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Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nativa is the property of Revista Nativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Os insetos parasitoides possuem grande importância ecológica e econômica, pois atuam como reguladores de populações de insetos fitófagos, controlando pragas florestais e agrícolas. No entanto, apesar da sua relevância, os parasitoides ainda podem ser considerados como pouco estudados na região Norte do Brasil. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho é registrar pela primeira vez a espécie Ceyxia pseudovillosa Andrade & Tavares, 2009 (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) no estado do Acre, oriunda de coleta por armadilha Malaise na terra indígena Puyanawa, Mâncio Lima, Acre. Este registro aumenta tanto o conhecimento acerca das espécies de Chalcididae ocorrentes no estado do Acre, bem como o conhecimento acerca da distribuição geográfica dessa espécie no Brasil.

Resumo Duas questões nortearam a pesquisa aqui descrita. Quais ações dos animais são percebidas por alunos de ensino médio? Até que ponto as ações percebidas contribuem para abordagens interdisciplinares no ensino de Biologia? As evidências vieram principalmente de questionários e entrevistas com alunos de escolas secundárias do entorno do grande e enigmático Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque, localizado no extremo norte do Brasil. No cenário, apresentado a partir das questões de pesquisa e dos enunciados dos alunos, conclui-se que as múltiplas ações dos animais representam variadas possibilidades de abordagens interdisciplinares no ensino de Biologia. Nesse cenário, por exemplo, as abelhas não possuem apenas a ação clássica de carregar o grão de pólen de uma flor a outra. Também há ações aproveitadas pelos humanos em áreas diversas. Valorizar as múltiplas ações dos animais pode levar as discussões no ensino de Biologia para áreas como a Geografia, o Direito Ambiental, a Filosofia e as Artes Visuais.

We investigated the seasonal and intra-annual variability of isoprene emissions in central Amazon using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN 2.1). For that, we used observational data of air temperature, solar radiation and leaf area index fractionated into age classes (new, growing, mature and senescing). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of air temperature and solar radiation on isoprene emissions. Our results showed that the highest isoprene fluxes were observed during the dry season and dry-wet transition, consistent with the variability of radiation and air temperature at the experimental site. However, such environmental factors cannot explain the variation of isoprene flux fully, suggesting that other agents (i.e. biological) may also be associated with the seasonal changes in isoprene emissions in central Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identify two nocturnal turbulence regimes at different heights above the Amazon Forest and their variation in relation to the proximity of the forest canopy. We analyzed fast response data measured at the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve in central Amazonia, Brazil, during September 2021 to January 2022. Our results show that the threshold wind speed that separate the weak turbulence regime from strong turbulence regime increased as a function of the distance above the canopy (43 m, 50 m, 75 m, 100 m, 127 m, 151 m e 172 m). However, at 196 m, 223 m, 247 m, 274 m e 298 m height the change of the turbulence regime occurred at the same threshold wind speed. In contrast, at 316 m we evidenced only situations where the turbulence was weak. This pattern indicated that the structure and roughness of dense forest affect the turbulence structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest is considered one of the world biodiversity hotspots, with high levels of endemism. Studies on the myxobiota of Atlantic Rainforest have been carried out mainly in the Northeast region of Brazil but the ground litter microhabitat has only been included in a few of these studies. This study aimed to record the composition and diversity of the myxobiota of the ground litter of Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve and to expanding the knowledge about the microbiota of Atlantic Rainforest. Samples of ground litter were collected at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season and 1,080 moist chambers were mounted. The identification of the specimens obtained were based on a morphological examination. Were obtained 86 specimens, identified, and registered in the UFP herbarium. Plasmodia and/or sporocarps were recorded in 23.7% of the moist chambers. The inventory resulted in 13 new records for Alagoas raising the number of known species in the state to 61. Perichaena longipes and Stemonitopsis gracilis are registered for the first time in Northeast Brazil and in the Atlantic Rainforest, Macbrideola spinosispora is the first record for Brazil and Licea sp. is likely a new taxon. A key