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Wetland ecosystems represent about 20% of South America, and are classified according to the flood regime, which also influences on vegetation. Despite the value of ecosystem services provided by this environment, those areas are close to eradication in several parts of Brazil. These environments are extremely fragile. Flooded areas are subject to nitrogen losses (N) by leaching, becoming dependent on the N increases from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). However, little is known about this process on wetlands. Understanding the adaptative strategies of these microorganisms and plants is essential for the maintenance and preservation of these ecosystems. The objective of this work is to present a literature review discussing aspects of floristic composition, biological nitrogen fixation, and morphophysiological adaptations that occur in the rhizobium-leguminous system in wetlands. For the bibliographic survey, articles and other academic works relevant to the topic were selected, in order to enrich the proposed discussion. Los sistemas inundables representan cerca del 20% del área de América del Sur, clasificándose según el régimen de inundación, que también influye en la vegetación. A pesar de la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados por estos ambientes, estas áreas están cerca de la erradicación en varias partes de Brasil. Estos entornos son extremadamente frágiles. Los humedales están sujetos a pérdidas de nitrógeno (N) por lixiviación, por lo que se vuelven dependientes de las adiciones de N proporcionadas por la fijación biológica de nitrógeno (BNF). Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre este proceso en los humedales. Comprender las estrategias adaptativas de estos microorganismos y plantas es esencial para el mantenimiento y preservación de estos ecosistemas. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de literatura discutiendo aspectos de composición florística, fijación biológica de nitrógeno y adaptaciones morfofisiológicas que ocurren en el sistema rizobio-leguminosas en humedales. Para el levantamiento bibliográfico, se seleccionaron artículos y otros trabajos académicos relevantes al tema, con el fin de enriquecer la discusión propuesta. Os sistemas alagados representam cerca de 20% da área da América do sul, sendo classificados de acordo com o regime de inundação, o que também influencia na vegetação. Apesar da importância dos serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por esses ambientes, essas áreas encontram-se próximas da erradicação em várias partes do Brasil. Esses ambientes são extremamente frágeis. As áreas alagadas estão sujeitas a perdas de nitrogênio (N) por lixiviação, tornando-se então, dependentes de acréscimos de N proporcionados pela fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN). No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre esse processo nas áreas úmidas. Entender as estratégias adaptativas desses microrganismos e das plantas é essencial para a manutenção e preservação desses ecossistemas. O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar uma revisão de literatura discutindo os aspectos de composição florística, fixação biológica de nitrogênio e adaptações morfofisiológicas que ocorrem no sistema rizóbios-leguminosas em áreas úmidas. Para o levantamento bibliográfico foram selecionados artigos e demais trabalhos acadêmicos pertinentes ao tema, de forma a enriquecer a discussão proposta.

The floodplain areas comprise the floodplains influenced by white water rivers, rich in sediments. The beginning of the process of occupation of floodplain areas in the Amazon is strongly debated by scholars and researchers. Some authors point out that the occupations occurred in a diffuse way in the Amazon, predominating in two large environments in the Amazon, the terra firme forests and the forests in floodplain areas. These characteristics boosted four main economic activities in the floodplain: fishing, forestry, agriculture and livestock. These activities were, for a long time, practiced by indigenous people and soon followed by caboclos-ribeirinhos, respecting the limits of nature and its carrying capacity. However, over the years and with the advent of modernity, it has not only projected the growth of man, and his reason, but has also increased the exploitation of natural resources used by man. Fishing resources such as arapaima, manatees and turtles, in addition to multispecific fishing, acquired another character with the arrival of the Portuguese, which persists to this day. In this way, it is clear how these resources are becoming scarce due to irrational use and above all marketing. Las áreas de llanuras aluviales comprenden las llanuras aluviales influenciadas por ríos de aguas blancas, ricas en sedimentos. El inicio del proceso de ocupación de áreas inundables en la Amazonía es fuertemente debatido por académicos e investigadores. Algunos autores señalan que las ocupaciones se dieron de manera difusa en la Amazonía, predominando en dos grandes ambientes de la Amazonía, los bosques de tierra firme y los bosques en zonas de llanura aluvial. Estas características impulsaron cuatro actividades económicas principales en la llanura aluvial: la pesca, la silvicultura, la agricultura y la ganadería. Estas actividades fueron, durante mucho tiempo, practicadas por indígenas y pronto seguidas por caboclos-ribeirinhos, respetando los límites de la naturaleza y su capacidad de carga. Sin embargo, a lo largo de los años y con el advenimiento de la modernidad, no solo se ha proyectado el crecimiento del hombre, y de su razón, sino que también se ha incrementado la explotación de los recursos naturales que utiliza el hombre. Los recursos pesqueros como el arapaima, los manatíes y las tortugas, además de la pesca multiespecífica, adquirieron otro carácter con la llegada de los portugueses, que persiste hasta el día de hoy. De esta manera, queda claro cómo estos recursos se están volviendo escasos debido al uso irracional y sobre todo al marketing. As áreas de várzea compreendem as planícies de inundação influenciadas pelos rios de água branca, ricos em sedimentos. O início do processo de ocupação das áreas de várzea na Amazônia é fortemente debatido por estudiosos e pesquisadores. Alguns autores destacam que as ocupações ocorreram de forma difusa na Amazônia, predominando em dois grandes ambientes na Amazônia, as florestas de terra firme e as florestas em áreas de várzea. Estas características impulsionaram quatro principais atividades econômicas na várzea: pesca, exploração florestal, agricultura e pecuária. Essas atividades, foram, por muito tempo praticadas por indígenas e logo em seguidas por caboclos-ribeirinhos, respeitando os limites da natureza e sua capacidade de suporte. No entanto, ao longo dos anos e com o advento da modernidade, que não apenas projetou o crescimento do homem, e da sua razão, mas também aumentou a exploração dos recursos naturais utilizados pelo homem. Recursos pesqueiros como o pirarucu, o peixe-boi e a tartaruga, além da pesca multiespecífica, adquiriram outro caráter com a chegada dos portugueses, o que insiste a perdurar até os dias de hoje. Dessa forma, percebe-se como estes recursos, vem se tornando escasso em razão do uso irracional e acima de tudo mercadológico.

