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The 3-in-1 vegetable-fish cultivation is an innovative cultivation system that integrates floating and climbing vegetable cultivation with fish culture. This cultivation is a solution to the problem of narrow land in urban areas for vegetable-fish cultivation to create: a) Fish farming in a concrete pool at the bottom position, b) Shadetolerant vegetables cultivated using a floating culture system, and c) Climbing vegetables on a dedicated nettedframes as high as 2 meters above the pool. The dimensions of the pool correspond to the available land. The floating raft was constructed using 69 units of 1.5 L plastic bottles as floaters, assembled into a raft with a surface area of 2 m². The buoyancy capacity of the raft is 120 kg. The raft has been patented with Granted patent No. IDP 000065141. The community service activities are a) Open demonstrations for 3-in-1 vegetable-fish farming installations; b) Socialization and assistance to communities interested in implementing it; and c) Collection of data and information for evaluation and publication materials. Static demonstration activities during one cycle of cultivation and socialization to three potential community groups, namely: a) Urban communities as the primary target; b) Journalists for more enlarging coverage of the dissemination; and c) Agricultural students for the learning process. Urban communities can adopt the dissemination of land optimization through 3-in-1 vegetable-fish cultivation on urban land. Community interest in this cultivation system innovation is outstanding, as represented by the community's enthusiasm for this program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Switching over to closed-loop soilless culture systems, thus preventing pollution of water resources by nitrates and saving water and fertilizers, requires accurate estimations of the mean nutrient-to-water uptake ratios. To contribute to this objective, three fruit vegetable species (tomato, eggplant, cucumber) were grown hydroponically in a floating system under identical cropping conditions to quantify species differences in nutrient uptake. The composition of the nutrient solution used to feed the crops was identical for all species. The total water consumption and the concentrations of most nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, N, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) in the nutrient solution and the plant tissues were measured at crop establishment and at two different crop developmental stages. The obtained data were used to determine the uptake concentrations (UCs) using two mass balance models, one based on nutrient removal from the nutrient solution and a second based on nutrient recovery in the plant tissues. The experiment was conducted in the spring–summer season. The results revealed that the nutrient uptake concentrations were substantially different between species for all nutrients except for N, while there were also significant interactions between the two methods used for their estimation of some nutrients. Thus, the UCs of N, P, Ca, and some micronutrients were significantly higher when its estimation was based on the removal of nutrients from the nutrient solution compared to recovery from plant tissues, presumably because with the first method, losses due to denitrification or precipitation could not be separated from those of plant uptake. The comparison of the three greenhouse vegetables revealed a similar UC for nitrogen, while cucumber generally showed significantly lower UCs for P and for the micronutrients Fe, Zn, and Cu at both cropping stages compared to the two Solanaceae species. The obtained results can be used to precisely adjust the nutrient supply in closed-loop soilless cultivations to the plant uptake thus avoiding both depletion and accumulation of nutrients in the root environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Biofortification of vegetables is an important innovation technique in the horticultural sector. Vegetables can be a vector of different minor elements that have beneficial effects on human health. Selenium (Se) is an important element for human nutrition and plays a significant role in defence mechanisms. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of Se in the nutrient solutions on the crop biofortification ability, yield, and quality parameters of four baby leafy vegetables destined to the minimally processed industry. Experiments were performed on lamb's lettuce, lettuce, wild rocket, and spinach. These crops were cultivated in the floating systems with nutrient solution enriched with 0, 2.6, 3.9, and 5.2 μmol L−1 Se provided as sodium selenate. RESULTS: At harvest, Se concentrations, yield, nitrate concentration, sugars, and some mineral elements were measured. Data collected and analyses showed that yield, nitrate, sucrose, and reducing sugars were not affected by Se treatments, even if varied among species. Se concentrations linearly increased in leaves of different species by increasing the Se concentration in the nutrient solution. Rocket was the species with the highest accumulation ability and reached a concentration of 11 μg g−1 fresh weight Se in plants grown with 5.2 μmol L−1 Se. CONCLUSION: A floating system with Se‐enriched nutrient solution is an optimal controlled growing biofortification system for leafy vegetables. The accumulation ability decreased in different species in the order wild rocket, spinach, lettuce, and lamb's lettuce, highlighting a crop‐dependent behaviour and their attitude to biofortification. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human intake of selenium (Se), which is an essential element in animals and humans, can be increased through the consumption of vegetables that have been biofortified during cultivation. There is increasing interest in wild edible plants (WEPs) due to their positive effects on health. In fact, many WEPs are rich in microelements, vitamins, dietary fibers, and several antioxidant compounds. Among WEPs, sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) is the wild ancestor of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla). The present study investigated the potential of fortifying Swiss chard and sea beet with Se. The two subspecies were cultivated in a floating system with a nutrient solution enriched with four concentrations of Se (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg L−1), and the production and quality of the baby leaves were evaluated. The addition of Se to the nutrient solution resulted in a higher leaf concentration of this microelement in both subspecies, with a positive effect on the yield (+20%) and leaf chlorophyll concentration (+25%) at the Se concentration of 1 mg L−1. The leaf concentration of nitrates was reduced by the Se treatment in sea beet regardless of the Se concentration (−24%, on average). Selenium biofortification was more effective in sea beet plants than in Swiss chard due to the higher ability of the wild species to acquire readily available minerals from the hydroponic nutrient solution. In conclusion, both subspecies accumulated a significant amount of Se without negative effects on yield or leaf quality, thus proving them to be suitable for the production of Se-enriched baby leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swiss chard as a leafy vegetable (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla (L.) W.D.J.Koch) is rarely cultivated in the tropical climate zone because this plant has not been recognized by local farmers. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of three cultivation systems, i.e., conventional, floating, and bottom-wet culture systems on three Swiss chard cultivars with different petiole colors, i.e., ‘Red Ruby’, ‘Yellow Canary’, and ‘Pink Passion’. The best result was obtained if the Swiss chard was cultivated using the floating system since the water was continuously available by the capillarity force through the bottom hole of the pots, as indicated by the highest number of leaves, total fresh weight, leaf blade dry weight, and petiole dry weight. Fresh weight amongst the three cultivars cultivated in each system did not show a significant difference. ‘Yellow Canary’ produced a larger petiole and heavier fresh weight of individual leaves, but a lesser number of leaves per plant. The leaf area estimation model using the leaf length × width as the predictor, and the zero-intercept linear regression was accurate for all Swiss chard cultivars, as the coefficient of determination was considerably high in ‘Red Ruby’ (0.981), ‘Pink Passion’ (0.976), and ‘Yellow Canary’ (0.982), respectively.

