently depending on the visual speech and this interpretation persists in the absence of visual information. Here, we examined the mechanisms of phonetic recalibration. Participants categorized the auditory syllables /aba/ and /ada/, which were sometimes preceded by the so-called McGurk stimuli (in which an /aba/ sound, due to visual /aga/ input, is often perceived as ‘ada’). We found that only one trial of exposure to the McGurk illusion was sufficient to induce a recalibration effect, i.e. an auditory /aba/ stimulus was subsequently more often perceived as ‘ada’. Furthermore, phonetic recalibration took place only when auditory and visual inputs were integrated to ‘ada’ (McGurk illusion). Moreover, this recalibration depended on the sensory similarity between the preceding and current auditory stimulus. Finally, signal detection theoretical analysis showed that McGurk-induced phonetic recalibration resulted in both a criterion shift towards /ada/ and a reduced sensitivity to distinguish between /aba/ and /ada/ sounds. The current study shows that phonetic recalibration is dependent on the perceptual integration of audiovisual information and leads to a perceptual shift in phoneme categorization.
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- 2018
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11. Cue predictability does not modulate bottom-up attentional capture
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Erik L. Meijs, Felix H. Klaassen, Levan Bokeria, Simon van Gaal, and Floris P. de Lange
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bottom-up attention ,attentional capture ,expectation ,predictability ,Science - Abstract
Attention can be involuntarily captured by physically salient stimuli, a phenomenon known as bottom-up attention. Typically, these salient stimuli occur unpredictably in time and space. Therefore, in a series of three behavioural experiments, we investigated the extent to which such bottom-up attentional capture is a function of one's prior expectations. In the context of an exogenous cueing task, we systematically manipulated participants' spatial (Experiment 1) or temporal (Experiments 2 and 3) expectations about an uninformative cue and examined the amount of attentional capture by the cue. We anticipated larger attentional capture for unexpected compared to expected cues. However, while we observed attentional capture, we did not find any evidence for a modulation of attentional capture by prior expectation. This suggests that bottom-up attentional capture does not appear modulated by the degree to which the cue is expected or surprising.
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- 2018
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12. Effects of rhythmic stimulus presentation on oscillatory brain activity: the physiology of cueing in Parkinson’s disease
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Erik S. te Woerd, Robert Oostenveld, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Floris P. de Lange, and Peter Praamstra
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Basal ganglia ,Parkinson’s disease ,Magnetoencephalography ,Rhythmic cueing ,Beta oscillations ,Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,R858-859.7 ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,RC346-429 - Abstract
The basal ganglia play an important role in beat perception and patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are impaired in perception of beat-based rhythms. Rhythmic cues are nonetheless beneficial in gait rehabilitation, raising the question how rhythm improves movement in PD. We addressed this question with magnetoencephalography recordings during a choice response task with rhythmic and non-rhythmic modes of stimulus presentation. Analyses focused on (i) entrainment of slow oscillations, (ii) the depth of beta power modulation, and (iii) whether a gain in modulation depth of beta power, due to rhythmicity, is of predictive or reactive nature. The results show weaker phase synchronisation of slow oscillations and a relative shift from predictive to reactive movement-related beta suppression in PD. Nonetheless, rhythmic stimulus presentation increased beta modulation depth to the same extent in patients and controls. Critically, this gain selectively increased the predictive and not reactive movement-related beta power suppression. Operation of a predictive mechanism, induced by rhythmic stimulation, was corroborated by a sensory gating effect in the sensorimotor cortex. The predictive mode of cue utilisation points to facilitation of basal ganglia-premotor interactions, contrasting with the popular view that rhythmic stimulation confers a special advantage in PD, based on recruitment of alternative pathways.
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- 2015
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13. Correction: How Awareness Changes the Relative Weights of Evidence During Human Decision-Making.