Flooded areas in the Nemunas River delta are dynamic and ever-changing environments, depending on weather, hydrology, and other conditions, such as topography, soil, and land cover. Most common factors of flooded areas formation in the Nemunas River delta are human activities, such as the installation of embankments or polders. Areas that are flooded for a long time can affect vegetation communities and types. Flooded areas can cause significant changes in physical processes, such as water flow and water evaporation in a river basin. In extreme situations, emission of methane gas (CH4) can occur from flooded areas, which are more potent greenhouse gas than CO2. Due to these environmental traits, it is important to determine hotspots of flooded areas to assess the problem and find the solution for improvement of ecology in these type of areas, such as the installation of embankments and polders. In this study 3 drone flights were completed in two areas in the Nemunas River delta (near Kintai village and Sakūčiai forest) during the period between 2019-2021. Images taken from drones were mosaicked using photogrammetry and used for the validation of flooded areas retrieval results from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and supervised classification training. Flooded areas in the Nemunas River delta in Lithuania and Russia were investigated using SAR Sentinel-1 during the period 2015-2019. SAR image preparation and classification was done using Google Earth Engine, which is a powerful web platform for cloud-based processing of remote sensing data on large scale. For flooded areas, the mapping was done using two different methods: Random Forest Classification and change detection. With the Random Forest Classification method, it was possible to detect land, open water, and temporally flooded vegetation, while with the change detection method only open water could be delineated from the land. Eventually, using change detection method, hotspots were compared with soil type, land cover, and topographical wetness index (TWI) data. Validation of method classification showed that the Random Forest Classification method (92,9 ± 2,2 %) yielded a better result than the change detection method (84,7 ± 11,2 %). Even though the Random Forest Classification method yielded better results, it is considered to be a much complicated method to use in practice, as for training this method requires the collection of classification points during the field, while the change detection method approach only requires meteorological and hydrological information for selecting the right dry period for comparison. Hotspots analysis showed that most often flooded areas were found on the right bank of the Nemunas River, which is part of the Lithuania. The most common flooded areas were spotted around the Sakūčiai forest, around the Žalgiriai forest, and around the Bundalai forest. The analysis of hotspots and TWI of most potential places of flooded areas showed only 7 % of correspondence. While the most important factors for flooding are high precipitation and river water level, this was not the case with flooded areas, as comparison between flooded areas and these factors have not showed correlation. Results showed that flooded areas can be affected by other factors, such as land cover, soil, and topography.