Microgreens are young plants of various vegetables, medicinal and aromatic plants, cereals and edible wild plants that were first associated with nouvelle cuisine as decoration in dishes due to their attractive appearance and strong flavor. Recently, they have become more sought after in the market due to their high nutritional value. This is due to the growing interest of consumers in a healthy lifestyle that includes a varied diet with emphasis on fresh, functional foods. Nowadays, commercial production of microgreens is shifting to modern hydroponic systems due to their numerous advantages, such as accelerated plant growth and biomass production, earlier harvesting, and more production cycles that positively affect yield and chemical composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the content of specialized metabolites and antioxidant capacity of hydroponically grown alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cv. 'Kangaroo', yellow beet (Beta vulgaris var. conditiva) cv. 'Yellow Lady', red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. rubra) cv. 'Red Carpet', and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) cv. 'Aganarpo' microgreens. The highest content of total phenols (408.03 mg GAE/100 g fw), flavonoids (214.47 mg GAE/100 g fw), non-flavonoids (193.56 mg GAE/100 g fw) and ascorbic acid (74.94 mg/100 g fw) was found in fennel microgreens. The highest content of all analyzed chlorophyll pigments (Chl_a 0.536 mg/g fw, Chl_b 0.248 mg/g fw, and TCh 0.785 mg/g fw) was found in alfalfa microgreens. However, in addition to alfalfa, high levels of chlorophyll a (0.528 mg/g fw), total chlorophyll (0.713 mg/g fw) and the highest level of total carotenoids (0.196 mg/g fw) were also detected in fennel microgreens. The results suggest that microgreens grown on perlite in floating hydroponics have high nutritional potential as a functional food important for human health and therefore could be recommended for daily diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EU policy in the field of marine biodiversity, including protected areas, is developing in the context of global, regional, and European Union commitments. In this context, the ecosystem-based approach focuses on a management system that maintains the health of the ecosystem along with the proper use of the marine environment by humans, to the benefit of present and future generations. The natural marine epibiontic filter includes all living invertebrates attached to the stiff submersible substrate. Epibiontic organisms comprise all marine invertebrates that, during the juvenile stages, are fixed on hard natural supports (rock, submerged rocky platforms) and carry out their entire life cycle. The slow and insignificant recovery process of the natural biofilter in the coastal area of the Romanian Black Sea coast requires the elaboration of ecological methods meant to increase the populations of epibiontic organisms that constitute filters, able to accelerate the restoration of the marine environment in tourist areas on the coast. In order to improve the quality of the marine environment in coastal areas affected by anthropogenic impact, it is recommended to build epibiontic biofiltration barriers throughout the water column, including the affected sedimentary substrate. In this respect, a modular system was designed, created and experimented, which has the role of allowing the development of the epibiontic material.

The Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is the essential ingredient in "pesto" sauce, and it has always had ample use in Mediterranean gastronomy. This horticultural type of basil is grown in the open field and harvested more than once during its cultivation cycle, but in recent decades it is increasingly grown using alternative cultivation methods (e.g., soilless cultivation) that guarantee higher and more uniform production. The dataset presented in this contribution refers to the analysis of the aroma profile by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer, of three different cultivars of Genovese basil (Aroma 2, Eleonora, and Italiano Classico) grown in the open field or floating raft system in two successive harvests. The data are a record of the variability of volatile organic compounds due to key agronomic factors, such as the genotype, the cultivation method, and the cut. They may be of interest for those concerned about the impact of different technical factors on the aroma and flavor of basil plants. Dataset:  https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/data8020033/s1. Dataset License: CC BY-NC-ND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the greenhouse cultivation industry considers new ways to reduce energy demand and increase sustainable production, the global energy crisis constitutes a major issue. In this paper, two different energy sources for heating and cooling the root zone area of baby leafy vegetables grown in hydroponic tanks by resistors and chillers, respectively, were compared in order to fully cover power demand. The energy needs in the first case were met by the public electricity grid, while in the second case, the energy needs were covered by a photovoltaic system. The greenhouse was equipped with photovoltaic panels, an inverter, a charge controller and a storage system. The target-value of the root zone temperature was 22 °C. Data on solar radiation, root zone temperature, air temperature and humidity from the indoor and outdoor space of the greenhouse were recorded, and the energy production and carbon footprint for different seasons of the year were evaluated along with the crop yield. The results showed that the energy provided by solar panels was able to cover 58.0%, 83.3% and 9.6% of the energy for heating or cooling the root zone area during the spring, summer and winter periods, respectively. Regarding the carbon footprint of the energy used between the two systems, the system with the PV had a substantially lower value, which was calculated at 1.6 kg CO2-eq kg−1, compared to 49.9 kg CO2-eq kg−1 for the system with PPG for the whole year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The main objective of the research was to formulate an effervescent floating matrix tablet (EFMT) of a potential anticancer drug neratinib employed in breast cancer therapy. The drug shows poor aqueous solubility at higher pH leading to