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Floris P. de Lange, Simon van Gaal, Victor A. F. Lamme, and Stanislas Dehaene
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Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Published
- 2013
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14. Attention Reverses the Effect of Prediction in Silencing Sensory Signals
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Floris P. De Lange, Peter Kok, Dobromir Rahnev, Janneke F. Jehee, and Hakwan C. Lau
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Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Predictive coding models of perception suggest that predicted sensory signals are attenuated (silencing of prediction error). These models, though influential, are challenged by the fact that prediction sometimes enhances, rather than reduces task-relevant sensory signals, as in the case of spatial cueing experiments. One possible explanation is that in these experiments, prediction (i.e. whether a stimulus is likely to be presented) is confounded with attention (i.e. whether a stimulus requires a behavioural response), which is known to boost rather than reduce sensory signal. However, recent theoretical work on predictive coding inspires an alternative hypothesis, and suggests that attention and prediction may operate synergistically to improve the precision of perceptual inference. This model posits that attention leads to heightened weighting of sensory evidence, thereby reversing the sensory silencing by prediction. We factorially manipulated attention and prediction in an fMRI study to test the validity of this model. Our results support a predictive coding model wherein attention reverses the sensory attenuation of predicted signals. This may explain the seemingly contradictory findings in the literature regarding the effects of prediction on neural responses.
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- 2011
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15. Stubborn Predictions in Primary Visual Cortex.
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Daniel Yon, Emily R. Thomas, Sam J. Gilbert, Floris P. de Lange, Peter Kok, and Clare Press
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- 2023
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16. Spatial and Temporal Context Jointly Modulate the Sensory Response within the Ventral Visual Stream.
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Tao He, David Richter 0003, Zhiguo Wang, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2022
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17. Perceptual Expectations Modulate Low-Frequency Activity: A Statistical Learning Magnetoencephalography Study.
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Ying Joey Zhou, Alexis Pérez-Bellido, Saskia Haegens, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2020
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18. Familiarity Increases Processing Speed in the Visual System.
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Mariya E. Manahova, Eelke Spaak, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2020
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19. Conceptual Associations Generate Sensory Predictions
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Chuyao Yan, Floris P. de Lange, David Richter, and Cognitive Psychology
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expectation suppression ,conceptual associations ,General Neuroscience ,predictive processing ,perception - Abstract
A crucial ability of the human brain is to learn and exploit probabilistic associations between stimuli to facilitate perception and behavior by predicting future events. While studies have shown how perceptual relationships are used to predict sensory inputs, relational knowledge is often between concepts rather than percepts (e.g., we learned to associate cats with dogs, rather than specific images of cats and dogs). Here we asked if and how sensory responses to visual input may be modulated by predictions derived from conceptual associations. To this end we exposed participants of both sexes to arbitrary word-word pairs (e.g., car – dog) repeatedly, creating an expectation of the second word, conditional on the occurrence of the first. In a subsequent session, we exposed participants to novel word-picture pairs, while measuring fMRI BOLD responses. All word-picture pairs were equally likely, but half of the pairs conformed to the previously formed conceptual (word-word) associations, whereas the other half violated this association. Results showed suppressed sensory responses throughout the ventral visual stream, including early visual cortex, to pictures that corresponded to the previously expected words compared to unexpected words. This suggests that the learned conceptual associations were used to generate sensory predictions that modulated processing of the picture stimuli. Moreover, these modulations were tuning-specific, selectively suppressing neural populations tuned towards the expected input. Combined, our results suggest that recently acquired conceptual priors are generalized across domains and used by the sensory brain to generate category specific predictions, facilitating processing of expected visual input.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:Perceptual predictions play a crucial role in facilitating perception and the integration of sensory information. However, little is known about whether and how the brain uses more abstract, conceptual priors to form sensory predictions. In our pre-registered study, we show that priors derived from recently acquired arbitrary conceptual associations result in category specific predictions that modulate perceptual processing throughout the ventral visual hierarchy, including early visual cortex. These results suggest that the predictive brain uses prior knowledge across various domains to modulate perception, thereby extending our understanding of the extensive role predictions play in perception.
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- 2023
20. Predictable tones elicit stimulus-specific suppression of evoked activity in auditory cortex.
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Biao Han, Pim Mostert, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2019
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21. Laminar fMRI: Applications for cognitive neuroscience.
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Samuel J. D. Lawrence, Elia Formisano, Lars Muckli, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2019
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22. Decoupling of BOLD amplitude and pattern classification of orientation-selective activity in human visual cortex.