to identify the species occurring in Alagoas is presented, as well as, distribution and comments of the species in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of water stress on long-term drought experiment in the forest (ESECAFLOR) and on the conversion of forest to agricultural area on soil microbiological attributes in the Caxiuanã National Forest. Four areas were selected, two of the drought experiment in the forest: control (Plot A) and exclusion of rainfall (Plot B); and two more: secondary forest (FS) and farm. Gravimetric humidity, carbon and nitrogen levels of microbial biomass (CBM and NBM), basal respiration (RB) were evaluated and the metabolic (qCO2) and microbial (qMIC) ratios were calculated. The areas presented, in general, had higher levels of CBM and NBM during the rainy season. The soil of the FS area presented higher values of moisture and higher values of CBM and NBM. The reduction of soil moisture in Plot B affected the microbial biomass mainly during the rainy season. The Plot B presented high values of RB and consequently qCO2. The microbiological indicators were sensitive to the changes in the edaphic environment provided by the long-term drought experiment in the forest and by the change in the form of land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A expansão e as mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra na parte sul da Amazônia ocidental estão vinculadas principalmente às atividades do extrativismo madeireiro sem regras de manejo e à produção agropecuária, que resultaram na conversão de florestas nativas, especialmente ao longo de cursos d’água. Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar a distribuição diamétrica de espécies florestais com maior índice de valor de importância da mata ciliar do Rio Acre, AC. O inventário florestal foi realizado em oito municípios cortados pelo Rio Acre, utilizando unidades amostrais com dois estágios (conglomerados) e técnicas de amostragem aleatória estratificada pela faixa marginal do Rio Acre. Foram instaladas 27 parcelas primárias, dentro das quais foram distribuídas quatro parcelas secundárias. Para estudo da classificação diamétrica, foram avaliadas as funções de densidade probabilística de Weibull 2 e 3 parâmetros pelo método da máxima verossimilhança. Pela análise gráfica, verificou-se que 86% das espécies analisadas apresentaram tendência de distribuição com assimetria positiva. A distribuição da função Weibull com dois parâmetros estimou melhor a frequência de espécies por classe de diâmetros. Diante da heterogeneidade das espécies, recomendam-se novas pesquisas para verificar se o comportamento da distribuição segue a mesma tendência.

Determining the relative risks of extinction of declining taxa is important to delineate conservation priorities and to guide the investments in conservation. Brazil concentrates the greatest number of endangered avian taxa on Earth, yet demographic information is lacking for most of them. Here we present distancesampling population density estimates for three endangered bird taxa endemic to the Pernambuco Endemism Center (PEC), the most critically disturbed Atlantic Forest region. The analyzed taxa were the White-shouldered Antshrike Thamnophilus aetiops distans (Endangered), the Brown-winged Mourner Schiffornis turdina intermedia (Vulnerable), and the White-bellied Tody-tyrant Hemitriccus griseipectus naumburgae (Vulnerable). The estimated numbers of individuals/ha in an approximately 1,000 ha forest fragment were 0.21, 0.14, and 0.73, respectively. Our findings corroborated the premise that even taxa classified in similar threat categories based on habitat characteristics alone can have different population densities and consequently, divergent risks of extinction. Although population densities can vary among fragments, the extrapolation of our data to the whole PEC confirmed the Vulnerable status of the Brown-winged Mourner, and indicated the Vulnerable and Least Concern categories for the White-shouldered Antshrike and for the White-bellied Tody-tyrant, suggesting that for the two later taxa, the current classifications (Endangered and Vulnerable) based on their Areas of Occupancy must prevail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estudos faunísticos têm sido realizados para prospectar a entomofauna de um determinado ecossistema e contribuir para relatórios de impacto ambiental. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar um levantamento da entomofauna noturna ocorrente em dois ambientes (Mata Ciliar e remanescente florestal) componentes do Igarapé Canela Fina, município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. As ordens Hemiptera, Hymenoptera e Blattodea (subordem Isoptera) foram consideradas dominantes nos dois ambientes, enquanto Diptera e Mantodea foram consideradas acidentais. De acordo com os índices de Shannon-Wiener e Simpson as áreas foram consideradas pouco diversas. Novos estudos mais duradouros são recomendados a fim de verificar o impacto antrópico, bem como a biodiversidade de insetos presentes nesse igarapé.