reduce therapeutic efficacy, thereby resulting in poor bioavailability. Hence, an EFMT is designed to extend the gastric residence time (GRT) of drugs, which can remain several hours in the gastric region and enhance bioavailability. Further 23 factorial design employed. Methods: The EFMT of neratinib are prepared by direct compression using hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose, Carbopol 940, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium bicarbonate, talc, and lactose. Polymer concentrations were selected as independent variables, whereas hardness, percentage swelling, floating, and percentage drug release were the dependent variables. Pre- and post-compression measurements, swelling studies, in vitro buoyancy, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release, kinetic, and mechanism of drug release studies have been characterized for preparing floating matrix tablets Results: The results showed that pre-and post-compression parameters are within the limit of USP. The buoyancy lag time and total buoyancy time are less than 2 min and > 12 h, respectively, with good swelling characteristics. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed that no interaction was found between drug and polymers. The optimized formulation (F9) showed 100% drug release at 8 h, which shows a Fickian diffusion. Conclusion: The developed novel neratinib floating matrix tablet could enhance the solubility and residence time of neratinib at upper GIT because of the combined effect of the polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocimum basilicum L. is an aromatic plant rich in bioactive metabolites beneficial to human health. The agronomic biofortification of basil with Zn could provide a practical and sustainable solution to address Zn deficiency in humans. Our research appraised the effects of biofortification implemented through nutrient solutions of different Zn concentration (12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50 µM) on the yield, physiological indices (net CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence), quality, and Zn concentration of basil cultivars 'Aroma 2' and 'Eleonora' grown in a floating raft system. The ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant activities were determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry, the concentrations of phenolic acids by mass spectrometry using a Q Extractive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS, and tissue Zn concentration by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Although increasing the concentration of Zn in the nutrient solution significantly reduced the yield, this reduction was less evident in 'Aroma 2'. However, regardless of cultivar, the use of the maximum dose of Zn (50 µM) increased the concentration of carotenoids, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity on average by 19.76, 14.57, and 33.72%, respectively, compared to the Control. The significant positive correlation between Zn in the nutrient solution and Zn in plant tissues underscores the suitability of basil for soilless biofortification programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocimum basilicum L. is an aromatic plant rich in bioactive metabolites beneficial to human health. The agronomic biofortification of basil with Zn could provide a practical and sustainable solution to address Zn deficiency in humans. Our research appraised the effects of biofortification implemented through nutrient solutions of different Zn concentration (12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50 µM) on the yield, physiological indices (net CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence), quality, and Zn concentration of basil cultivars ‘Aroma 2’ and ‘Eleonora’ grown in a floating raft system. The ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant activities were determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry, the concentrations of phenolic acids by mass spectrometry using a Q Extractive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS, and tissue Zn concentration by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Although increasing the concentration of Zn in the nutrient solution significantly reduced the yield, this reduction was less evident in ‘Aroma 2’. However, regardless of cultivar, the use of the maximum dose of Zn (50 µM) increased the concentration of carotenoids, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity on average by 19.76, 14.57, and 33.72%, respectively, compared to the Control. The significant positive correlation between Zn in the nutrient solution and Zn in plant tissues underscores the suitability of basil for soilless biofortification programs.

The human intake of selenium (Se), which is an essential element in animals and humans, can be increased through the consumption of vegetables that have been biofortified during cultivation. There is increasing interest in wild edible plants (WEPs) due to their positive effects on health. In fact, many WEPs are rich in microelements, vitamins, dietary fibers, and several antioxidant compounds. Among WEPs, sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) is the wild ancestor of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla). The present study investigated the potential of fortifying Swiss chard and sea beet with Se. The two subspecies were cultivated in a floating system with a nutrient solution enriched with four concentrations of Se (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg L−1), and the production and quality of the baby leaves were evaluated. The addition of Se to the nutrient solution resulted in a higher leaf concentration of this microelement in both subspecies, with a positive effect on the yield (+20%) and leaf chlorophyll concentration (+25%) at the Se concentration of 1 mg L−1. The leaf concentration of nitrates was reduced by the Se treatment in sea beet regardless of the Se concentration (−24%, on average). Selenium biofortification was more effective in sea beet plants than in Swiss chard due to the higher ability of the wild species to acquire readily available minerals from the hydroponic nutrient solution. In conclusion, both subspecies accumulated a significant amount of Se without negative effects on yield or leaf quality, thus proving them to be suitable for the production of Se-enriched baby leaves.