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Anke Marit Albers, Thomas Meindertsma, Ivan Toni, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2018
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23. Choice Boosts Curiosity
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Patricia Romero Verdugo, Lieke L. F. van Lieshout, Floris P. de Lange, and Roshan Cools
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All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,Action, intention, and motor control ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,180 000 Predictive Brain ,170 000 Motivational & Cognitive Control ,General Psychology - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 284051.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) In our connected era, we spend significant time and effort satisfying our curiosity. Often, we choose which information we seek, but sometimes the selection is made for us. We hypothesized that humans exhibit enhanced curiosity in the context of choice. We designed a task in which healthy participants saw two lotteries on each trial. On some trials, participants chose which lottery to play. On other trials, the lottery was selected for them. Participants then indicated their curiosity about the outcome of the to-be-played lottery via self-report ratings (Experiment 1, N = 34) or willingness-to-wait decisions (Experiment 2, N = 34). We found that participants exhibited higher curiosity ratings and greater willingness to wait for the outcome of lotteries they had chosen than for lotteries that had been selected for them (controlling for initial preference). This demonstrates that choice boosts curiosity, which may have implications for boosting learning, memory, and motivation. 12 p.
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- 2022
24. Typical neural adaptation for familiar images in autistic adolescents
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Britta U. Westner, Ella Bosch, Christian Utzerath, Jan Buitelaar, and Floris P. de Lange
- Abstract
It has been proposed that autistic perception may be marked by a reduced influence of temporal context. Under this hypothesis, prior exposure to a stimulus should lead to a weaker or absent alteration of the behavioral and neural response to the stimulus in autism, compared to a typical population. To examine this hypothesis, we recruited two samples of human volunteers: a student sample (N=26), which we used to establish our analysis pipeline, and an adolescent sample (N=36), which consisted of a group of autistic (N=18) and a group of non-autistic (N=18) participants. All participants were presented with visual stimulus streams consisting of novel and familiar image pairs, while they attentively monitored each stream. We recorded task performance and used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure neural responses, and to compare the responses to familiar and novel images. We found behavioral facilitation as well as a reduction of event-related field (ERF) amplitude for familiar, compared to novel, images in both samples. Crucially, we found statistical evidence against between-group effects of familiarity on both behavioral and neural responses in the adolescent sample, suggesting that the influence of familiarity is comparable between autistic and non-autistic adolescents. These findings challenge the notion that perception in autism is marked by a reduced influence of prior exposure.
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- 2023
25. Humans predict the forest, not the trees: statistical learning of spatiotemporal structure in visual scenes
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Chuyao Yan, Benedikt V Ehinger, Alexis Pérez-Bellido, Marius V Peelen, and Floris P de Lange
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Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Action, intention, and motor control ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,180 000 Predictive Brain - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 292390.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The human brain is capable of using statistical regularities to predict future inputs. In the real world, such inputs typically comprise a collection of objects (e.g. a forest constitutes numerous trees). The present study aimed to investigate whether perceptual anticipation relies on lower-level or higher-level information. Specifically, we examined whether the human brain anticipates each object in a scene individually or anticipates the scene as a whole. To explore this issue, we first trained participants to associate co-occurring objects within fixed spatial arrangements. Meanwhile, participants implicitly learned temporal regularities between these displays. We then tested how spatial and temporal violations of the structure modulated behavior and neural activity in the visual system using fMRI. We found that participants only showed a behavioral advantage of temporal regularities when the displays conformed to their previously learned spatial structure, demonstrating that humans form configuration-specific temporal expectations instead of predicting individual objects. Similarly, we found suppression of neural responses for temporally expected compared with temporally unexpected objects in lateral occipital cortex only when the objects were embedded within expected configurations. Overall, our findings indicate that humans form expectations about object configurations, demonstrating the prioritization of higher-level over lower-level information in temporal expectation. 12 p.
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- 2023
26. Preference for Audiovisual Speech Congruency in Superior Temporal Cortex.
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Claudia S. Lüttke, Matthias Ekman, Marcel A. J. van Gerven, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2016
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27. Stimulus Familiarity and Expectation Jointly Modulate Neural Activity in the Visual Ventral Stream.
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Mariya E. Manahova, Pim Mostert, Peter Kok, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2018
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28. Author response: Cortical activity during naturalistic music listening reflects short-range predictions based on long-term experience
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Pius Kern, Micha Heilbron, Floris P de Lange, and Eelke Spaak
- Published
- 2022
29. Editor's evaluation: The entorhinal-DG/CA3 pathway in the medial temporal lobe retains visual working memory of a simple surface feature
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Floris P de Lange
- Published
- 2022
30. Author response: Successor-like representation guides the prediction of future events in human visual cortex and hippocampus
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Matthias Ekman, Sarah Kusch, and Floris P de Lange
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- 2022
31. Disentangling neural processes of egocentric and allocentric mental spatial transformations using whole-body photos of self and other.