Algumas espécies de formigas atuam como controladoras de insetos herbívoros em plantas que em contrapartida, oferecem alimento produzido em glândulas denominadas nectários extraflorais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo levantar a riqueza e a composição de formigas e plantas que interagem através destas glândulas em um fragmento florestal localizado na APA Lago do Amapá, Acre, Brasil. Também objetivou avaliar estas associações a partir de uma abordagem de redes, na qual diferentes espécies de plantas e formigas são retratadas como nós e suas interações como ligações. Na região central do fragmento, foram realizadas amostragens destas interações em uma parcela de 6.250 m2. Posteriormente, para análise de rede, os dados foram sistematizados em uma matriz quantitativa (plantas × formigas), cujos elementos representam a frequência de associação de uma espécie de planta com uma espécie de formiga. No total, foram registradas 16 espécies de formigas, distribuídas em quatro subfamílias e nove gêneros, interagindo com 23 espécies de plantas, distribuídas em cinco famílias e oito gêneros. A rede de interação apresentou 77 interações, um padrão significativamente aninhado, e valores de tamanho de rede, especialização de rede e diversidade de interações muito similares a valores obtidos em estudos realizados em outras regiões de floresta tropical no Brasil. O resultado encontrado reforça um padrão característico destas interações, quando analisadas a partir de uma abordagem de redes.

Faunal studies have been conducted to prospect the entomofauna of a given ecosystem and contribute to environmental impact reports. The aim of this study was to conduct a survey of the nocturnal entomofauna occurring in two environments (Riparian Forest and forest remnant) of the Igarapé Canela Fina, municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre state, Brazil. The orders Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Blattodea (suborder Isoptera) were considered dominant in both environments, while Diptera, and Mantodea were considered incidental. According to Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices the areas were considered not very diverse. Further long-term studies are recommended in order to verify the anthropic impact as well as the biodiversity of insects present in this stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some ant species act as controllers of herbivorous insects in plants which, as a counterpart, offer food produced in glands called extrafloral nectaries. This work aimed to survey the richness and composition of ant and plant species that interact through these glands in a forest fragment located in APA Lago do Amapá, Acre, Brazil. It also aimed to evaluate these associations through a network approach, in which different ant and plant species are represented as nodes and their interactions as links. In the central region of the fragment, sampling was carried out in a plot of 6,250 m2. Subsequently, to analyze the network, the data were systematized in a quantitative matrix (plants × ants), whose elements represent the frequency of association between a plant species and an ant species. In total, 16 ant species were recorded, distributed in four subfamilies and nine genera, interacting with 23 plant species, distributed in five families and eight genera. The interaction network presented 77 interactions, a significantly nested pattern, and values of network size, network specialization and diversity of interactions very similar to values obtained in studies carried out in other tropical forest regions in Brazil. The results reinforce a characteristic pattern of these interactions, when analyzed from a network approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Because global climate change results in increasingly extreme temperatures and more frequent droughts, behavioral thermoregulation is one avenue by which species may adjust. Changes in activity patterns in response to temperature have been observed in a number of mammal species, but rarely have been investigated in humid tropical habitats. Here we examine the relationship between activity patterns and microclimate temperatures for white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari , Tayassuidae, Cetartiodactyla) in four distinct biomes—the Cerrado, the Pantanal, the Atlantic Forest, and the Amazon. From 2013 to 2017, we monitored 30 white-lipped peccaries fitted with GPS collars that included accelerometers and temperature sensors. White-lipped peccaries were primarily diurnal, with peaks of activity in the morning and late afternoon, except in the Amazon where activity was high throughout the day. Total time active did not vary seasonally. White-lipped peccaries were significantly less likely to be active as temperatures increased, with the probability of being active decreasing by >49% in all biomes between 30 and 40°C. Our findings indicate that white-lipped peccaries are likely to be adversely impacted by rising temperatures, through being forced to reduce foraging time during their prime active periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Os relatórios do Painel Intergovernamental Sobre Mudanças Climáticas constantemente divulgam a possibilidade de que a ocorrência de extremos climáticos seja maior nos próximos anos. A Região Amazônica tem experimentado esses eventos com frequência, o que tem contribuído para que mais estudos acerca de sua susceptibilidade sejam realizados. Esse estudo objetivou identificar a resposta do microclima às secas de 2005 e 2010 em áreas de floresta nativa e de pastagem na Amazônia Ocidental por meio da análise da umidade específica do ar, temperatura do ar e saldo de radiação. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de torres pertencentes ao Programa de Grande Escala da Biosfera-Atmosfera na Amazônia. Os resultados indicam que nos anos estudados houveram alterações significativas nas variáveis estudadas em ambos os sítios, com reduções de aproximadamente 16% na umidade específica e aumentos de até 3,76% na temperatura. Entretanto, os efeitos da seca de 2010 podem ter sido amenizados na floresta devido ao evento ser precedido por um evento extremo de cheia (2009). Os resultados evidenciam o quanto a conversão de áreas de floresta para pastagem, aliado aos eventos extremos, pode interferir nas variáveis meteorológicas, sendo imprescindível o contínuo estudo dessa dinâmica para que as implicações microclimáticas sejam elucidadas.