This paper presents an analysis of the scientific literature devoted to the problem of load sharing and phasing in planetary gearboxes. The wide range of research topics demonstrates the technical challenges of understanding planetary load-sharing and planet phasing. This review includes studies having the goal of developing models for load sharing and exploring the positive or negative effects of different parameters such as phasing on the load distribution among planets. Practical aspects are also considered, for example, the effects of some errors that are unavoidable during manufacturing or working conditions, e.g., misalignments or position errors. Methods for improving the load-sharing characteristics, e.g., flexible ring or floating components, are discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing interest in the use of seawater in horticulture. The objective of this study was to evaluate Beta vulgaris var. cicla (Swiss chard) and its wild ancestor B. vulgaris spp. maritima (sea beet) as potential crop species for seawater hydroponics or aquaponics. Both species were grown in a floating system for leaf production with recurrent harvests. The nutrient solutions contained different concentrations of nitrate (1 and 10 mM) and a synthetic sea salt (0 and 10 g L−1), in a factorial design, where the saline solution with a low nitrate level intended to mimic the typical nutritional conditions of saltwater aquaponics. In both species, increasing the salinity or reducing the N level in the nutrient solution reduced the crop yield and total dry biomass. In both Swiss chard and sea beet, the use of saline water resulted in a lower leaf concentration of K, Ca, Cu, and Mn, and a greater content of Na and Cl. In Swiss chard, an increase in Na and Cl and a decrease in K leaf content were found in successive harvests. On average, sea beet showed a higher leaf production and accumulation of nitrate than Swiss chard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some drugs give poor absorption because of a narrow absorption window in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). To improve the absorption of such drugs in GIT, gastro retentive drug delivery techniques play a vital role. Lamivudine is an antiviral medicine. The floating gastroretentive microspheres were prepared to attain an extended therapeutic action of Lamivudine. Floating microspheres were formulated to prolong the gastric retention and enhancement of bioavailability of the drug candidate. The floating microspheres were formulated using guar gum and xanthan gum as natural polymers. The proposed floating system was evaluated by preliminary evaluation parameters, micrometric investigation as well as Particle size investigation, Percentage yield of microspheres, Drug entrapment efficiency, In-vitro drug release studies, and their kinetics. The formulated microsphere is evaluated in the form of its stable nature. The formulated microsphere was found to be smooth, spherical, and slightly aggregated containing guar gum whereas xanthan gum containing microsphere was found porous, irregular, grossly, and discrete globular. Formulated microsphere gives a good percentage of drug entrapment and practical yields. The floating microsphere prolonged the drug release by up to 12 hrs. The IR spectroscopy of the prepared formulation was shown that the chemical structure of the Lamivudine was unchanged. The prepared lamivudine microspheres presented gastro retentive and extended-release properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Survival and growth of the native oyster Crassostrea gasar along the juvenile and adult phases were evaluated in three different stocking densities [low (D), medium (2D) and high (3D)] and in two grow-out systems (fixed and floating system). The fixed system consisted of a rack made with PVC, fixed from the bottom with wood sticks. The floating system consisted of floating bags suspended by a rack made with PVC and maintained submerged from the seawater surface by eight floats. Survival and shell height of oysters cultured after 30, 60 and 90 days were registered in each phase and in each grow-out system. Results showed that the grow-out system did not affect survival and growth of C. gasar in the juvenile and adult phases. The tested densities affected the survival of oysters cultured over time in both phases but did not affect oyster growth. At times analyzed, it was observed positive growth in juvenile oysters grow after 90 days of culture. However, in the adult phase, no growth was observed after 90 days of culture. Oyster yield was higher in the density 3D, in both juvenile and adult phases. These findings contributed to the development of the oyster C. gasar culture.

El papel clave de las auxinas como integradores de señales ambientales se ha vuelto claro en los últimos años, y la evidencia emergente indica que la biosíntesis de auxinas es un componente esencial de los mecanismos generales de tolerancia de las plantas al estrés. Sin embargo, aunque las auxinas están involucradas en las respuestas relacionadas con la generación de raíces y la acumulación de biomasa, los estudios en especies ornamentales y durante la propagación comercial en bandejas de celdas macho son escasos. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la acumulación de biomasa pretrasplante en Impatiens wallerianaplantas que crecen en dos sistemas de propagación (bandejas de celdas en plug sin suelo y un sistema flotante) con bandejas de diferentes tamaños de celdas y rociadas con una dosis única de la auxina exógena ácido indolacético (IAA) o con dos inhibidores de auxinas endógenas, Ácido N-1-naftilftalámico (NPA) y ácido 2,3,5-triyodobenzoico (TIBA). Nuestros resultados mostraron que las plantas del sistema flotante y las asperjadas con IAA mostraron la mayor área foliar y el mayor peso fresco y seco al final del experimento. El uso de NPA y TIBA como antagonistas de la síntesis y translocación de auxinas redujo los procesos estudiados en relación a las plantas testigo.

Energy and water scarcity are increasingly global challenges that should be addressed collaboratively. Accordingly, floating photovoltaic systems (FPV), which are mounted on the water's surface, are gaining global acceptance. This system offers several unique benefits over land-based ones, including land preservation, water saving, and enhancing system efficiency. This research seeks to experimentally assess and compare the performance of the FPV with those of a conventional land-based system (LPV) in a Mediterranean climate. To that aim, both the FPV and the LPV are analyzed in terms of electrical and thermal performance, evaporation mitigation, environmental and economic considerations at varied module tilt angles (10°, 15°, 20°, and 30°). The findings reveal that adjusting the FPV tilt to 10° reduces the module temperature by 7.24 °C, leading to a 16 % reduction compared to LPV due to the water surface proximity. The FPV deployment at a tilt of 10° reduced the evaporation by 83.33 %. The FPV surpasses the LPV installed at a tilt angle of 20° by 8.92 % in power generation. It's confirmed that the FPV system produces electricity with a LCOE of 0.059 $/kWh with the potential of saving 2.19 m3/m2 of water vapor annually, which mitigates 5.20 kg of CO 2 /m2/year. • Floating PV system proven it's performance superiority over the land based PV system. • Floating PV module tilt should be between 10° and 20° in summer for energy water nexus. • Floating PV saves up to 447.15 $/m2 from water preservation in its lifetime. • Floating PV can save 2.19 m3 of CO 2 /m2 yearly, which mitigates 7.79 kg of CO2/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens are young plants of various vegetables, medicinal and aromatic plants, cereals and edible wild plants that were first associated with nouvelle cuisine as decoration in dishes due to their attractive appearance and strong flavor. Recently, they have become more sought after in the market due to their high nutritional value. This is due to the growing interest of consumers in a healthy lifestyle that includes a varied diet with emphasis on fresh, functional foods. Nowadays, commercial production of microgreens is shifting to modern hydroponic systems due to their numerous advantages, such as accelerated plant growth and biomass production, earlier harvesting, and more production cycles that positively affect yield and chemical composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the content of specialized metabolites and antioxidant capacity of hydroponically grown alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cv. ‘Kangaroo’, yellow beet (Beta vulgaris var. conditiva) cv. ‘Yellow Lady’, red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. rubra) cv. ‘Red Carpet’, and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) cv. ‘Aganarpo’ microgreens. The highest content of total phenols (408.03 mg GAE/100 g fw), flavonoids (214.47 mg GAE/100 g fw), non-flavonoids (193.56 mg GAE/100 g fw) and ascorbic acid (74.94 mg/100 g fw) was found in fennel microgreens. The highest content of all analyzed chlorophyll pigments (Chl_a 0.536 mg/g fw, Chl_b 0.248 mg/g fw, and TCh 0.785 mg/g fw) was found in alfalfa microgreens. However, in addition to alfalfa, high levels of chlorophyll a (0.528 mg/g fw), total chlorophyll (0.713 mg/g fw) and the highest level of total carotenoids (0.196 mg/g fw) were also detected in fennel microgreens. The results suggest that microgreens grown on perlite in floating hydroponics have high nutritional potential as a functional food important for human health and therefore could be recommended for daily diet.