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Shanti Ganesh, Hein T. van Schie, Emily S. Cross, Floris P. de Lange, and Daniël H. J. Wigboldus
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- 2015
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32. The Behavioral and Neural Effects of Language on Motion Perception.
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Jolien C. Francken, Peter Kok, Peter Hagoort, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2015
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33. A shift from prospective to reactive modulation of beta-band oscillations in Parkinson's disease.
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Erik S. te Woerd, Robert Oostenveld, Floris P. de Lange, and Peter Praamstra
- Published
- 2014
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34. Prior Expectations Evoke Stimulus Templates in the Primary Visual Cortex.
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Peter Kok, Michel F. Failing, and Floris P. de Lange
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- 2014
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35. Action biases perceptual decisions toward expected outcomes
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Clare Press, Daniel Yon, Floris P. de Lange, Vanessa Zainzinger, and Martin Eimer
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Bayesian probability ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Cognition and Perception ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Sensory system ,perception ,Bias ,Developmental Neuroscience ,Perception ,Humans ,General Psychology ,sensorimotor ,media_common ,Frequentist probability ,Action, intention, and motor control ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception ,Mechanism (biology) ,Uncertainty ,Bayes Theorem ,modeling ,Cognition ,180 000 Predictive Brain ,Articles ,prediction ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Cognitive Psychology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Action (philosophy) ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology ,Normative ,action ,Cues ,Psychology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Action ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 227546.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) We predict how our actions will influence the world around us. Prevailing models in the action control literature propose that we use these predictions to suppress or "cancel" perception of expected action outcomes, to highlight more informative surprising events. However, contrasting normative Bayesian models in sensory cognition suggest that we are more, not less, likely to perceive what we expect - given that what we expect is more likely to occur. Here we adjudicated between these models by investigating how expectations influence perceptual decisions about action outcomes in a signal detection paradigm. Across three experiments, participants performed one of two manual actions that were sometimes accompanied by brief presentation of expected or unexpected visual outcomes. Contrary to dominant cancellation models but consistent with Bayesian accounts, we found that observers were biased to report the presence of expected action outcomes. There were no effects of expectation on sensitivity. Computational modeling revealed that the action-induced bias reflected a sensory bias in how evidence was accumulated rather than a baseline shift in decision circuits. Expectation effects remained in Experiments 2 and 3 when orthogonal cues indicated which finger was more likely to be probed (i.e. task-relevant). These biases toward perceiving expected action outcomes are suggestive of a mechanism that would enable generation of largely veridical representations of our actions and their consequences in an inherently uncertain sensory world. 12 p.
- Published
- 2021
36. Dampened sensory representations for expected input across the ventral visual stream
- Author
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David Richter, Micha Heilbron, Floris P de Lange, and Cognitive Psychology
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Action, intention, and motor control ,180 000 Predictive Brain - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 285196.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Expectations, derived from previous experience, can help in making perception faster, more reliable and informative. A key neural signature of perceptual expectations is expectation suppression, an attenuated neural response to expected compared with unexpected stimuli. While expectation suppression has been reported using a variety of paradigms and recording methods, it remains unclear what neural modulation underlies this response attenuation. Sharpening models propose that neural populations tuned away from an expected stimulus are particularly suppressed by expectations, thereby resulting in an attenuated, but sharper population response. In contrast, dampening models suggest that neural populations tuned toward the expected stimulus are most suppressed, thus resulting in a dampened, less redundant population response. Empirical support is divided, with some studies favoring sharpening, while others support dampening. A key limitation of previous neuroimaging studies is the ability to draw inferences about neural-level modulations based on population (e.g. voxel) level signals. Indeed, recent simulations of repetition suppression showed that opposite neural modulations can lead to comparable population-level modulations. Forward models provide one solution to this inference limitation. Here, we used forward models to implement sharpening and dampening models, mapping neural modulations to voxel-level data. We show that a feature-specific gain modulation, suppressing neurons tuned toward the expected stimulus, best explains the empirical fMRI data. Thus, our results support the dampening account of expectation suppression, suggesting that expectations reduce redundancy in sensory cortex, and thereby promote updating of internal models on the basis of surprising information. 14 p.