Introduction: sleep is vital, characterized as a set of behavioral and physiological changes. The research was carried out in a rural, isolated, Pantanal population, residing in the largest floodplain on the planet. Objectives: To identify sleep patterns in the Pantanal population. Method: Quantitative, descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional and comparative study, the total sample was 789 participants, distributed in rural (25%) and urban (75%) populations. For the analysis, descriptive statistical methods were used, with proportions estimation and corresponding standard error of the mean. The univariate analysis consisted of comparing proportions using the chi-square test and comparing means. Adjustment to normal distribution was assessed using a non-parametric test. Results: There was a significant increase in the proportion of sleep disorders with increasing age, decreasing with increasing level of education. Sleep changes occurred in a greater proportion among women, among those who have schooling up to high school, who have a greater number of children. Conclusion: The dissemination of these findings is essential for the promotion of the integral health of the Pantanal, aiming to overcome problems related to sleep and quality of life. Introducción: el sueño es vital, caracterizado por un conjunto de cambios conductuales y fisiológicos. La investigación se llevó a cabo en una población rural y aislada del Pantanal, que reside en la llanura aluvial más grande del planeta. Objetivos: Identificar patrones de sueño en la población del Pantanal. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, analítico, transversal y comparativo, la muestra total fue de 789 participantes, distribuidos en población rural (25%) y urbana (75%). Para el análisis se utilizaron métodos estadísticos descriptivos, con estimación de proporciones y correspondiente error estándar de la media. El análisis univariado consistió en comparar proporciones mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado y comparar medias. El ajuste a la distribución normal se evaluó mediante una prueba no paramétrica. Resultados: Hubo un aumento significativo en la proporción de trastornos del sueño con el aumento de la edad, disminuyendo con el aumento del nivel de educación. Los cambios de sueño ocurrieron en mayor proporción entre las mujeres, entre las que tienen escolaridad hasta el bachillerato, que tienen mayor número de hijos. Conclusión: La difusión de estos hallazgos es fundamental para la promoción de la salud integral del Pantanal, con el objetivo de superar los problemas relacionados con el sueño y la calidad de vida. Introdução: o sono é vital, caracterizado como um conjunto de alterações comportamentais e fisiológicas. A pesquisa foi realizada numa população rural, isolada, pantaneira, residente na maior planície alagada do planeta. Objetivos: Identificar os padrões do sono na população pantaneira. Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, analítico, de corte transversal e comparativo, o total da amostra foi de 789 participantes, distribuídos em população rural (25%) e urbana (75%). Para a análise foi utilizado métodos de estatística descritiva, com estimativa de proporções e correspondente erro-padrão da média. A análise univariada consistiu em comparação de proporções pelo teste qui-quadrado e comparação de médias. O ajuste à distribuição normal foi aferido por teste não paramétrico. Resultados: Constatou-se aumento significativo da proporção de alteração do sono com o aumento da faixa etária, diminuindo com o aumento do nível de escolaridade. As alterações do sono ocorreram em maior proporção entre as mulheres, entre aquelas que têm escolaridade até o ensino médio, que possuem maior número de filhos. Conclusão: A divulgação destes achados é essencial para a promoção da saúde integral do pantaneiro, visando superar problemas relacionados ao sono e à qualidade de vida.

Many factors can influence the structures and distributions of plant communities. Plant diversity of swamp forests reflect responses to water stress conditions. We evaluated the floristic diversity, structure, and composition of the regenerating shrub-tree species of six swamp forests in veredas ecosystems (northern Minas Gerais, Brazil), and the floristic similarities between them. All individuals ≥ 1 cm in diameter at ground level and < 3 cm in diameter at breast height were sampled in one hundred 25 m2 plots in each area. A total of 5442 individuals were recorded, distributed among 134 species, 85 genera, and 47 botanical families, with a diversity (Shannon) of 3.38 and equability (Pielou) of 0.69. Beta diversity was high, while similarities between the areas were low, with only two species common to all six sites. The forests showed different compositions, diversities, and natural regeneration structures, reflecting their ecotone nature and past anthropic impacts.

Hydropower is oldest available source for renewable energy generation in Lithuania and the world. However, because of unequal demand of electricity during the day large hydropower plants are adapted to work in hydropeaking regime, which causes rapid water level and discharge fluctuations and has impact on the environment. To assess the extent of this impact in this study 2D numerical hydrodynamic modelling was carried out to reveal the dewatered or flooded stream channel areas at the Nemunas River downstream Kaunas Hydropower Plant. Such estimation of dewatered or flooded areas, considering different operating modes of hydropower plant, was carried out for the first time in Lithuania. It was revealed that largest areas are flooded when Kaunas hydropower plant starts its operation with two and four turbines and accordingly are dewatered when the plant stops such operations. During this study the impact of water level and discharge fluctuations on river ecosystems was not analysed, however the obtained results will be the initial data for more detailed assessment of fish habitats quality under impact of hydropeaking.

Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo de una metodología para el diagnóstico urbano-ambiental, profundizando en el ajuste de las herramientas teóricas y metodológicas para la obtención de resultados en diferentes escalas espaciales a partir de distintos tipos de análisis de áreas inundables o bajo riesgo hídrico. Dicha metodología ha permitido 1) reconocer específicamente el origen, trascendencia y tipo de afectación de las inundaciones; 2) territorializar sus características por medio de sistemas de información geográfica, es decir, cómo, por qué, con qué variabilidad se generan y/o suceden; 3) identificar las áreas afectadas para su posterior mitigación y/o erradicación en futuros trabajos. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en cada escala espacial de la metodología propuesta, así como un resultado final e integral de la metodología utilizada., This work presents the development of a methodology for urban-environmental diagnosis, deepening the adjustment of theoretical and methodological tools to obtain results at different spatial scales, from different types of analysis referred to floody areas. This work presents the development of a methodology for urban- environmental diagnosis, deepening the adjustment of theoretical and methodological tools to obtain results at different spatial scales, from different types of analysis referred to floody areas. i. Specifically recognize the origin, transcendence and type of affectation of the flood; ii. Territorialize their characteristics through geographic information systems, that is, how, why, with what variability they are generated and / or happen; iii. Identify the affected areas for their posterior mitigation and/or eradication. The results obtained in each spatial scale of the proposed methodology are presented, as well as a final and integral result of the methodology used., Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para o diagnóstico urbano-ambiental, aprofundando o ajuste das ferramentas teóricas e metodológicas para a obtenção de resultados em diferentes escalas espaciais, a partir de diferentes tipos de análise de áreas inundáveis e/ou baixo risco hídrico. Esta metodologia tem permitido: 1) reconhecer especificamente a origem, a importância e o tipo de impacto das inundações; 2) territorializar as suas características através de sistemas de informação geográfica, ou seja, como, porquê, com que variabilidade são gerados e/ou sucedem 3) identificar as áreas afetadas para posterior mitigação e/ou erradicação em futuros trabalhos. Apresentam-se os resultados obtidos em cada escala espacial da metodologia proposta, bem como um resultado final e integral da metodologia utilizada., Instituto de Investigaciones y Políticas del Ambiente Construido

Flood-hazard map delineation is an important task in planning land management activities. This evaluation is usually based on coupled hydraulic/hydrological models, which often require time consuming and expensive measurement campaigns in order to estimate the necessary distributed physical information for their implementation (e.g. digital elevation models, land cover and geological maps); moreover, the observed effects of flood events are needed for their calibration and validation. The obtained flooded maps can allow to perform geomorphic DEM-based procedure, which is a valid tool useful for the rapid identification and mapping of flood-prone areas; in addition remote sensing is a reliable and widespread source of input data for the application of hydrological and hydraulic models: particular interest generate the attitude of the Landsat-8 OLISR data in the definition of the effective flooded area. The goal of this work is to compare performances of remote sensing and DEM-based techniques for the definition of flood-prone areas, using as reference map that obtained by a two-dimensional hydraulic simulation. An objective comparison between these two approaches has been carried out(using linear binary classifiers method and ROC curves) on the case study of Lato river basin, located in the Puglia region, Southern Italy; the satellite indices showed good performances even if the selected geomorphic descriptors still remain the most performing in reproducing the inundated areas.

In the proposed work areas exposed to flood risk were evaluated in a particular context of karst ephemeral streams located in Puglia region (Southern Italy). The case study of Lama Balice, characterized by a natural geomorphologic structure, was tested for the application of a DTM-based approach, aimed to the rapid identification and mapping of flood risk. The inundated areas, obtained with a 2D hydraulic model, following design rainfall events characterized by different return periods, were used as reference maps for the selection of the most appropriate geomorphological descriptor exploiting the binary classifiers test. The performance of the adopted procedure was tested by validating the selected geomorphological descriptors on a different area with respect to that used for calibration, in order to estimate the discrepancy between DTM-based flood maps and those obtained by numerical simulation.

In the specialized literature, there are different ways to calculate and display flooded areas by geographical entities (rivers or streams), using mathematical and physical models in 1D and 2D areas; also, the use of tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the diffuse logic, the neural networks, and the genetic algorithms, among others, has been reported. This article describes the use of Geo-inspired Natural Vectors Agents (AVNG). The AVNG is founded on the agent concept, by integrating the GIS vector model to achieve the construction of an element capable of dynamically representing a geographical entity (vector) from two behaviors: the natural and the induced (Natural Agent); thus, generating an approximation to environmental management. In order to implement the AVNG conceptual model, we studied the Colombian Amazon foothills, where flash floods in urban areas cause material disasters and loss of human lives. Resumen En la literatura especializada se encuentran diferentes formas de calcular y visualizar áreas inundadas por entidades geográficas (ríos o quebradas), usando modelos matemáticos y físicos en 1D y 2D; también se usan herramientas como los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), la lógica difusa, las redes neuronales, y los algoritmos genéticos, entre otros. En el presente artículo se muestra el uso de Agentes Vectores Naturales Geoinspirados (AVNG). El AVNG parte del concepto de agente, integrando el modelo vectorial GIS para lograr la construcción de un elemento capaz de representar de forma dinámica una entidad geográfica (Vector) a partir de dos comportamientos: el natural y el inducido (Agente Natural), logrando generar una aproximación a la gestión ambiental. Con el propósito de implementar el modelo conceptual del AVNG, se presenta un estudio de caso en la región del piedemonte amazónico colombiano, donde las inundaciones repentinas en las áreas urbanas causan desastres materiales y pérdidas de vidas humanas.