Introduction: Water deficit is the most important stresses that limit the production of many crops and fruits worldwide (Fattahi et al., 2021) and severely impairs plants growth and development through alterations in the physiological, morphological, biochemical, and molecular attributes. As well as, Proline is one of the active amino acids in the osmotic regulation phenomenon and it has an effective role in reducing cell damage and improving drought tolerance. Different plants use different strategies to deal with drought stress which one of them is the use of osmotic substances such as proline. Through foliar application, which reducing significantly the destructive effects of stress on plants. Among these, the use of proline exogenous has been an effective way to reduce the adverse effects of stress (Soroori et al., 2020). The aim of this study was influence of exogenous application of proline on growth and root and leaf nutrient content of drought-stressed UCB1 plants. Material and methods: The experiment was carried out in factorial format based on completely randomized design in greenhouse conditions of Shahrekord University (in 2019) with 3 replications and 3 samples. The first factor was drought stress in three levels (100% as the control, 70% and 40 % of field capacity as the treatments) for 60 days and second factor was proline application in three levels (0 as the control, 75 and 150 mg. l-1 as the treatments). To measure the dry weight of the aerial and root organs, the samples were kept in an oven at 70 °C and the weight was measured by a digital scale with 0.01 g accuracy. Proline was determined following Bates et al. (1973). The absorbance of the organic phase was recorded at 520 nm. The phosphorus amount was determined by measuring the absorbance at 470 nm using a spectrophotometer (Olsen et al., 1954). Results and discussion: Water limitation reduced the leaf area, leaf and root DW, also under drought stress conditions, the mineral content (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn) of the UCB1 rootstock markedly decreased. The accumulation of minerals in the leaves and roots of sprayed plants was significantly higher than in the non-sprayed plants with proline. Proline foliar application (150 mg. l-1 ) improved the nutritional status (K, Ca, Fe, Zn in the leaves and roots of the pistachio rootstocks) of the UCB1 under stress conditions (Table 1&2). The significant (p < 0.05) decrease in leaves area, leaf and root dry weights of UCB1plants (Table 1) under drought stress conditions could be due to the reduction of water absorption from the soil and consequently to decreased cell division and elongation as well as plant growth. On the other hand, reducing the stomatal conductance, reducing carbon stabilization, limiting water absorption and nutrients. Increased growth by proline in drought stress is likely due to increased proline accumulation, which not only protects the enzymes and structures of proteins and organ membranes, but also provides a source of energy for growth and helps plants survive through resistance to stress. Conclusions: Foliar application of proline increased the dry weight of leaf and root organs, leaf area, as well as improved the nutritional status (P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn) of the UCB1under stress conditions. Drought stress also reduced all traits except proline. In general, it can be suggested that foliar application of proline (150 mg L-1) can be used as a defense factor in plants under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recycle and reuse nutrient solutions of closed hydroponic systems can reduce environmental problems and economic costs. It not only prevents groundwater pollution but also decreases water consumption during the growing season. Most producers discard the nutrient solution every week and use the new solution and do not have a proper strategy for replacing the used nutrient solution. Some vegetable producers analyze nutrient concentration, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solutions with sensors. But the use of sensors has decreased due to high costs and disruptions in operation. Adjusting the EC of nutrient solution is one of the nutrient management methods under hydroponic conditions. In this method, mineral nutrient absorbed by the plant from nutrient solution is replaced by adding mineral nutrients and the EC of the solution must be kept constant. We tested and compared the new method of nutrient replacement according to plant demand with two previews methods. Material and methods: This experiment aimed to compare the effect of three nutrient replacement methods (complete replacement, EC based replacement, plant demand-based replacement) on a floating hydroponic system on three lettuce cultivars (Chinese lettuce, red lettuce, and Kazeroon lettuce) in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design, in 3 replicates. Under complete nutrient solution replacement treatment, nutrient solution was replaced every 4 days. Under partial replacement according to EC, nutrient solution EC was adjusted at 2.3 ds m-1 by adding predetermined amounts of potassium sulfate, calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 48 hours. Microelements were applied to the nutrient solution every 10 days, while under treatment of partial replacement according to plant requirements, the concentration of potassium nitrate was used as a standard solution but the concentrations of calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate concentration in nutrient solution were decreased to half strength. The concentrations of K were measured by a flame photometer (Jenway, model PFP7, UK). Analyses of Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were carried out with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GBC Avanta, Australia) and phosphorus concentration was determined using a spectrophotometer. Total nitrogen concentration was measured according to the Kjeldahl method and expressed as a percent of DW. Results and discussion: The results showed that nutrient solution consumption was more than 60% lower in plant nutrition according to plant demand and EC of the nutrient solution compared to the complete replacement method. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, and calcium in Chinese lettuce decreased under the EC control method. Leaf magnesium concentration increased in all cultivars nourished according to EC control and plant nutrient demand compared to the complete nutrient replacement method. The highest concentrations of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and manganese were observed in the complete nutrient replacement method in all three lettuce cultivars. The results also showed that the amount of Fe and Mn in the leaf of red lettuce cultivar and zinc concentration in the leaf of Chinese lettuce and Kazeroon decreased significantly under nutrient replacement according to the EC control and plant nutrient demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to develop an effective protocol for the application of nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology to the hydroponic nutrient solution, and to investigate its effects on the growth and quality of baby leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. acephala Alef.) grown in a hydroponic growing system (HGS) specifically designed for indoor home cultivation. Four HGSs were placed in separate growth chambers with temperature of 24 ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 70 ± 5%). Lettuce plants were grown for nine days in nutrient solutions treated with NTP for 0 (control) to 120 s every hour. Results of the first experiments showed that the optimal operating time of NTP was 120 s h−1. Fresh leaf biomass was increased by the 60 and 120 s NTP treatments compared to the control. Treating the nutrient solution with NTP also resulted in greater leaf content of total chlorophylls, carotenoids, total phenols, and total antioxidant capacity. NTP also positively influenced chlorophyll a fluorescence in Photosystem I (PSI) and photosynthetic electron transport. These results revealed that the NTP treatment of the nutrient solution could improve the production and quality of hydroponically grown baby leaf lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is the essential ingredient in “pesto” sauce, and it has always had ample use in Mediterranean gastronomy. This horticultural type of basil is grown in the open field and harvested more than once during its cultivation cycle, but in recent decades it is increasingly grown using alternative cultivation methods (e.g., soilless cultivation) that guarantee higher and more uniform production. The dataset presented in this contribution refers to the analysis of the aroma profile by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer, of three different cultivars of Genovese basil (Aroma 2, Eleonora, and Italiano Classico) grown in the open field or floating raft system in two successive harvests. The data are a record of the variability of volatile organic compounds due to key agronomic factors, such as the genotype, the cultivation method, and the cut. They may be of interest for those concerned about the impact of different technical factors on the aroma and flavor of basil plants.

