Search

This paper investigates the historical sources of soil-lead contamination in Santa Ana, California. Even though dangerous levels of soil-lead have been found in a wide variety of communities across the United States, public health institutions lack clarity on the historical origins of these crises. This study uses geo-spatial data collected through archival research to estimate the impact of two potential sources of lead contamination in the past -- lead-paint and leaded gasoline. It examines, through a combination of statistical and historical methods, the association between lead concentrations in contemporary soil samples and patterns in the evolution of the city's physical features, such as the growth of urbanized areas and the historical flow of traffic. We emphasize the value of historical data collected through archival research for understanding the sources of environmental lead, particularly leaded gasoline, which our study found to be the most likely and most prominent contributor to soil-lead in Santa Ana's environment. This research contributes to environmental-justice advocacy efforts to reframe lead poisoning as a systemic environmental issue and outlines the path forward to community-level remediation strategies.

Lead (Pb) is an environmental neurotoxicant that has been associated with a wide range of adverse health conditions, and which originates from both anthropogenic and natural sources. In California, the city of Santa Ana represents an urban environment where elevated soil lead levels have been recently reported across many disadvantaged communities. In this study, we pursued a community-engaged research approach through which trained "citizen scientists" from the surrounding Santa Ana community volunteered to collect soil samples for heavy metal testing, a subset of which (n = 129) were subjected to Pb isotopic analysis in order to help determine whether contamination could be traced to specific and/or anthropogenic sources. Results showed the average 206Pb/204Pb ratio in shallow soil samples to be lower on average than deep samples, consistent with shallow samples being more likely to have experienced historical anthropogenic contamination. An analysis of soil Pb enrichment factors (EFs) demonstrated a strong positive correlation with lead concentrations, reinforcing the likelihood of elevated lead levels being due to anthropogenic activity, while EF values plotted against 206Pb/204Pb pointed to traffic-related emissions as a likely source. 206Pb/204Pb ratios for samples collected near historical urban areas were lower than the averages for samples collected elsewhere, and plots of 206Pb/204Pb against 206Pb/207 showed historical areas to exhibit very similar patterns to those of shallow samples, again suggesting lead contamination to be anthropogenic in origin, and likely from vehicle emissions. This study lends added weight to the need for health officials and elected representatives to respond to community concerns and the need for soil remediation to equitably protect the public.

This paper discusses student perception of the academic climate of the School of Business in a private university in Tijuana, México. With the participation of 257 students out of 348 enrolled in five academic programs, the survey results show that students perceive that the criteria that make up the academic climate occur "Always" in 18%; 78% of the criteria occur "Frequently" 2% of the aspects takes place "Sometimes" and another 2% of the criteria occurs "Never". There was a significant difference among the results of the nine semesters, while no significant differences were found between the results of the five academic programs and gender analysis. This paper provides information to higher education academic leaders for the design of educational quality improvement strategic actions.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: La invaginación basilar es una malformación compleja de la unión cráneo cervical donde no se ha llegado a consensos de tratamiento y el enforque terapéutico debe individualizarce según el caso y las variantes anatómicas asociadas. En los casos más graves un adecuado enfoque terapéutico pude determinar regresión importante o total de la sintomatología neurológica. Objetivos: El objetivo de esta revisión es llegar al análisis de los algoritmos de tratamiento en base a una comprensión adecuada de la anatomía, variantes anatómicas y conceptualización lo más cercana posible al diagnóstico más correcto para la aplicación del mejor método de tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una consulta bibliográfica de los principales trabajos existentes sobre malformaciones de la unión craneocervicales colocando el énfasis en el diagnóstico anatomo morfológico, biomecánica y fisiología y radiológico. Conclusión: La adecuada conceptualización y clasificación de la patología permite tomar como marco referencial para el tratamiento con los algoritmos propuestos por Goel y Sonntag. Sin embargo, cada paciente tiene características individuales y el concepto en sí constituye un continuo de malformaciones que deberán ser resueltas por diferentes vías quirúrgicas, en diferentes tiempos si es necesario y apoyado en las diferentes tecnologías de apoyo actual como neuronavegación y seguimiento neurofisiológico trans operatorio. Palabras clave: Invaginación basilar, Malformación ósea craneo-cervical. Introduction: Basilar invagination is a complex malformation of the cervicalcranial junction where tratment consensus has not been reached and the therapeutic approach must be individualized depending on the case and the associated anatomical variants. In the most severe cases, an adecuate therapeutic approach could determine significant or total regression of neurological symptoms, arrive at the analysis of the treatment algorithms based on an adecuate understanding of the anatomy, anatomycal variants and conceptualization as close as possible to the most correct diagnosis for the application of the best treatment method. Methods: A literature review of the main existing works on malformations of the craniocervical junction was made, placing emphasis on anatomical and morphological diagnosis, biomechanics and physiology and radiological findings. Conclusion: The adequate conceptualization and classification of the pathology allows to take as a reference framework for the treatment with the algorithms proposed by Goel and Sonntag. However, each patient has individual characteristics and the concept in itself constitutes a continuum of malformations that must be resolved by different surgical routes, in different times if necessary and supported by different currentsuport technologies such as neuronavigation and trans neurophysiological monitoring operative. Key words: Basilar invagination, skull-cervical osseous malformation., Introducción La invaginación basilar es una malformación importante en el capítulo de las anormalidades cráneo vertebrales. La asociación con malformación de Chiari y siringomielia es muy frecuente. Es importante una [...]