This work consisted in the analysis of the off-line coupling of hydrological and hydraulic models from observed rainfall data and in the TRMM satellite precipitation intensity estimates in the Paraíba do Meio watershed (AL/PE), with the final objective the mapping of flooded areas and risk analysis of Atalaia-AL city, when considering the flood event occurred in 2010. The main computational programs used were: HEC-HMS in hydrological modeling and HEC-RAS in hydraulic modeling, in addition to their respective extensions integrated with ArcMap in the preprocessing stage, HEC-GeoHMS and HEC-GeoRAS. The results showed that the rainfall intensity data estimated by the TRMM satellite presented a good correlation with the rainfall data series, presenting values of 0.90 ("TRMM" x Postos) and 0.94 ("TRMM + Postos" x Postos). The hydrological model presented a good representation in relation to flood events in the Paraíba do Meio watershed, from data the flood occurred in 2000 and the flood of 2010. The validation of the model presented satisfactory results in the Atalaia post (39870000) in relation to the corrected satellite series ("TRMM + Postos"), evidencing with a Nash Sutcliffe coefficient - COE of 0.91. The hydraulic modeling was calibrated based on the Manning coefficient (n) adjustment for the banks and bottom of the channel, based on the ENGEMAP field markings and the peak flow recorded during the 2010 event by the fluviometric Atalaia post (39870000), already the model validation was done from the calibrated Manning coefficient (n) and the hydrograph generated in the hydrological simulation based on the corrected satellite series TRMM ("TRMM + Postos"). Thus, the mapping of the flooded areas made based on the 2010 flood data allowed a Risk Analysis in Atalaia city, based on the threat and vulnerability of the resident population in the riverine region to the occurrence of floods. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Este trabalho consistiu na análise do acoplamento “off-line” de modelos hidrológico e hidráulico a partir de dados de precipitação observada e nas estimativas de intensidade de precipitação do satélite TRMM em relação à bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Meio (AL/PE), tendo como objetivo final o mapeamento das áreas inundáveis e análise de risco do município de Atalaia-AL, ao considerar o evento de cheia ocorrido em 2010. Os principais programas computacionais empregados foram: o HEC-HMS na modelagem hidrológica e o HEC-RAS na modelagem hidráulica, além de suas respectivas extensões integradas ao ArcMap na etapa do pré-processamento, HEC-GeoHMS e HEC-GeoRAS. Os resultados mostraram que as intensidades pluviométricas estimadas pelo satélite TRMM apresentaram boa correlação com a série de dados dos pluviômetros, com valores de 0,90 (“TRMM” x Postos) e de 0,94 (“TRMM+Postos” x Postos). O modelo hidrológico demonstrou uma boa representatividade em relação a eventos de cheia na bacia, a partir de dados da cheia ocorrida em 2000 e da cheia de 2010. A validação do modelo hidrológico demonstrou resultados satisfatórios no posto Atalaia (39870000) para a série corrigida do satélite (“TRMM+Postos”), exibindo um coeficiente de eficiência de Nash Sutcliffe – COE – de 0,91. A modelagem hidráulica teve sua calibração baseada no ajuste do coeficiente de Manning (n) para as margens e fundo do canal, com base nas marcas de cheia levantadas em campo pela ENGEMAP e pela vazão de pico registrada no posto Atalaia (39870000) durante o evento de 2010, já a validação do modelo partiu do coeficiente de Manning (n) calibrado e do hidrograma gerado na simulação hidrológica a partir da série corrigida do satélite TRMM (“TRMM+Postos”). Por fim, o mapeamento das áreas inundadas, permitiu uma Análise de Risco no município de Atalaia baseada na análise da vulnerabilidade social e das ameaças às quais a população residente às margens do rio está exposta diante da ocorrência de eventos de inundação.