Ecklonia maxima is a brown algae seaweed largely harvested over the last years and used to produce alginate, animal feed, fertilizers, and plant biostimulants. Their extracts are commercially available in various forms and have been applied to many crops for their growth-promoting effects which may vary according to the treated species and doses applied. The aim of the study was to characterize the effect of adding an Ecklonia maxima commercial extract (Basfoliar Kelp; 0, 1, 2, and 4 mL L−1) to the nutrient solution of a hydroponic floating system on growth, yield, and quality of leaf lettuce at harvest and during cold storage (21 days at 4 °C). The supplementation of the E. maxima extract through the mineral nutrient solutions, especially between 2 and 4 mL L−1, enhanced plant growth and improved the yield and many morphological and physiological traits (biomass accumulation, leaf expansion, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, etc.). Preharvest treatments with E. maxima extract were effective in delaying leaf senescence and extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut leaf lettuce. The delay in leaf decay of treated samples allowed to retain an overall quality over the threshold of marketability for up to 21 d of cold storage, especially using 2 mL L−1 of extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EU policy in the field of marine biodiversity, including protected areas, is developing in the context of global, regional, and European Union commitments. In this context, the ecosystem-based approach focuses on a management system that maintains the health of the ecosystem along with the proper use of the marine environment by humans, to the benefit of present and future generations. The natural marine epibiontic filter includes all living invertebrates attached to the stiff submersible substrate. Epibiontic organisms comprise all marine invertebrates that, during the juvenile stages, are fixed on hard natural supports (rock, submerged rocky platforms) and carry out their entire life cycle. The slow and insignificant recovery process of the natural biofilter in the coastal area of the Romanian Black Sea coast requires the elaboration of ecological methods meant to increase the populations of epibiontic organisms that constitute filters, able to accelerate the restoration of the marine environment in tourist areas on the coast. In order to improve the quality of the marine environment in coastal areas affected by anthropogenic impact, it is recommended to build epibiontic biofiltration barriers throughout the water column, including the affected sedimentary substrate. In this respect, a modular system was designed, created and experimented, which has the role of allowing the development of the epibiontic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floating system is a promising alternative type of hydroponic seedling production system, which has not been much studied and disseminated in the flower industry. This study aimed to produce seedlings of Zinnia elegans in a floating system and to evaluate the influence of two organic (Codaphos & Codasting and Fish-Fert) and one inorganic nutrient solution formulations on the seedling growth parameters. Z. elegans seeds germinated at a high rate (76.6-82.1%) in all fertilization treatments with a T50 ranging from 9.54 to 10.50 days. Application of Codaphos and Codasting (organic fertilizer containing N- Codasting and P+K- Codaphos) in floating system resulted in better development of the aboveground parts and roots of seedlings comparing with the other organic and the inorganic fertilization. As a conclusion, the present study showed that organic fertilization, especially with Codaphos and Codasting, could successfully be used for the production of Z. elegans seedlings in a floating system; however, further studies must be carried out on this aspect.

There is an increasing interest in the use of seawater in horticulture. The objective of this study was to evaluate Beta vulgaris var. cicla (Swiss chard) and its wild ancestor B. vulgaris spp. maritima (sea beet) as potential crop species for seawater hydroponics or aquaponics. Both species were grown in a floating system for leaf production with recurrent harvests. The nutrient solutions contained different concentrations of nitrate (1 and 10 mM) and a synthetic sea salt (0 and 10 g L−1), in a factorial design, where the saline solution with a low nitrate level intended to mimic the typical nutritional conditions of saltwater aquaponics. In both species, increasing the salinity or reducing the N level in the nutrient solution reduced the crop yield and total dry biomass. In both Swiss chard and sea beet, the use of saline water resulted in a lower leaf concentration of K, Ca, Cu, and Mn, and a greater content of Na and Cl. In Swiss chard, an increase in Na and Cl and a decrease in K leaf content were found in successive harvests. On average, sea beet showed a higher leaf production and accumulation of nitrate than Swiss chard.

This paper presents an analysis of the scientific literature devoted to the problem of load sharing and phasing in planetary gearboxes. The wide range of research topics demonstrates the technical challenges of understanding planetary load-sharing and planet phasing. This review includes studies having the goal of developing models for load sharing and exploring the positive or negative effects of different parameters such as phasing on the load distribution among planets. Practical aspects are also considered, for example, the effects of some errors that are unavoidable during manufacturing or working conditions, e.g., misalignments or position errors. Methods for improving the load-sharing characteristics, e.g., flexible ring or floating components, are discussed as well.