A mitigação de mudanças climáticas e preservação de ecossistemas depende da redução do desmatamento e degradação de florestas tropicais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar imagens de radar, ópticas e termais para identificar desmatamentos por corte raso no período de 2016 a 2018 em uma área localizada no arco de desmatamento da Amazônia. Foram utilizadas imagens de radar em bandas X (satélite COSMO-SkyMed) e C (satélite SENTINEL-1A), índices de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), índices de umidade por diferença normalizada (NDMI) e temperaturas da superfície terrestre (LST) (satélite Landsat-8). As áreas com evidências de antropismo mapeadas com base nas imagens do satélite COSMO-SkyMed no município de Novo Progresso (PA), período de 2016 a 2018, foram utilizadas como máscara inicial. Imagens de radar identificaram, com boa precisão relativa, as épocas e as áreas de desmatamento. NDVI e NDMI evidenciaram, respectivamente, quedas nas atividades fotossintéticas e nos níveis de biomassa nas áreas de desmatamento identificadas. Já a LST foi mais elevada nas áreas de rebrota em relação à vegetação densa. A análise do potencial de imagens de radar, ópticos e termais mostrou elevada relevância na detecção de desmatamento por corte raso em ambiente florestal úmido

Biomass and wood volume estimates in forest ecosystems are fundamental to a variety of studies focusing at forest dynamics. These estimates are usually carried out through forest inventory techniques which rely upon statistical computations. This work aims at providing a new methodological approach to forest inventory processing when data is georeferenced. Specifically, geostatistical modelling is performed through ordinary cokriging using tree basal area and tree richness as a cofactor in an Amazonian rainforest site. The spatial interpolation provided the tools for the creation of two disjoint forest strata, which are processed following the principles of Stratified Forest Inventory. The spatially stratified forest inventory processing has shown a 14.29% decrease in error as directly compared to simple random sampling processing. Only two strata have been used following spatial interpolation, albeit it is argued that theoretically any number of them could be generated. The procedure is methodologically feasible and offers a framework to future research on its development and reach. Particularly, the geometries of forest strata and the behavior of spatial interpolation along a gradient of forest vertical structures are of potential interest in future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apesar da reconhecida importância da Mata Atlântica, há uma escassez de estudos utilizando o sensoriamento remoto como ferramenta para identificação e classificação dos diferentes estágios sucessionais de seus remanescentes florestais. Neste estudo comparamos o desempenho de diferentes métodos para classificação de estágio sucessional e investigamos a existência de sazonalidade na resposta espectral de uma floresta tropical densa na Mata Atlântica. Usamos amostras de treinamento de três estágios sucessionais obtidas a partir de uma ortofoto de 2010 e selecionamos imagens Landsat 5 TM para os anos de 2009, 2010 e 2011, considerando os meses de maiores e menores médias históricas de temperatura e precipitação. Para avaliação da sazonalidade da resposta espectral usamos o teste de Mann-Whitney, comparando cada banda do espectro eletromagnético e estágios sucessionais entre as épocas de aquisição das imagens. Para classificação da cobertura vegetal usamos três Índices de vegetação (NDVI, EVI e NDMI) e Análise Discriminante Quadrática (QDA). Comparamos a acurácia dos classificadores a partir de matrizes de validação cruzada. Nossos resultados mostram diferenças significativas entre os estágios sucessionais para todas as bandas espectrais, com melhor distinção na época de menores temperaturas e precipitação. QDA foi o classificador com maior acerto global (92%), seguido por NDMI (68%), NDVI (67%) e EVI (59%). Concluímos que QDA é, dentre os classificadores avaliados, o mais eficiente para classificação sucessional da floresta e que imagens obtidas em época de menor precipitação e temperatura geram uma melhor distinção entre estágios sucessionais para essa fisionomia florestal.

