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2. Odours of cancerous mouse congeners: detection and attractiveness

Author

Flora Gouzerh, Bruno Buatois, Maxime R. Hervé, Maicol Mancini, Antonio Maraver, Laurent Dormont, Frédéric Thomas, and Guila Ganem

Subjects
body odours, odour discrimination, female preference, volatile organic compounds, lung cancer, mus musculus domesticus, egfr oncogenic mutation, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Chemical communication plays a major role in social interactions. Cancer, by inducing changes in body odours, may alter interactions between individuals. In the framework of research targeting non-invasive methods to detect early stages of cancer development, this study asked whether untrained mice could detect odour changes in cancerous congeners. If yes, were they able to detect cancer at an early developmental stage? Did it influence female preference? Did variations in volatile organic components of the odour source paralleled mice behavioural responses? We used transgenic mice strains developing or not lung cancer upon antibiotic ingestion. We sampled soiled bedding of cancerous mice (CC) and not cancerous mice (NC), at three experimental conditions: before (T0), early stage (T2) and late stage (T12) of cancer development. Habituation/generalisation and two-way preference tests were performed where soiled beddings of CC and NC mice were presented to wild-derived mice. The composition and relative concentration of volatile organic components (VOC) in the two stimuli types were analysed. Females did not show directional preference at any of the experimental conditions, suggesting that cancer did not influence their choice behaviour. Males did not discriminate between CC and NC stimuli at T0 but did so at T2 and T12, indicating that wild-derived mice could detect cancer at an early stage of development. Finally, although the VOC bouquet differed between CC and NC it did not seem to parallel the observed behavioural response suggesting that other types of odorant components might be involved in behavioural discrimination between CC and NC mice.

Published
2022
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3. Rare and unique adaptations to cancer in domesticated species: An untapped resource?

Author

Frédéric Thomas, Mathieu Giraudeau, Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Flora Gouzerh, Justine Boutry, Christa Beckmann, Peter A. Biro, Rodrigo Hamede, Jerome Abadie, Sophie Labrut, Margaux Bieuville, Dorothée Misse, Georgina Bramwell, Aaron Schultz, Guillaume Le Loc'h, Orsolya Vincze, Benjamin Roche, François Renaud, Tracey Russell, and Beata Ujvari

Subjects
cancer, domestication, domestication syndrome, evolution, evolutionary mismatch, selection, Evolution, QH359-425
Abstract

Abstract Strong and ongoing artificial selection in domestic animals has resulted in amazing phenotypic responses that benefit humans, but often at a cost to an animal's health, and problems related to inbreeding depression, including a higher incidence of cancer. Despite high rates of cancer in domesticated species, little attention has been devoted to exploring the hypothesis that persistent artificial selection may also favour the evolution of compensatory anticancer defences. Indeed, there is evidence for effective anti‐cancer defences found in several domesticated species associated with different cancer types. We also suggest that artificial selection can favour the “domestication” of inherited oncogenic mutations in rare instances, retaining those associated to late and/or less aggressive cancers, and that by studying these seemingly rare anticancer adaptations, novel cancer treatments may be found.

Published
2020
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4. Rare and unique adaptations to cancer in domesticated species: An untapped resource?

Author

Dorothée Missé, Georgina Bramwell, Aaron G. Schultz, Margaux Bieuville, Beata Ujvari, Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Jérôme Abadie, Péter Biró, Sophie Labrut, Tracey Russell, Flora Gouzerh, Justine Boutry, François Renaud, Orsolya Vincze, Rodrigo Hamede, Guillaume Le Loc'h, Mathieu Giraudeau, Benjamin Roche, Frédéric Thomas, Christa Beckmann, Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer (CREEC), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Unité de modélisation mathématique et informatique des systèmes complexes [Bondy] (UMMISCO), Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Universtié Yaoundé 1 [Cameroun]-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer (MIVEGEC-CREEC), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia, Deakin University [Burwood], Western Sydney University, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Animaux modèles pour la recherche en oncologie comparée (AMaROC), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology [Cluj‑Napoca, Romania], Babes-Bolyai University [Cluj-Napoca] (UBB), MTA Centre for Ecological Research [Tihany], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord])-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Université de Yaoundé I-Sorbonne Université (SU), The University of Sydney, This work was supported by an ARC Linkage (LP170101105), Deakin SEBE_RGS_2019, an ANR TRANSCAN (ANR-18-CE35-0009) and a CNRS 'International Associated Laboratory Grant.' Support was also provided by the Rotary Club Les Sables d’Olonne to FT. OV is supported by the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation (PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0404), by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and by the New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Innovation and Technology (ÚNKP-19-4-DE-538)., ANR-18-CE35-0009,TRANSCAN,ECOLOGIE ET EVOLUTION DES CANCERS TRANSMISSIBLES(2018), École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Université de Yaoundé I-Institut de la francophonie pour l'informatique-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Université Gaston Bergé (Saint-Louis, Sénégal)-Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord])

