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RWTH Aachen University has developed fundamental principles for improved joining methods of hybrid metal and plastic automotive parts under the framework of a Cluster of Excellence. Two different pretreatment methods and three joining processes have been examined and developed under the framework of the Cluster of Excellence, in addition to the untreated test specimens. The two pretreatment methods involve the application of an intermediate plastic coating on the metal part by thermal spraying and laser structuring. Microstructures are produced on the surface of the metallic joint partner during laser structuring, resulting in the development of better hybrid parts. Thermal spraying has been used to heat and melt plastic powder and to apply it to metal parts with high kinetic energy. The pretreatment of a metal specimen by thermal spraying allows those parts to be joined that are unable to be joined without pretreatment.

Während Metall und Kunststoff in der traditionellen industriellen Verarbeitung in Konkurrenz zueinander stehen, können durch eine Hybrid-Technologie die Vorteile beider Materialien kombiniert werden. Auch wenn heutzutage durch unterschiedliche Verfahren Kunststoff-Metall-Verbundbauteile gefertigt werden können, haben diese Verfahren Nachteile aufgrund der notwendigen Vielzahl von Fertigungsschritten und Einschränkungen in der Produktivität sowie der erreichbaren Bauteilkomplexität. Außerdem werden die Materialgruppen (Metall oder Kunststoff) grundsätzlich getrennt voneinander betrachtet. Um die speziellen Vorteile der beiden verschiedenartigen Werkstoffe optimal kombinieren zu können, sollen Kunststoff-Metall-Verbundbauteile mittels thermischer Fügeverfahren realisiert werden. Ziel dieses Bereiches des Exzellenzclusters ist es, neue Fügestrategien auszuarbeiten und eine geeignete Anlagentechnik zum Vorbehandeln und Fügen von Metall mit Kunststoff zu entwickeln. Hierzu gehört ebenso die Realisierung kürzerer und effizienterer Prozessketten im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik.

chap. 20; International audience

Vertical integration in poultry industry strongly emphasizes the importance of cost control at all levels. In the usual broiler production operations, the costs involved with the production of the hatching egg or the day old chick are negligible if seen in the perspective of the cost per kg of live bird. From a research point of view, anyway, the greatest attention is usually given to the performance of broiler breeders, and most of the research in the field is focused on the improvement of their relative performance, mainly in terms of saleable chicks produced per hen, while less attention has been given to the quality of the chick and to the improvement of its growth performances, even if these last parameters have an effective impact on the overall economics of the poultry growing business. Most of the data available is quite dated, as can be seen from some recent reviews, and in general little attention is given to the impact of parental nutrition on the subsequent broiler performance. It is in fact more usual to find data about dam nutrition influence on egg fertility and hatchability than on subsequent progeny performance. The objectives of this review were to assess, on the basis of published reports, the effects of selected nutrients and anti-nutrients normally prevailing in commercial broiler breeder feeds – vitamins, micro-minerals, mycotoxins, – trying to pinpoint which could be the positive and the negative effects of both on the subsequent broiler performance, with a particular attention to the impact on immune function and carcass yield.

Based on a preliminary research which proved safety and immunogenicity of Poxvirus vaccines (fowl origin) delivered by nebulisation, newly-hatched chickens were vaccinated with Poxvirus-H5 AI recombinant commercial vaccine. The vaccine given by nebulisation proved to be safe when applied during 30 and 300 seconds and none of the chickens in the trial showed any clinical signs from the respiratory or any other system. Vaccine virus was detected in the trachea and lungs of nebulised chickens already 20 hours after vaccination using specific primers by PCR reaction, but was not present in the bone marrow or other tissues. Persistency and level of specific protection against Poxvirus and Influenzavirus are still under investigation.

Newly-hatched chickens vaccinated with commercial fowl Poxvirus vaccine (BODIKAL&reg ; SPF, Vetrina d.o.o., Zagreb, Croatia) delivered by nebulisation did not show any clinical reaction to the given vaccine compared to negative (nonvaccinated) and positive (vaccinated by wing web)controls. To detect location and spread of vaccine virus, chickens were sacrificed and tissues were taken. Using commercially available kits, whole DNA was isolated from the tissue samples and viral DNA was detected using two different specific primer pairs in PCR reaction. Viral DNA was detected in trachea of chickens 20 hours and in lungs 7 and 14 days after vaccination by nebulisation. In positive controls, vaccinated by wing web method, viral DNA was detected at the site of vaccination in wing web tissue, and bone marrow on day 7 after vaccination, but none was detected in any other tissue of chickens in vaccinated groups during the trial. To define protection level after vaccination chickens were challenged into the wing web using velogenic field strain and skin reaction was measured and analyzed statistically. The size of the skin reaction in nebulised and wing web vaccinated chickens was significantly smaller compared to the negative control five days after challenge (day 26).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible induction of immunity in newly-hatched chickens following immunizations with inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) La Sota strain by mean of nebulization using SONOVAC&reg ; 095 device. Additionally, we have studied synergistic and immunomodulating activities of inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis as an immune response modifier (IRM), applied with inactivated antigen. The methods proved to be safe and immunity developed was determinate by HI test in weekly intervals starting from the day of vaccination up to the end of the trial at age of 42 days, and by survival following challenge on 7th, 14th and 21st day post immunization. Although inactivated antigen applied alone or in mixture with IRM, did not induce specific antibodies response, which could detect by HI test, chickens were protected completely following challenges (80-100%). Blood samples for hematological examination and immunophenotyping were taken between day 1 and 18 of age. Statistically significant increase was shown in number of lymphocytes and significant decrease was shown in number of heterophils on 7th day in the immunized chickens. Other hematological parameters as a hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophiles did not significant change compare with untreated control group. In order to estimate the immune response to inactivated NDV, the changes of B cell and monocyte compositions in peripheral blood were analyzed by means of flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies specific for chicken Ia, Bu-1 and IgA cell surface molecules. Specific immunization induced remarkable increase of B-cells and monocyte on day 3. Further investigations of immune response to inactivated NDV given by nebulization deep into respiratory system should be include the use of more effective immunomodulator and the research of antigen-specific immune response in the lungs to understand better host immunological changes associated with immunization by inactivated antigen.

Poultry meat quality depends on numerous factors. In this study only part of them was examined. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of primary processing on physical, chemical and electrical properties of poultry meat. Also, differences in chemical composition and electrical properties between different muscles and avian species were examined. The measurements were done on M. pectoralis superficialis of Ross 308 broilers and Nicholas 700 turkeys and M. iliotibialis lateralis of Nicholas 700 turkeys. This research was carried out on 170 samples of poultry meat. The resistance (Rs) and reactance (Xc) were measured at 19 frequencies in the range 0, 1-1000 KHz by the HP RLC Meter 4284A at poultry meat samples 48 hours post mortem. The impedance module (|Z|) and phase angle were obtained by mathematical equations. Physico-chemical methods were used to determine content of water, fat and proteins, pH and water activity. The results showed the correlation between water content and electrical parameters in different chilling processes of poultry meat. Significant effect of chilling method on the water content of muscles was found by electrical measurements. There was a statistically significant difference between water content of broiler carcasses chilled with air chilling vs. those chilled with spray chilling (p