The present study aims to document the community composition, abundance, and species richness of saprophytic fly species (Mesembrinellidae, Neriidae, Ropalomeridae, and Sarcophagidae) of the Volta Grande region of the Xingu River, a poorly sampled area impacted by the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam. Five collecting trips were carried out between 2014 and 2016, when traps baited with fermenting bananas were used. A total of 154 specimens, three genera, and six species were collected of Mesembrinellidae; 196 specimens, three genera, and seven species of Neriidae; 272 specimens, three genera, and six species of Ropalomeridae; and 624 specimens, 22 species and 10 genera of Sarcophagidae. Species accumulation curves for all families except Sarcophagidae demonstrated a strong tendency towards stabilization, showing that sampling efforts were sufficient to record most of the targeted species. Laneela perisi (Mariluis, 1987) (Mesembrinellidae) is a new record for the state of Pará. Among Ropalomeridae, Apophorhynchus amazonensis Prado, 1966, is a new record for Pará. Among Sarcophagidae, Helicobia aurescens (Townsend, 1927) is newly recorded from the Brazilian Amazon, and Ravinia effrenata (Walker, 1861) and Titanogrypa larvicida (Lopes, 1935) are new records for Pará. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest global threats to biodiversity is habitat loss. In the 20th century, deforestation increased in the tropical domain, the most biodiverse area on the planet. The main strategy in the protection of natural habitats has been the creation of protected areas. One of the ways to assess the effectiveness of protected areas is by monitoring the original coverage. This article aimed to compare deforestation between categories of protected areas and a sample of unprotected areas of Legal Amazon in 2017. It was found that 45.2% of the Legal Amazon territory is in protected areas: 23.0% in indigenous lands, 7.7% in full protection conservation units, and 14.5% in sustainable use conservation units. It was also verified that 20% of the forest areas of the Legal Amazon had been deforested until 2017. Statistical analyses of deforestation values led to the formation of two sets. Set 1, effective in containing deforestation: indigenous lands (11.4% deforested); full protection conservation units (16.9% deforested); sustainable use conservation units, category 1 - Sustainable Development Reserve, Extractive Reserve and Government Forest (10.4% deforested). Set 2, without effectivity in containing deforestation: sustainable use conservation units, category 2 - Environmental Protection Area, Area of Relevant Ecological Interest and Private Natural Heritage Reserve (35.8% deforested); Non-Protected Area (38.0% deforested). In the effective protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Legal Amazon, it is recommended to create full protection conservation units. Alternately, sustainable use conservation units, category 1 (public lands), or indigenous territories should be created because they are essential for conserving the sociocultural diversity of the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O objetivo desse estudo foi ampliar o conhecimento sobre o parasitismo de carrapatos em aves silvestres na Amazônia Ocidental e fornecer registros adicionais de espécies de aves parasitadas por carrapatos no Estado do Acre. As aves foram capturadas com redes de neblina, durante os meses de setembro de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017 na Fazenda Experimental Catuaba, Senador Guiomard, Acre, identificadas e inspecionadas minuciosamente. Os carrapatos detectados foram removidos com auxílio de pinça e armazenados em coletores etiquetados, contendo álcool a 70% e identificados utilizando estereomicroscópio com iluminação incidente e chaves taxonômicas, no Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. No total, 203 aves silvestres foram capturadas, compreendendo nove ordens e 24 famílias. Destas, 24 aves (11,82%), pertencentes à 13 espécies estavam parasitadas por 44 carrapatos em diferentes estágios: 26 larvas de Amblyomma sp., 10 ninfas de Amblyomma nodosum, quatro ninfas de Amblyomma longirostre e quatro ninfas de Amblyomma humerale. O presente estudo relata, pela primeira vez, nove novas espécies de aves como hospedeiras de carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma no Estado do Acre: Monasa nigrifrons, Hypocnemis subflava, Dendrocincla fuliginosa, Sittasomus griseicapillus, Xiphorhynchus guttatoides, Poecilotriccus latirostris, Hemitriccus flammulatus, Ramphotrigon megacephalum e Turdus amaurochalinus. O presente trabalho, registra pela primeira vez os carrapatos A. nodosum parasitando R. megacephalum e A. humerale parasitando Momotus momota, S. griseicapillus e X. guttatoides.