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, evolutionary mismatch, Resource (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], domestication syndrome, lcsh:Evolution, selection, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, domestication, evolutionary, evolution, Genetics, Inbreeding depression, medicine, lcsh:QH359-425, cancer, Domestication, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Selection (genetic algorithm), High rate, Cancer, Mismatch theory, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, mismatch
Abstract

International audience; Strong and ongoing artificial selection in domestic animals has resulted in amazing phenotypic responses that benefit humans, but often at a cost to an animal's health, and problems related to inbreeding depression, including a higher incidence of cancer. Despite high rates of cancer in domesticated species, little attention has been devoted to exploring the hypothesis that persistent artificial selection may also favour the evolution of compensatory anticancer defences. Indeed, there is evidence for effective anti‐cancer defences found in several domesticated species associated with different cancer types. We also suggest that artificial selection can favour the “domestication” of inherited oncogenic mutations in rare instances, retaining those associated to late and/or less aggressive cancers, and that by studying these seemingly rare anticancer adaptations, novel cancer treatments may be found.

Published
2020

6. Ability of animals to detect cancer odors

Author

Flora, Gouzerh, Guila, Ganem, Anaïs, Pichevin, Laurent, Dormont, and Frédéric, Thomas

Subjects
Cancer Research, Oncology, Genetics
Abstract

The olfactory capacity of animals has long been used by humans to help with various activities, e.g., hunting, detecting mines, locating people, and diagnosing diseases. Cancer is among the leading diseases causing death worldwide. Several recent studies have underscored the benefit of using scent to detect cancer, and this paper will review the studies using animals to detect tumor scents. A large variety of animals have been used for this purpose-dogs, rodents, insects, and nematodes-and have shown their capacity to detect cancer, with a success rate close to 90%. Here we discuss these studies, their methodologies, and the animal models used. Finally, we discuss the medical perspectives for cancer diagnosis using odors.

Published
2023

7. Author Correction: Chemical signal is in the blend: bases of plant-pollinator encounter in a highly specialized interaction

Author

Pierre Arnal, Xiaoxia Deng, Martine Hossaert-McKey, Magali Proffit, Flora Gouzerh, Bruno Buatois, Benoit Lapeyre, and David Carrasco

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Information retrieval, Chemical signal, Computer science, Pollinator, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science
Abstract

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Published
2020

8. Chemical signal is in the blend: bases of plant-pollinator encounter in a highly specialized interaction

Author

Benoit Lapeyre, Pierre Arnal, Flora Gouzerh, Xiaoxia Deng, Magali Proffit, Martine Hossaert-McKey, David Carrasco, Bruno Buatois, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Evolution, génomes, comportement et écologie (EGCE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer (MIVEGEC-CREEC), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Transmission-Interactions-Adaptations hôtes/vecteurs/pathogènes (MIVEGEC-TRIAD), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), ANR-16-IDEX-0006,MUSE,MUSE(2016), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Pollination, Behavioural ecology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, lcsh:Medicine, Ficus, Chemical ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Pollinator, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Botany, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, lcsh:Science, Author Correction, Blastophaga psenes, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Mutualism (biology), Multidisciplinary, biology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], lcsh:R, biology.organism_classification, Attraction, 030104 developmental biology, Olfactometer, Chemical signal, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Analytical chemistry
Abstract