- Published
- 2022
37. An adversarial collaboration protocol for testing contrasting predictions of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theory
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Lucia Melloni, Liad Mudrik, Michael Pitts, Katarina Bendtz, Oscar Ferrante, Urszula Gorska, Rony Hirschhorn, Aya Khalaf, Csaba Kozma, Alex Lepauvre, Ling Liu, David Mazumder, David Richter, Hao Zhou, Hal Blumenfeld, Melanie Boly, David J. Chalmers, Sasha Devore, Francis Fallon, Floris P. de Lange, Ole Jensen, Gabriel Kreiman, Huan Luo, Theofanis I. Panagiotaropoulos, Stanislas Dehaene, Christof Koch, and Giulio Tononi
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Action, intention, and motor control ,180 000 Predictive Brain - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 292546.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The relationship between conscious experience and brain activity has intrigued scientists and philosophers for centuries. In the last decades, several theories have suggested different accounts for these relationships. These theories have developed in parallel, with little to no cross-talk among them. To advance research on consciousness, we established an adversarial collaboration between proponents of two of the major theories in the field, Global Neuronal Workspace and Integrated Information Theory. Together, we devised and preregistered two experiments that test contrasting predictions of these theories concerning the location and timing of correlates of visual consciousness, which have been endorsed by the theories’ proponents. Predicted outcomes should either support, refute, or challenge these theories. Six theory-impartial laboratories will follow the study protocol specified here, using three complementary methods: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Magneto-Electroencephalography (M-EEG), and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). The study protocol will include built-in replications, both between labs and within datasets. Through this ambitious undertaking, we hope to provide decisive evidence in favor or against the two theories and clarify the footprints of conscious visual perception in the human brain, while also providing an innovative model of large-scale, collaborative, and open science practice. 28 p.
- Published
- 2023
38. Object selection by automatic spreading of top-down attentional signals in V1
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Floris P. de Lange, Pieter R. Roelfsema, Matthias Ekman, Adult Psychiatry, ANS - Systems & Network Neuroscience, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Systems & Network Neuroscience, Integrative Neurophysiology, and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)
- Subjects
Male ,genetic structures ,Computer science ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation (geometry) ,Premovement neuronal activity ,Computer vision ,Attention ,Object-based attention ,Research Articles ,education.field_of_study ,Brain Mapping ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,General Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Representation (systemics) ,180 000 Predictive Brain ,Top-down and bottom-up design ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Visual field ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,FMRI ,Visual Perception ,Female ,Cues ,Adult ,Population ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,medicine ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Visual cortex ,education ,Cued speech ,V1 ,Action, intention, and motor control ,business.industry ,Hemodynamics ,Object (computer science) ,Receptive field ,Space Perception ,Gestalt psychology ,Artificial intelligence ,Visual Fields ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Photic Stimulation - Abstract
What is selected when attention is directed to a specific location of the visual field? Theories of object-based attention have suggested that when spatial attention is directed to part of an object, attention does not simply enhance the attended location but automatically spreads to enhance all locations that comprise the object. Here, we tested this hypothesis by reconstructing the distribution of attention from primary visual cortex (V1) population neuronal activity patterns in 24 human adults (17 female) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and population-based receptive field (prf) mapping. We find that attention spreads from a spatially cued location to the underlying object, and enhances all spatial locations that comprise the object. Importantly, this spreading was also evident when the object was not task relevant. These data suggest that attentional selection automatically operates at an object level, facilitating the reconstruction of coherent objects from fragmented representations in early visual cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTObject perception is an astonishing feat of the visual system. When visual information about orientation, shape, and color enters through our eyes, it has yet to be integrated into a coherent representation of an object. But which visual features constitute a single object and which features belong to the background? The brain mechanisms underpinning object perception are yet to be understood. We now demonstrate that one candidate mechanism, the successive activation of all parts of an object, occurs in early visual cortex and results in a detailed representation of the object following Gestalt principles. Furthermore, our results suggest that object selection occurs automatically, without involving voluntary control.