A floresta Amazônica apresenta espécies de elevado potencial para exploração sustentável de madeira, entretanto, para que sejam exploradas, há a necessidade de informações para estimativas precisas de seu volume de madeira. Assim, com a hipótese de que volumes estimados por diferentes métodos e os obtidos pela cubagem rigorosa são estatisticamente iguais entre si, este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar estimativas volumétricas obtidas através do fator de forma, modelos volumétricos e modelo de afilamento para cinco espécies comerciais da floresta amazônica. Foram cubadas 449 árvores pelo método de Smalian para desenvolvimento do fator de forma e ajuste das equações volumétricas e de afilamento. Foi utilizado o delineamento blocos ao acaso, onde cada espécie foi considerada como um bloco e cada método de obtenção volumétrica compôs um tratamento. Foi aplicada a análise de variância para verificar a existência de diferença significativa entre os tratamentos e entre os blocos, seguida do teste de Tukey para o nível crítico . Entre os modelos ajustados, o de Schumacher-Hall foi o que apresentou maior precisão para estimar o volume. O fator de forma médio estimado é 0,73. Não houve diferenças estatísticas na estimativa do volume utilizando os diferentes métodos, contudo, recomenda-se utilizar o modelo de simples entrada, pois a altura para espécies amazônicas é de difícil obtenção, fazendo deste método o mais prático.

The objective of the research was to determine the natural durability in ten timber species from secondary and primary residual forests in the Ucayali region, Perú, from infection with two xylophagous fungi Pycnoporus sanguineus (which causes whiterot) and Lenzytes erubencens (causal agent of brown rot). The wood samples analyzed were: Apeiba membranácea, Apuleia molaris, Brosimun utile, Croton matourensis, Jacaranda copaia, Matisia cordata, Septotheca tessmannii, Schizolobium amazonicum, Simauroma amara, Terminalia oblonga; powered by two xylophagous fungi, which were treated at the carpentry of the National University of Ucayali. The analysis of the study was experimental, according to the guidelines of the ASTM D 2017-81 Standard, under in vitro conditions of the treated material. Once the range of the species rot index was achieved, the average per species of xylophagous fungus, the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation and the confidence parameters were calculated in accordance with COPANT in 1974. The results established the relation among xylophagous fungi species and the height of the trunk, both as a function of natural durability. It was concluded, according to the type of risk, the management that could be given to the studied woods and the recommendations for the correct use of vulnerable woods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid land-use/land cover changes (LULCC) have led to habitat loss and fragmentation in the natural forest areas, which are mainly due to the intense and rapid expansion of urban areas and intense agricultural management. These processes are strongly threatening biodiversity maintenance and the ecosystem services provided by them. Among the ecosystem services under threat, pollination has been widely studied since this service is essential to promote food production and, therefore, human well-being. In a scenario of increasing LULCC it is crucial to understand the interplay between these changes, pollination demand by insect-dependent crops and pollinator availability to ensure these ecosystem services meet the increased demand for food production. In this study, we developed a conceptual model to disentangle the relationships between human-nature, especially LULCC, and its consequences, to the delivery of pollination service. We also presented a case study in the Brazilian São Paulo state, where we modeled the effects of predicted LULCC associated to agriculture expansion between the years 2012 and 2030 on pollinator demand by crops and pollinator supply, for fourteen economically important crops. Additionally, we systematized an expert-based Ecosystem Service matrix to estimate the influences of LULCC on the provision of pollination. Our results showed that by 2030, the demand for pollination will increase by 40% on average, while pollinator supply, estimated using suitability values for the different land-use/cover classes, will show, on average, a 3% decrease. Our results highlight the importance of considering the dialogue among stakeholders, governments, institutions, and scientists to find alternatives and strategies to promote pollinator-friendly practices and safeguard the provision of pollination services in a future under LULCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The enigmatic beetle tribe Nototylini (Carabidae) is revised and a key to species is provided. Two species from South America are included in the genus. One species, Nototylus fryi (Schaum), is reviewed and a second, Nototylus balli Erwin & Kavanaugh, sp. nov., is described as new. Each species is known from a single specimen, neither of which is in good condition. The possible function of what appears to be a unique antennal grooming structure on the front femur is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical forests are one of the most important ecosystems and loss of biological diversity in these is a major concern. We studied seven forest remnants on the coast of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, three