Floods are the most common and costless natural disaster at a worldwide, European and national scale. In France, the Mediterranean region is often hit by violent sudden flood called flash flood. The anticipation of flooded areas is particularly harsh because floods can occur on small watersheds with small rivers rarely charged with water.In order to answer this issue, the Ifsttar research centre developed a rainfall-runoff-impacts modelling chain. It is made up of the CINECAR rainfall-runoff model which enables to reckon discharges for each waterway from spatialized rainfall data and a simplified approach of hydraulic modelling called CARTINO which enables to create a flood map catalogue for a large scale of return periods (from 2 to 1000 year). The aim of the simulation chain is to use the catalogue in order to create quickly a flood map linked to a flood event and evaluate the potential impacts.During this internship, the CARTINO tool has been reprogrammed with the R computing language and adapted to an automatic processing. To begin, the new results have been compared with the results obtained in the semi-automatic initial version. Then, a second catalogue has been produced from a detailed hydrographic network, so as to get a simulation of the floods of October 2015 in French Riviera and an estimation of the impacts which are related to., Les inondations sont les catastrophes naturelles les plus répandues et les plus coûteuses à l'échelle mondiale, européenne et nationale. En France, le pourtour méditerranéen est fréquemment touché par des inondations soudaines et violentes liées aux crues éclair. L'anticipation des zones inondées est particulièrement ardue car ces crues peuvent survenir sur des bassins versants de faible superficie et pour de petits cours d'eau rarement en eau.Pour répondre à cette problématique, une chaine de simulation pluie-débit-impact est développée à l'IFSTTAR. Elle est constituée du modèle pluie-débit CINECAR qui permet d'estimer les débits sur chaque cours d'eau à partir de données spatialisées de précipitations et d'une approche simplifiée de modélisation hydraulique appelée CARTINO qui permet de générer un catalogue de cartes d'inondation pour une large gamme de périodes de retour (de 2 à 1000 ans). L'objectif de la chaine de simulation est d'employer ce catalogue pour créer rapidement une carte d'emprises inondées correspondant à un évènement de crue et en estimer les impacts potentiels.Au cours de ce stage, l'outil CARTINO a été reprogrammé en langage R et adapté pour un traitement automatique. Les résultats obtenus ont été dans un premier comparés avec ceux obtenus avec la version initiale semi-automatique. Un second catalogue a ensuite été réalisé à partir d'un réseau hydrographique plus détaillé, de manière à obtenir une simulation des inondations d'octobre 2015 sur la Côte d'Azur et une estimation des impacts associés.

In the last few years, the scientific community has dedicated a strong effort for the rapid identification and mapping of flood risk. Last generation models have often taken advantage (even without of in-situ measurements) of the distributed information provided from remotely sensed data. In this work is proposed a multidisciplinary approach to reproduce maps of flooded areas. The method compared spectral descriptors to estimate the areas at risk of flooding in the Lato river basin (Puglia region - Southern Italy) using the ground effects caused by flood events. The inundated areas, obtained with a 2D hydraulic model, were used as reference for Landsat-8 spectral indices. The selection of the most appropriate spectral index was achieved using the binary classifiers test. Lastly, the adopted procedure provided also the calibration of different geomorphological descriptors for a rapid identification of areas at risk of flooding by using Digital Elevation Models.

International audience; Wetland habitats are crucial for many fish species as spawning, feeding or nursery areas, but the major factors that govern their use by fish are poorly identified. In the present study, we aim to investigate the selective use and the spatial distribution of native and non-native fish species in different types of wetland habitats (grasslands and reed beds) in a large freshwater marsh (North Western France). The selective use was measured by comparing the community that uses wetland habitats to the total community of the marsh (sampled in the permanent aquatic habitats (canals) during the low water period). The spatial distribution was studied by analyzing the presence probability of fish in wetland habitats as a function of the distance from adjacent canals. All sampled wetland habitats were occupied by fish, and the fish community in wetland habitats was dominated by three native (Abramis brama, Scardinius erythrophthalmus and Anguilla anguilla) and three non-native (Ameiurus melas, Gambusia holbrooki and Lepomis gibbosus) species. Species richness and total fish abundance differed between canals and wetland habitats as a consequence of a variable propensity to use wetland habitats by native (avoidance and preference) and non-native (no preference) species. Non-native species were also more abundant in reed beds than in grassland while no differences were observed for native species. Universally, the presence probability of fish always decreased in wetland habitats as the distance from the canals increased and only a narrow area, close to canals (50–80 m), was well used by fish. However, non-native fish species used over greater distances in reed beds than in grasslands while no differences were observed for native species. Variable interpretations related to species tolerance, reproductive guilds or diet are proposed to understand the mechanisms that might explain the widespread success of non-native species in this spatially varying environment.

Global climate change is associated with increasing frequency of extreme events such as floods and droughts. These changes pose new challenges for the water management of the country. Agriculture, which is closely connected to natural conditions, including water, is facing new problems. Agriculture, outside the function of providing food, performs many other tasks, including ensuring water security. Small retention makes it possible to mitigate the effects of climate change. The appropriate agricultural development of riverside areas allows a small increase in retention. Studies on flood plains development were conducted in the south-east, in the valley of the San. Offices Municipalities and farmers in flood plains were studied, using the research tool of structured in-depth interviews. The aim of the work was to diagnose the development of the local economy and farmers in flood plains. / Synopsis. Obserwowane globalne zmiany klimatyczne wiążą się ze wzrostem częstotliwości występowania zjawisk ekstremalnych takich jak powodzie i susze. Zmiany te stawiają nowe wyzwania przed gospodarką wodną kraju. Rolnictwo, które jest ściśle związane z naturalnymi warunkami, w tym wodnymi, staje w obliczu nowych problemów. Rolnictwo poza funkcją dostarczania żywności pełni wiele innych zadań, w tym również zapewniania bezpieczeństwa wodnego. Mała retencja daje możliwość łagodzenia skutków zmian klimatu. Właściwe, rolnicze zagospodarowanie terenów nadrzecznych umożliwia zwiększenia małej retencji. Badania dotyczące zagospodarowania terenów zalewowych wykonano w Polsce południowo-wschodniej, w dolinie Sanu. Badano Urzędy Gmin oraz rolników gospodarujących na terenach zalewowych, narzędziem badawczym był ustrukturyzowany wywiad pogłębiony. Celem pracy była diagnoza kształtowania przez samorządy i rolników gospodarki na terenach zalewowych.