The microgreens are innovative products in the horticultural sector. They are appreciated by consumers thanks to their novelty and health-related benefits, having a high antioxidant concentration. This produce can be adopted for indoor production using hydroponic systems. The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of three growing media (vermiculite, coconut fiber, and jute fabric) on yield and quality parameters of two basil varieties (Green basil—Ocimum basilicum L., Red basil—Ocimum basilicum var. Purpurecsens) and rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) as microgreens. Microgreens were grown in floating, in a Micro Experimental Growing (MEG®) system equipped with LED lamps, with modulation of both energy and spectra of the light supplied to plants. Results showed high yield, comprised from 2 to 3 kg m−2 . Nutritional quality varied among species and higher antioxidant compounds were found in red basil on vermiculite and jute. Coconut fiber allowed the differentiation of crop performance in terms of sucrose and above all nitrate. In particular, our results point out that the choice of the substrate significantly affected the yield, the dry matter percentage and the nitrate concentration of microgreens, while the other qualitative parameters were most influenced by the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floating microsphere's purpose is to improve gastric retention time. Floating drug delivery systems are lower in bulk thickness than gastric juice and remain floating on gastric juice for a long period of time without impacting the gastric-emptying rate and increasing bioavailability. Gastro-retentive microspheres are particularly suitable for the continuous or late release of oral formulations with blending versatility to achieve various release patterns, low dose risk as a reproducible and short gastric retention time. The aim of this review is to address literature on the floating device, techniques, selection of suitable or inappropriate drug candidates for GRDDS, low density polymers used to swim over gastric fluid, processes, and floating microsphere assessment and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the seismic response characteristics of low-gravity-center cable-stayed bridges with twin towers, a simplified mechanics model was established based on the transmission path of the horizontal seismic inertial forces of the girder under earthquake excitation. The definition of a low-gravity-center cable-stayed bridge with twin towers was proposed. Two 1:75 scale models, a floating system (FS) cable-stayed bridge and a fixed-hinge system (HS) cable-stayed bridge, were fabricated, and shaking table tests were conducted. The results of these tests showed: (1) horizontal cracks appeared at the bottom and middle areas of the main tower in the Test Model FS, whereas diagonal cracks together with concrete spalling formed at the bottom area of the main tower and the bottom crossbeam in the Test Model HS; (2) the Test Model FS experienced a larger displacement response but a smaller acceleration response compared to the Test Model HS; and (3) the reinforcement strain response at the bottom of the main tower of the Test Model HS is smaller than those of the Test Model FS, which is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis of the low-gravity-center cable-stayed bridges. In general, the fixed-hinge system cable-stayed bridge can reduce the overall structural damage under strong earthquakes and is therefore suggested to be used in low-gravity-center cable-stayed bridges. The research results help to understand the failure characteristics of the cable-stayed bridges and to provide a reference for the seismic design of low-gravity-center cable-stayed bridges in practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to develop an effective protocol for the application of nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology to the hydroponic nutrient solution, and to investigate its effects on the growth and quality of baby leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. acephala Alef.) grown in a hydroponic growing system (HGS) specifically designed for indoor home cultivation. Four HGSs were placed in separate growth chambers with temperature of 24 ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 70 ± 5%). Lettuce plants were grown for nine days in nutrient solutions treated with NTP for 0 (control) to 120 s every hour. Results of the first experiments showed that the optimal operating time of NTP was 120 s h−1. Fresh leaf biomass was increased by the 60 and 120 s NTP treatments compared to the control. Treating the nutrient solution with NTP also resulted in greater leaf content of total chlorophylls, carotenoids, total phenols, and total antioxidant capacity. NTP also positively influenced chlorophyll a fluorescence in Photosystem I (PSI) and photosynthetic electron transport. These results revealed that the NTP treatment of the nutrient solution could improve the production and quality of hydroponically grown baby leaf lettuce.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential key nutrient in different biochemical and physiological processes. The nutritional deficit of this mineral element is estimated to affect the health of over 3 billion people worldwide. Several strategies are available to reduce the negative impact of mineral malnutrition; among them, biofortification is the practice of deliberately increasing the nutrients and healthy compounds in the edible parts of vegetables. This study aims to evaluate Zn bioaccessibility in biofortified and non-biofortified rocket and purslane using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process and measure the concentration of other mineral elements (Al, B, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Sr) released during the digestion process from rocket and purslane biofortified with Zn. The bioaccessible Zn in biofortified rocket and purslane ranged from 7.43 to 16.91 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the daily intake, the RDA coverage (%), and the hazard quotient (HQ) for the intake of Zn (resulting from the consumption of 100 g of rocket and purslane) were calculated. The calculated HQ highlights the safety of these baby leaf vegetables. The study confirms that it is possible to obtain Zn-biofortified rocket and purslane with high Zn bioaccessibility by adopting an appropriate mineral plant nutrition solution enriched in Zn.

In this study, the effect of salinity (150 mM NaCl) compared to a control (9 mM NaCl) on growth, quality and shelf-life of fresh-cut sea fennel was evaluated. For that, sea fennel plants were cultivated in a hydroponic floating system and the sea fennel leaves were stored for 12 days at 5 °C. At harvest, leaves from plants grown in salinity had a lower content of NO3−, K+ and Ca2+ and an increased Cl− and Na+ concentration when compared to the control. There was a positive effect in the aerial part with increased fresh weight due to salt stress, but a reduction in the root biomass. During storage, weight loss and colour changes were not significant while leaves’ firmness was higher for control and increased during storage, probably due to lignification. Microbial growth (psychrophiles, yeast and moulds and enterobacteria) was higher at harvest for control and increased during storage, with no differences between treatments after 12 days at 5 °C. Sensory quality was similar for both treatments but leaves from NaCl treatment had a salty taste that was easily detected by panelists. These results show that saline-nutrient solution applied in hydroponics is a suitable system for sea fennel growth. It gives a slightly salty but high-quality product, acceptable as a “ready-to-eat” vegetable.