medium-sized (24–63 ha) and four small (5–11 ha), to assess the influence of size, degree of disturbance and isolation on composition and diversity of the tree layer. A total of 443 species in 60 families and 185 genera were recorded, with Myrtaceae, Lauraceae and Fabaceae being the most species-rich families. The results showed areas of high α-diversity (α= 34.86–75.69) and a slightly greater decline of similarity with distance between the study areas. Remnant size not explained the variation in the species composition and we found correlation between the level of disturbance and the floristic composition. The remnants had low floristic similarity, strongly influenced by the degree of disturbance. Results suggest that disturbance influences composition and diversity and confirm the importance of including both medium-sized and small remnants in the conservation of tropical forest diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Pensamiento Americano is the property of Corporacion Universitaria Americana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario do Instituto de Geociencias is the property of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Geociencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Apesar da importância socioeconômica para a Amazônia, o conhecimento sobre os fatores que influenciam a produção de frutos e sementes da castanheira-do-brasil ainda é incipiente. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a influência da precipitação e textura, alagamento e profundidade do solo na produção de sementes. Os dados foram coletados em árvores nativas monitoradas em parcelas permanentes de 9 ha (300 m x 300 m) no município de Caracaraí, RR, por cinco anos. Utilizamos a correlação de Pearson para selecionar o período de precipitação e concluímos que a precipitação do mês de setembro mostrou-se positivamente correlacionada com a produção de frutos. As variáveis de solos foram avaliadas por ANOVA. Observamos que maiores precipitações no mês de setembro, mês de transição entre a estação seca e chuvosa, se correlacionaram de forma significativa e positiva com a produção de sementes. Árvores em solos profundos e com textura franco-argilosa mostraram maior produção de sementes do que aquelas em solos pouco profundos.

The Atlantic Forest is an important biome formed by different phytophysionomy and is considered a hot spot of biodiversity. Some parts of the biome has received more attention in recent studies but few articles has stood out in the physiognomy of nebular forest, especially in peri-urban forests. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil fertility and litterfall production and decomposition in a peri-urban forest of São Paulo city, Brazil. The studied area is located at the Curucutu nucleus, at the State Park of Serra do Mar, southern of São Paulo city. The phytofisignomy is characterized by dense broadleaf vegetation in a nebular forest. Five different points were selected in 1 ha plot to collect soil samples at 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm depths to analyze physicochemical properties. For analysing litterfall production 20 litter traps were randomly distributed in the plot. After collected, the material was dried and weighted. For decomposition, sixty litter bags were randomly placed on the soil and 12 of them were monthly collected to assess the biomass loss. The results indicated low nutrient availability and high values of aluminum in the soil due to extremely acidic conditions. The soil C:N, C:P and P:N ratios showed an inefficiency in nutrient cycling probably due to the slow decomposition rate, which probably contributed to low availability of nutrients. Litterfall production reached the amount of 6.4 Mg ha-1 year-1 with the highest production during the spring and summer. The litter bags methodology confirmed the lower decomposition rates and the time to decompose 50% and 95% of the material was higher than the expected for fragments of the Atlantic forests. The low values of macro and micronutrients verified, associated with the acidity and the presence of toxic element, affect the fertility of the soil at the Curucutu, resulting in nutritional deficiencies to the existing vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O fogo é um dos principais causadores de degradação nos ecossistemas Amazônicos, sendo amplamente utilizado para o manejo e transformação da cobertura da terra em diferentes usos. A sua utilização indiscriminada torna os ambientes afetados mais vulneráveis a impactos climáticos e antrópicos. Durante a queima, a combustão do material orgânico libera o gás dióxido de carbono (CO2), principal responsável pelo efeito estufa. Embora o seu controle seja de extrema relevância, há muitas incertezas associadas às ferramentas de detecção e mapeamento de áreas queimadas por meio de sensoriamento remoto. Uma das mais difundidas abordagens utilizadas para o mapeamento de queimadas na Amazônia Brasileira é o Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral (MLME), baseado na resposta espectral de alvos puros. Este trabalho analisou o desempenho da integração do algoritmo Fmask aplicado ao MLME, uma vez que o algoritmo Fmask pode refinar os dados gerados pelo MLME. Foram testadas imagens do sensor Operational Land Imager (OLI - Landsat 8) e do sensor Multispectral Instrument (MSI - Sentinel-2A) em coberturas de Floresta e Não Floresta para subsidiar a detecção de áreas