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- 2020
39. Successor-like representation guides the prediction of future events in human visual cortex and hippocampus
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Matthias Ekman, Sarah Kusch, and Floris P de Lange
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General Immunology and Microbiology ,General Neuroscience ,General Medicine ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Abstract
Human agents build models of their environment, which enable them to anticipate and plan upcoming events. However, little is known about the properties of such predictive models. Recently, it has been proposed that hippocampal representations take the form of a predictive map-like structure, the so-called successor representation. Here we used human fMRI to probe whether activity in the early visual cortex (V1) and hippocampus adhere to the postulated properties of the successor representation after visual sequence learning. Participants were exposed to an arbitrary spatiotemporal sequence consisting of four items (A-B-C-D). We found that after repeated exposure to the sequence, merely presenting single sequence items (e.g., - B - -) resulted in V1 activation at the successor locations of the full sequence (e.g., C-D), but not at the predecessor locations (e.g., A). This highlights that visual representations are skewed toward future states, in line with the successor representation. Similar results were also found in the hippocampus. Moreover, the hippocampus developed a tuning profile that showed sensitivity to the temporal distance in sequence-space, with fading representations for sequence events in the more distant past and future. V1, in contrast, showed a tuning profile that was only sensitive to spatial distance in stimulus-space. Together, these results provide empirical evidence for the proposition that both visual and hippocampal cortex represent a predictive map of the visual world akin to the successor representation.
- Published
- 2022
40. Forward and backward blocking in statistical learning
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Ilayda Nazli, Ambra Ferrari, Christoph Huber-Huber, and Floris P. de Lange
- Abstract
Prediction errors have a prominent role in many forms of learning. For example, in reinforcement learning, agents learn by updating the association between states and outcomes as a function of the prediction error elicited by the event. One paradigm often used to study error-driven learning is blocking. In forward blocking, participants are first presented with stimulus A, followed by outcome X (A→X). In the second phase, A and B are presented together, followed by X (AB→X). Here, A→X blocks the formation of B→X, given that X is already fully predicted by A. In backward blocking, the order of phases is reversed. Here, the association between B and X that is formed during the first learning phase of AB→X is weakened when participants learn exclusively A→X in the second phase. The present study asked the question whether forward and backward blocking occur during visual statistical learning, the largely automatic and incidental learning of the statistical structure of the environment. In a series of studies, using both forward and backward blocking, we observed robust statistical learning of temporal associations among pairs of images. While we found no compelling evidence for forward blocking, we observed reliable backward blocking in visual statistical learning.
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- 2022
41. Probabilistic forward replay of anticipated stimulus sequences in human primary visual cortex and hippocampus
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Matthias Ekman, Giulia Gennari, and Floris P. de Lange
- Abstract
The ability to recognize and predict future spatiotemporal sequences is vital for perception. It has been proposed that the brain makes ‘intelligent guesses’ about future inputs by forward replaying these events. However, it is unknown whether and how this mechanism incorporates the probabilistic structure that is inherent to naturalistic environments. Here we tested forward replay in human V1 and hippocampus using a probabilistic cueing paradigm. Participants were exposed to two visual moving dot sequences (A and B) that shared the same starting point. Each stimulus sequence was paired with either a high or a low tone that predicted which sequence would follow with 80% cue validity (probabilistic context) or 50% cue validity (random context). We found that after exposure, the auditory cue together with the starting point triggered simultaneous forward replay of both the likely (A) and the less likely (B) stimulus sequence. Crucially, forward replay preserved the probabilistic relationship of the environment, such that the likely sequence was associated with greater anticipatory V1 activity compared to the less likely stimulus sequence. Analogous to V1, forward replay in hippocampus was also found to preserve the probabilistic cue-sequence relationship. Further, the anterior hippocampus was found to represent the predicted stimulus sequence, irrespective of the input, while the posterior hippocampus revealed a prediction error-like signal that was only observed when predictions were violated. These findings show how mnemonic and sensory areas coordinate predictive representations in probabilistic contexts to improve perceptual processing.
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- 2022
42. Seeing sounds: Neural mechanisms underlying auditory contributions to visual detection
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Alexis Pérez-Bellido, Eelke Spaak, and Floris P. de Lange
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genetic structures - Abstract
Sounds enhance the detection of visual stimuli while concurrently biasing an observer’s decisions. To investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie such multisensory interactions, we decoded time-resolved signal detection theory (SDT) sensitivity and criterion parameters from neural activity using magnetoencalography, while participants performed a visual detection task. Using temporal generalization analysis, we found that sounds improve visual detection by enhancing the maintenance of the most informative perceptual samples over time. In parallel, criterion decoding analyses revealed that sounds evoke patterns of activity that resembled the patterns evoked by an actual visual stimulus. These two complementary mechanisms of audiovisual interaction differed in terms of their automaticity: Whereas the sound-induced enhancement in visual information maintenance depended on participants being actively engaged in a detection task, sounds evoked visual activity patterns in the visual cortex in a bottom-up fashion, challenging the classical assumption that sound- induced reductions in criterion correspond to decision-level biases.