Os campos de murundus são fitofisionomias de ocorrência no bioma Cerrado com funções ecológicas importantes para a manutenção da sustentabilidade do solo; e a conversão para sistemas agrícolas pode provocar alterações nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo ainda não avaliados, como a redução da biodiversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como a conversão dos campos de murundus em áreas de sistema agrícola altera a comunidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs). Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três áreas agrícolas submetidas ao mesmo manejo e uso agrícola em uma cronossequência (7, 11 e 14 anos) e duas na área referência [campo de murundus, em topo (TM) e entre os murundus (EM)]. Os esporos de FMAs foram extraídos, contados, e as espécies de FMAs identificadas pelas características morfológicas. O total de FMAs recuperado foi de 27 espécies, sendo nove espécies da família Acaulosporaceae, uma Ambisporaceae, sete Glomeraceae, duas Claroideoglomeraceae e oito Gigasporaceae. Desse total, as espécies Acaulospora scrobiculata, Glomus macrocarpum, e Gigaspora sp. ocorreram em todas as áreas nos dois anos estudados. As espécies Acaulospora mellea, Acaulospora cavernata, Acaulospora colombiana, Glomus diaphanum, Scutellospora reticulata e Scutellospora sp. só foram encontradas nos campos de murundus. A conversão de campos de murundus em área agrícola modificou a ocorrência e composição da comunidade de FMAs; as espécies Acaulospora scrobiculata, Glomus macrocarpum, Claroideoglomus etunicatus e Gigaspora sp ocorreram em todas as áreas e a não ocorrência de algumas espécies nas áreas de cultivo, como as espécies Acaulospora cavernata, Acaulospora colombiana, Rhizophagus diaphanus, Scutellospora reticulata e Scutellospora sp. representa perda de diversidade desses fungos. Portanto, este estudo tratou-se do primeiro relato da ocorrência e da estrutura da comunidade de FMAs em fitofisionomia de campos de murundus, contribuiu para o maior entendimento dos FMAs no bioma Cerrado e demonstrou que as alterações promovidas pela conversão da área alteraram a ocorrência e a diversidade dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. The murundu fields (Campos de Murundus) are characterized by mounds occurring in some parts of the Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna) biome with important ecological functions for the maintenance of soil sustainability. Conversion to agricultural systems may lead to changes in physical, chemical, and biological soil properties not yet assessed, such as reduction in the biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the conversion of mound fields into agricultural areas changes the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Treatments consisted of three agricultural areas subjected to the same agricultural management and use in a chronosequence (seven, 11, and 14 years) and two in the mound fields, sampling at the top (TM) and between the mounds (EM)). AMF spores were extracted and counted, and AMF species were identified by morphological characteristics. The total AMF recovered was 27 species, made up of nine species of the Acaulosporaceae family, one Ambisporaceae, seven Glomeraceae, two Claroideoglomeraceae, and eight Gigasporaceae. Of this total, the species Acaulospora scrobiculata , Glomus macrocarpum , and Gigaspora sp occurred in all areas in the two years studied. The species Acaulospora melle a, Acaulospora cavernata , Acaulospora colombiana , Glomus diaphanum , Scutellospora reticulata , and Scutellospora sp only occurred in the mound fields. The conversion of mound fields into an agricultural area modified the occurrence and composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community, and the species Acaulospora scrobiculata , Glomus macrocarpum , Gigaspora sp, and Claroideoglomus etunicatus occurred in all areas. The non-occurrence of some species in the crop areas, such as the species Acaulospora cavernata , Acaulospora columbiana , Rhizophagus diaphanus , Scutellospora reticulata , and Scutellospora sp, represents a loss of diversity of these fungi. Therefore, this study is the first report of the occurrence and community structure of AMF in the mound field vegetation type. It contributes to better understanding of AMF in the Cerrado biome and shows that the changes introduced by conversion of the area alter the occurrence and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Darbas parengtas nustatant esamą situaciją užliejamose teritorijose. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad ūkininkauti tokiose vietose nėra lengva, nes yra taikomi apribojimai. Nustatyta, kad taikant šiuolaikines GIS technologijas būtų galima palengvinti ūkininkavimą, išskiriant vietas, kuriose palankiau ūkininkauti. Iškeltiems tyrimo uždaviniams pasiekti, buvo atlikta anketinė apklausa ir erdvinė duomenų analizė. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti Šilutės rajono užliejamų teritorijų ūkinio naudojimo tikslingumą ir numatyti perspektyvas. Tyrimo objektas – Šilutės rajono užliejamos teritorijos, išsamiau tirti trys vasaros polderiai: Uostadvario, Vorusnės, Pakalnės. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti esamą užliejamų teritorijų žemės naudojimą. 2. Aptarti duomenų, reikalingų erdvinei analizei atlikti, surinkimo ir naudojimo ypatumus. 3. Naudojant ArcGIS erdvinės duomenų analizės metodus, įvertinti žemės vertės variaciją erdvėje. 4. Įvertinti kaimo plėtros priemonių taikymą užliejamoms teritorijoms. Siekiant nustatyti Šilutės rajono užliejamų teritorijų ūkinio naudojimo tikslingumą ir perspektyvas buvo panaudoti šie metodai: anketinės apklausos, matematinės statistikos metodai, GIS duomenų erdvinė analizė. Tyrimas atliktas siekiant pademonstruoti, kaip šiuolaikinėmis GIS technologijomis galime daug tiksliau ir efektyviau įvertinti žemės vertės variaciją erdvėje bei žemės naudojimą. Polderiai išanalizuoti atliekant anketinę apklausą bei panaudojant ArcGIS 10.0 programą atlikta erdvinė duomenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The work was done by determining the current situation of flooded areas. During the research it was found that farming in such areas is not easy because of the restrictions. It was found that the application of modern GIS technology to facilitate farming, highlighting areas where favored. Raised by the study was carried out to achieve the objectives of a survey and analysis of spatial data. The goal of research is to analyze farm usage expediency and perspectives of flooded areas in Šilutės district. The object of survey is territories of flooded areas in Šilutės district, three summer polders were analyzed more comprehensively: Uostadvaris, Vorusnė, Pakalnė. Objectives of the survey: 1. To set the current land use of flooded areas. 2. To discuss the data necessary to perform spatial analysis, collection and usage. 3. To evaluate the variation of the value of land space using the ArcGIS Spatial data analysis methods. 4. Summarize applications measures of rural developments for flooded areas. The following methods: logical thinking, statistical clustering, comparison and analysis of GIS data were used to identify farm usage expediency and perspectives of flooded areas in Šilutės district. The research was completed to demonstrate how modern GIS technology can more accurately and efficiently assess the value of the land distribution and usage. Polders were analyzed via the questionnaire survey, also by use of ArcGIS 10.0 program accomplished a spatial analysis of the data... [to full text]