In several highly specialized plant-insect interactions, scent-mediated specificity of pollinator attraction is directed by the emission and detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although some plants engaged in such interactions emit singular compounds, others emit mixtures of VOCs commonly emitted by plants. We investigated the chemical ecological bases of host plant recognition in the nursery pollination mutualism between the dioecious Ficus carica and its specific pollinator Blastophaga psenes. Using Y-tube olfactometer tests, we show that B. psenes females are attracted by VOCs of receptive figs of both sexes and do not exhibit preference for VOCs of either male or female figs. Electrophysiological tests and chemical analysis revealed that of all the VOCs emitted by receptive figs, only five were found to be active on female antennae. Behavioural tests show that, in contrast to VOCs presented alone, only a blend with a particular proportion of four of these VOCs is as attractive as the odour of receptive figs, and that if there is a very small change in this blend proportion, the pollinator is no longer attracted. This study revealed that in highly specialized mutualistic interactions specificity could be mediated by a particular blend of common compounds emitted by plants.

Published
2020

9. Odors and cancer: Current status and future directions

Author

Beata Ujvari, Laurent Dormont, Antoine M. Dujon, Jean-Marie Bessière, Frédéric Thomas, and Flora Gouzerh

Subjects
Cancer mortality, Volatile Organic Compounds, Cancer Research, business.industry, Cancer, Early detection, Body odors, medicine.disease, Biomarker (cell), Oncology, Neoplasms, Potential biomarkers, Environmental health, Odorants, Genetics, Humans, Medicine, business, Biomarkers
Abstract

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. Because tumors detected at early stages are easier to treat, the search for biomarkers—especially non-invasive ones—that allow early detection of malignancies remains a central goal to reduce cancer mortality. Cancer, like other pathologies, often alters body odors, and much has been done by scientists over the last few decades to assess the value of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as signatures of cancers. We present here a quantitative review of 208 studies carried out between 1984 and 2020 that explore VOCs as potential biomarkers of cancers. We analyzed the main findings of these studies, listing and classifying VOCs related to different cancer types while considering both sampling methods and analysis techniques. Considering this synthesis, we discuss several of the challenges and the most promising prospects of this research direction in the war against cancer.

Published
2022

10. The evolution of resistance and tolerance as cancer defences

Author

Aurélie Tasiemski, Mathieu Giraudeau, Benjamin Roche, Pascal Pujol, Laurent Dormont, Beata Ujvari, Florence Bernex, Flora Gouzerh, Rodrigo Hamede, Jens Osterkamp, Antonio Maraver, Emilie Bousquet, Frédéric Thomas, François Renaud, Justine Boutry, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer (MIVEGEC-CREEC), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM - U1194 Inserm - UM), CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), BioCampus Montpellier (BCM), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia, Deakin University [Burwood], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer (CREEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Resistance, Review Article, Biology, Bioinformatics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Host-Parasite Interactions, 03 medical and health sciences, Focal element, Neoplasms, Antibiosis, Cancer burden, medicine, Immune Tolerance, Animals, 030304 developmental biology, Cancer, 0303 health sciences, Resistance (ecology), medicine.disease, Biological Evolution, Infectious Diseases, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Evolutionary ecology, Tolerance
Abstract

Although there is a plethora of cancer associated-factors that can ultimately culminate in death (cachexia, organ impairment, metastases, opportunistic infections, etc.), the focal element of every terminal malignancy is the failure of our natural defences to control unlimited cell proliferation. The reasons why our defences apparently lack efficiency is a complex question, potentially indicating that, under Darwinian terms, solutions other than preventing cancer progression are also important contributors. In analogy with host-parasite systems, we propose to call this latter option ‘tolerance’ to cancer. Here, we argue that the ubiquity of oncogenic processes among metazoans is at least partially attributable to both the limitations of resistance mechanisms and to the evolution of tolerance to cancer. Deciphering the ecological contexts of alternative responses to the cancer burden is not a semantic question, but rather a focal point in understanding the evolutionary ecology of host-tumour relationships, the evolution of our defences, as well as why and when certain cancers are likely to be detrimental for survival.

Published
2019

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