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- 2022
43. Reconstructing the predictive architecture of the mind and brain
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Floris P. de Lange, Lea-Maria Schmitt, and Micha Heilbron
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Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Action, intention, and motor control ,Artificial Intelligence ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Humans ,Brain ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,180 000 Predictive Brain - Abstract
Item does not contain fulltext Predictive processing has become an influential framework in cognitive neuroscience. However, it often lacks specificity and direct empirical support. How can we probe the nature and limits of the predictive brain? We highlight the potential of recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) for providing a richer and more computationally explicit test of this theory of cortical function. 2 p.
- Published
- 2022
44. A hierarchy of linguistic predictions during natural language comprehension
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Micha Heilbron, Kristijan Armeni, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen, Peter Hagoort, and Floris P. de Lange
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Multidisciplinary ,110 000 Neurocognition of Language ,Psycholinguistics ,Action, intention, and motor control ,Brain ,Linguistics ,180 000 Predictive Brain ,Semantics ,Language in Interaction ,Speech Perception ,Humans ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Comprehension ,340 000 Dynamic Connectivity ,Language - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 252589.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Theorists propose that the brain constantly generates implicit predictions that guide information processing. During language comprehension, such predictions have indeed been observed, but it remains disputed under which conditions and at which processing level these predictions occur. Here, we address both questions by analyzing brain recordings of participants listening to audiobooks, and using a deep neural network to quantify the predictions evoked by the story. We find that brain responses are continuously modulated by linguistic predictions. We observe predictions at the level of meaning, grammar, words, and speech sounds, and find that high-level predictions can inform low-level ones. These results establish the predictive nature of language processing, demonstrating that the brain spontaneously predicts upcoming language at multiple levels of abstraction. Understanding spoken language requires transforming ambiguous acoustic streams into a hierarchy of representations, from phonemes to meaning. It has been suggested that the brain uses prediction to guide the interpretation of incoming input. However, the role of prediction in language processing remains disputed, with disagreement about both the ubiquity and representational nature of predictions. Here, we address both issues by analyzing brain recordings of participants listening to audiobooks, and using a deep neural network (GPT-2) to precisely quantify contextual predictions. First, we establish that brain responses to words are modulated by ubiquitous predictions. Next, we disentangle model-based predictions into distinct dimensions, revealing dissociable neural signatures of predictions about syntactic category (parts of speech), phonemes, and semantics. Finally, we show that high-level (word) predictions inform low-level (phoneme) predictions, supporting hierarchical predictive processing. Together, these results underscore the ubiquity of prediction in language processing, showing that the brain spontaneously predicts upcoming language at multiple levels of abstraction. 12 p.
- Published
- 2022
45. Cortical activity during naturalistic music listening reflects short-range predictions based on long-term experience
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Pius Kern, Micha Heilbron, Floris P de Lange, and Eelke Spaak
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General Immunology and Microbiology ,Action, intention, and motor control ,General Neuroscience ,General Medicine ,180 000 Predictive Brain ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 285204.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Expectations shape our experience of music. However, the internal model upon which listeners form melodic expectations is still debated. Do expectations stem from Gestalt-like principles or statistical learning? If the latter, does long-term experience play an important role, or are short-term regularities sufficient? And finally, what length of context informs contextual expectations? To answer these questions, we presented human listeners with diverse naturalistic compositions from Western classical music, while recording neural activity using MEG. We quantified note-level melodic surprise and uncertainty using various computational models of music, including a state-of-the-art transformer neural network. A time-resolved regression analysis revealed that neural activity over fronto-temporal sensors tracked melodic surprise particularly around 200 ms and 300-500 ms after note onset. This neural surprise response was dissociated from sensory-acoustic and adaptation effects. Neural surprise was best predicted by computational models that incorporated long-term statistical learning - rather than by simple, Gestalt-like principles. Yet, intriguingly, the surprise reflected primarily short-range musical contexts of less than ten notes. We present a full replication of our novel MEG results in an openly available EEG dataset. Together, these results elucidate the internal model that shapes melodic predictions during naturalistic music listening. 31 p.