At the end of decerriber 1999, France has been traversed by two ravaging storms which have induced many damages. Those have surprised by their fullness. Easily flooded areas, forests and orchards, transports and communication networks have been particularly touched. The paper pretends to strikes the balance, necesarily incomplete, of these phenomena and to give consideration to the notion of natural risk and precaution principle. Some managment proposals are recommended., Fin décembre 1999, la France a été parcourue par deux tempêtes dévastatrices qui ont engendré de multiples dégâts, lesquels ont surpris par leur ampleur. Zones inondables, forêts et plantations, réseaux de transport et de communication ont été particulièrement affectés. Cet article entend présenter un bilan, forcément partiel, de ces phénomènes et propose une réflexion quant aux notions de risque naturel et de principe de précaution. Quelques propositions d'aménagements sont avancées., Salomon Jean-Noël. La "tempête du siècle" (27 et 28 décembre 1999) et notamment en Aquitaine. In: Travaux du Laboratoire de Géographie Physique Appliquée, n°19, Mars 2001 2000. pp. 31-53.

Tidal currents in an estuary carry all types of dissolved, suspended or floating material. Particle tracking models constitute powerful tools in assessing the transport of this material, through the study of the particles trajectories and settling positions. Thus, this work aims at using a Lagrangian particle tracking model driven by hydrodynamic fields to study the impact of morphologic anthropogenic and natural changes in sediments transport at Ria de Aveiro. In fact, as many coastal systems, Ria de Aveiro is in progressive degradation associated to the lack of maintenance and to the strong currents occurring in its channels, which erode their protective walls. Hence, the model VELApart, which is driven by the hydrodynamic model ELCIRC (previously calibrated for this lagoon), was applied for two configurations of the Ria de Aveiro: one representing the present situation of the lagoon and another representing a scenario with the enlargement of its flooded area. According to model results, morphologic changes influence the sediments pathways and final position, as well as the settling time. Generally for the flooded bathymetry the sediments travel a longer distance and the preferential zones of deposition are inside the flooded area, while for the present configuration sediments settle down in the main adjacent channels. The settling times also increase with the enlargement of the flooded area. 1560 - 1564 DHA/NEC Journal of Coastal Research, ICS2011 (Proceedings)