Aquatain® is an alternative larvicide formulation to the currently used larvicides. Its efficacy can be assessed monitoring emerging adults with a floating device that was recently developed for use in catch basins. In this study, the efficacy of Aquatain in controlling Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens complex was investigated by comparing the adults emerging from 25 treated catch basins with that of 25 control basins in northeastern Italy. Basins were monitored weekly for 9 times and the efficacy was evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U-test and calculating the inhibition of emergence at each sampling. Aquatain was effective in reducing the number of emerging mosquitoes for both species, but its duration was affected by rainfall. Intensive showers (>10 mm daily) seem to reduce the efficacy of the product, allowing an increase in emerging adults after about 2 wk. This finding suggests that climatic factors should be taken into account to decide the right time for reapplication of Aquatain during routine larval treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stearic acid in sesame oil prepared in three different concentrations which were: 7%, 10% and 15% w/w SA/SO as organogel and Cinnarizine (CN) was loaded as a model drug for its advantageous physical and chemical properties. The aim of the work was firstly, detection of floating properties for organogel which are floating lag time and floating duration. Secondly, detections of organogel properties which starting with the thermal behavior by table top rheology study, rheological properties via oscillatory amplitude sweep test and probing the organogel network morphology with an optical microscope. Furthermore, the assembly of gelators was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), this was followed by in-vitro release and invivo floating studies. The floating properties of the 15% w/w SA/SO organogel whether being liquid or solid was the zero of the lag time and the floating duration was 24 hours as well as the transition temperature was reversible that showed stability in 37 °C. Also, optical images showed fibrillar scaffold and the fiber length decreased when the concentration of gelator increased. Also, FTIR showed that the hydrogen bonds could be involved in scaffold construction by making gelator-gelator interactions as a shift in the peaks that associated with the carbonyl group was noticed. Moreover, organogels viscoelastic properties showed G' larger than G" and increase of both values as the concentration of SA increased. Lastly, the 15%w/w SA/SO slowed the release of CN and SA/SO organogel was retained in the rat's stomach for 12 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iodine (I) and selenium (Se) deficiencies affect approximately 30% and 15%, respectively, of the global population. The biofortification of vegetables is a valid way to increase the intake of iodine and selenium through the diet. This study was carried out on baby-leaf lettuce to investigate the effects on plant growth, leaf quality, and leaf I and Se accumulation of adding potassium iodide and sodium selenate, separately and simultaneously, to the nutrient solution in a floating system and aeroponics. The effect of I and Se biofortification on post-harvest quality of lettuce leaves was also evaluated. Our results evidenced that the Se and I treatments increased the content of the two microelements in lettuce leaves without any negative interactions in the plants, when applied either separately or simultaneously. Both hydroponic systems proved to be suitable for producing Se and/or I enriched lettuce. Biofortification with Se was more effective when performed in aeroponics, whereas I biofortification was more effective in the floating system. Quality of leaves during post-harvest storage was not affected by neither of the treatments. Lettuce leaves enriched with 13 µM Se and 5 µMI could be good dietary sources of Se and I without inducing toxic effects in humans.

Ecklonia maxima is a brown algae seaweed largely harvested over the last years and used to produce alginate, animal feed, fertilizers, and plant biostimulants. Their extracts are commercially available in various forms and have been applied to many crops for their growth-promoting effects which may vary according to the treated species and doses applied. The aim of the study was to characterize the effect of adding an Ecklonia maxima commercial extract (Basfoliar Kelp; 0, 1, 2, and 4 mL L−1) to the nutrient solution of a hydroponic floating system on growth, yield, and quality of leaf lettuce at harvest and during cold storage (21 days at 4 °C). The supplementation of the E. maxima extract through the mineral nutrient solutions, especially between 2 and 4 mL L−1, enhanced plant growth and improved the yield and many morphological and physiological traits (biomass accumulation, leaf expansion, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, etc.). Preharvest treatments with E. maxima extract were effective in delaying leaf senescence and extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut leaf lettuce. The delay in leaf decay of treated samples allowed to retain an overall quality over the threshold of marketability for up to 21 d of cold storage, especially using 2 mL L−1 of extract.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy vegetable cultivated widely for its fast and year-round production and its beneficial phytochemical content, which may be boosted further by plant biostimulants that are considered eco-sustainable means for enhancing horticultural crop production. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the yield and qualitative parameters of two differently pigmented lettuce cultivars grown in a floating raft system either untreated or treated (leaf, root or leaf/root application) with vegetal protein hydrolysates (PHs). For foliar application (F), lettuce plants were sprayed at a dose of 3 mL L−1, whereas for root application, 0.15 (T1) or 0.3 (T2) mL L−1 was applied to the nutrient solution alone or in combination with foliar spray (T1 + F and T2 + F) with the same foliar concentration. Bio-morphometric and production data were collected after harvest. Physiological and plant nutrition assays included leaf gas exchange, leaf fluorescence, SPAD index, mineral content, carotenoids, total phenols, total ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activities. Cultivar-specific reactions to biostimulant application were noted: whilst the green pigmented cultivar thrived under nutrient solution applications and recorded higher yield by 82.7% (T1) or (T1 + F) and 71.7% (T2), the red cultivar thrived under combined treatments, yielding 55.4% (T2 + F) higher than control and providing the most concentrated phytochemical content. These latter treatments also engendered the highest SPAD index, Fv/Fm ratio, CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration. In addition, the T2 + F treatment boosted ‘Canasta’ hydrophilic antioxidant activity (21.9%) and total ascorbic acid (5.6-fold). Nutrient solution treatments alone proved advantageous when compared to foliar treatments, while mixed treatments proved genotype-specific. New research on genotype specificity of biostimulant effects is warranted for future use, in order to rationalize biostimulant application modes and dosages.