- Published
- 2022
46. Scene context impairs perception of semantically congruent objects
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Floris P. de Lange, Marius V. Peelen, and Eelke Spaak
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Predictive coding ,Action, intention, and motor control ,Mean squared prediction error ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Counterintuitive ,Recognition, Psychology ,180 000 Predictive Brain ,Stimulus (physiology) ,Impaired Perception ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Perception ,Reaction Time ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,Psychology ,Change detection ,Photic Stimulation ,General Psychology ,Cognitive psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Visual scene context is well-known to facilitate the recognition of scene-congruent objects. Interestingly, however, according to the influential theory of predictive coding, scene congruency should lead to reduced (rather than enhanced) processing of congruent objects, compared to incongruent ones, since congruent objects elicit reduced prediction error responses. We tested this counterintuitive hypothesis in two online behavioural experiments with human participants (N = 300). We found clear evidence for impaired perception of congruent objects, both in a change detection task measuring response times as well as in a bias-free object discrimination task measuring accuracy. Congruency costs were related to independent subjective congruency ratings. Finally, we show that the reported effects cannot be explained by low-level stimulus confounds, response biases, or top-down strategy. These results provide convincing evidence for perceptual congruency costs during scene viewing, in line with predictive coding theory.Statement of RelevanceThe theory of the ‘Bayesian brain’, the idea that our brain is a hypothesis-testing machine, has become very influential over the past decades. A particularly influential formulation is the theory of predictive coding. This theory entails that stimuli that are expected, for instance because of the context in which they appear, generate a weaker neural response than unexpected stimuli. Scene context correctly ‘predicts’ congruent scene elements, which should result in lower prediction error. Our study tests this important, counterintuitive, and hitherto not fully tested, hypothesis. We find clear evidence in favour of it, and demonstrate that these ‘congruency costs’ are indeed evident in perception, and not limited to one particular task setting or stimulus set. Since perception in the real world is never of isolated objects, but always of entire scenes, these findings are important not just for the Bayesian brain hypothesis, but for our understanding of real-world visual perception in general.
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- 2022
47. Temporal prediction elicits rhythmic preactivation of relevant sensory cortices
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Floris P. de Lange, Louise Catheryne Barne, Eelke Spaak, and André M. Cravo
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Cued speech ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Action, intention, and motor control ,General Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Magnetoencephalography ,Sensory system ,180 000 Predictive Brain ,Stimulus (physiology) ,Anticipation ,050105 experimental psychology ,Entrainment (biomusicology) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Rhythm ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Sensory cortex ,Cues ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 236285.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Being able to anticipate events before they happen facilitates stimulus processing. The anticipation of the contents of events is thought to be implemented by the elicitation of prestimulus templates in sensory cortex. In contrast, the anticipation of the timing of events is typically associated with entrainment of neural oscillations. It is so far unknown whether and in which conditions temporal expectations interact with feature-based expectations, and, consequently, whether entrainment modulates the generation of content-specific sensory templates. In this study, we investigated the role of temporal expectations in a sensory discrimination task. We presented participants with rhythmically interleaved visual and auditory streams of relevant and irrelevant stimuli while measuring neural activity using magnetoencephalography. We found no evidence that rhythmic stimulation induced prestimulus feature templates. However, we did observe clear anticipatory rhythmic preactivation of the relevant sensory cortices. This oscillatory activity peaked at behaviourally relevant, in-phase, intervals. Our results suggest that temporal expectations about stimulus features do not behave similarly to explicitly cued, nonrhythmic, expectations, yet elicit a distinct form of modality-specific preactivation. 16 p.
- Published
- 2022
48. Dynamic decoding of ongoing perception.
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Marcel van Gerven, Peter Kok, Floris P. de Lange, and Tom Heskes
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- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Mental Rotation Meets the Motion Aftereffect: The Role of hV5/MT+ in Visual Mental Imagery.
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Ruth Seurinck, Floris P. de Lange, Erik Achten, and Guy Vingerhoets
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- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Neural Decoding with Hierarchical Generative Models.
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Marcel van Gerven, Floris P. de Lange, and Tom Heskes
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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