queimadas. A área de estudo está localizada no sul do estado do Pará, no bioma Amazônia. Os resultados apresentaram uma exatidão global acima de 99% para o mapeamento gerado a partir do refinamento dos dados do MLME pelo Fmask em ambos os sensores. A acurácia do produtor foi acima de 97%, enquanto que a acurácia do usuário foi entre 77,54% e 95%. O resultado do índice Kappa no mapeamento via Fmask na imagem do sensor OLI para áreas de cobertura de Floresta e Não Floresta foi de 0,93, e 0,97, respectivamente. Para o sensor MSI, os resultados do índice Kappa para as duas classes foram 0,87 e 0,88, respectivamente. A integração do algoritmo Fmask ao MLME possibilitou diminuir o tempo de processamento dos dados com alta acurácia nos resultados finais. Esta abordagem se apresenta como uma potencial ferramenta de automatização do refinamento do mapeamento de áreas queimadas na Amazônia Brasileira podendo ser aplicada inclusive em uma perspectiva de multi-sensores.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to analyze the production and decomposition of litterfall in a fragment of secondary Atlantic forest in the region of Ibiúna, SP, from April 2012 to March 2013. The litterfall production was estimated by 30 collectors distributed randomly in an area of 1000 m2, where the deposited material was collected every 15 days. The decomposition of litterfall was estimated through the mass loss in the period of study. After collecting, the material was dried in an oven at 65 °C for seven days to achieve a constant weight. The decomposition constant k was obteined according to Shanks and Oslon (1961) and the time for 50% and 95% of decomposition was estimated. It was found a higher litterfall production in October (454.3 kg ha-1) and lower production in July (164.9 kg ha-1), with a total amount produced of 3.5 Mg ha-1 year-1. A delay of one month in the precipitation and relative humidity showed great influence in the litter production during the study. The decomposition rate (k) was 3.1 and the time to decompose 50% of the material was estimated in 2 and ½ months and for 95% of the litterfall the time was estimated in 11 and ½ months. The production and decomposition values of this work are within the range found in other sites of secondary tropical forests.

Natural processes that determine soil and plant litter properties are controlled by multiple factors. However, little attention has been given to distinguishing the effects of environmental factors from the effects of spatial structure of the area on the distribution of soil and litter properties in tropical ecosystems covering heterogeneous topographies. The aim of this study was to assess patterns of soil and litter variation in a tropical area that intercepts different levels of solar radiation throughout the year since its topography has slopes predominantly facing opposing geographic directions. Soil data (pH, C, N, P, H+Al, Ca, Mg, K, Al, Na, sand, and silt) and plant litter data (N, K, Ca, P, and Mg) were gathered together with the geographic coordinates (to model the spatial structure) of 40 sampling units established at two sites composed of slopes predominantly facing northwest and southeast (20 units each). Soil and litter chemical properties varied more among slopes within similar geographic orientations than between the slopes facing opposing directions. Both the incident solar radiation and the spatial structure of the area were relevant in explaining the patterns detected in variation of soil and plant litter. Individual contributions of incident solar radiation to explain the variation in the properties evaluated suggested that this and other environmental factors may play a particularly relevant role in determining soil and plant litter distribution in tropical areas with heterogeneous topography. Furthermore, this study corroborates that the spatial structure of the area also plays an important role in the distribution of soil and litter within this type of landscape, which appears to be consistent with the action of water movement mechanisms in such areas.

Under field conditions in the Amazon forest, soil bulk density is difficult to measure. Rigorous methodological criteria must be applied to obtain reliable inventories of C stocks and soil nutrients, making this process expensive and sometimes unfeasible. This study aimed to generate models to estimate soil bulk density based on parameters that can be easily and reliably measured in the field and that are available in many soil-related inventories. Stepwise regression models to predict bulk density were developed using data on soil C content, clay content and pH in water from 140 permanent plots in terra firme (upland) forests near Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. The model results were interpreted according to the coefficient of determination (R2) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) and were validated with a dataset consisting of 125 plots different from those used to generate the models. The model with best performance in estimating soil bulk density under the conditions of this study included clay content and pH in water as independent variables and had R2 = 0.73 and AIC = -250.29. The performance of this model for predicting soil density was compared with that of models from the literature. The results showed that the locally calibrated equation was the most accurate for estimating soil bulk density for upland forests in the Manaus region.