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1. Disease decreases variation in host community structure in an old-field grassland.

Author

Rita L Grunberg, Fletcher W Halliday, Robert W Heckman, Brooklynn N Joyner, Kayleigh R O'Keeffe, and Charles E Mitchell

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Disease may drive variation in host community structure by modifying the interplay of deterministic and stochastic processes that shape communities. For instance, deterministic processes like ecological selection can benefit species less impacted by disease. When communities have higher levels of disease and disease consistently selects for certain host species, this can reduce variation in host community composition. On the other hand, when host communities are less impacted by disease and selection is weaker, stochastic processes (e.g., drift, dispersal) may play a bigger role in host community structure, which can increase variation among communities. While effects of disease on host community structure have been quantified in field experiments, few have addressed the role of disease in modulating variation in structure among host communities. To address this, we conducted a field experiment spanning three years, using a tractable system: foliar fungal pathogens in an old-field grassland community dominated by the grass Lolium arundinaceum, tall fescue. We reduced foliar fungal disease burden in replicate host communities (experimental plots in intact vegetation) in three fungicide regimens that varied in the seasonal duration of fungicide treatment and included a fungicide-free control. We measured host diversity, biomass, and variation in community structure among replicate communities. Disease reduction generally decreased plant richness and increased aboveground biomass relative to communities experiencing ambient levels of disease. These changes in richness and aboveground biomass were consistent across years despite changes in structure of the plant communities over the experiment's three years. Importantly, disease reduction amplified host community variation, suggesting that disease diminished the degree to which host communities were structured by stochastic processes. These results of experimental disease reduction both highlight the potential importance of stochastic processes in plant communities and reveal the potential for disease to regulate variation in host community structure.

Published
2023
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2. Measuring the shape of the biodiversity-disease relationship across systems reveals new findings and key gaps

Author

Fletcher W. Halliday and Jason R. Rohr

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and infectious disease is important for predicting the effects of biodiversity loss. Here, the authors analyze 205 published biodiversity–disease relationships and show that these tend to be nonlinear and might depend on spatial scale.

Published
2019
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3. The effect of host community functional traits on plant disease risk varies along an elevational gradient

Author

Fletcher W Halliday, Mikko Jalo, and Anna-Liisa Laine

Subjects
biodiversity, parasitism, community structure, elevation, climate change, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Quantifying the relative impact of environmental conditions and host community structure on disease is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, as both climate and biodiversity are changing at unprecedented rates. Both increasing temperature and shifting host communities toward more fast-paced life-history strategies are predicted to increase disease, yet their independent and interactive effects on disease in natural communities remain unknown. Here, we address this challenge by surveying foliar disease symptoms in 220, 0.5 m-diameter herbaceous plant communities along a 1100-m elevational gradient. We find that increasing temperature associated with lower elevation can increase disease by (1) relaxing constraints on parasite growth and reproduction, (2) determining which host species are present in a given location, and (3) strengthening the positive effect of host community pace-of-life on disease. These results provide the first field evidence, under natural conditions, that environmental gradients can alter how host community structure affects disease.

Published
2021
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4. A meta-analysis on global change drivers and the risk of infectious disease

Author

Mahon, Michael B., Sack, Alexandra, Aleuy, O. Alejandro, Barbera, Carly, Brown, Ethan, Buelow, Heather, Civitello, David J., Cohen, Jeremy M., de Wit, Luz A., Forstchen, Meghan, Halliday, Fletcher W., Heffernan, Patrick, Knutie, Sarah A., Korotasz, Alexis, Larson, Joanna G., Rumschlag, Samantha L., Selland, Emily, Shepack, Alexander, Vincent, Nitin, and Rohr, Jason R.

Published
2024
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7. Pharmacy Apps: a new frontier on the digital landscape?

Author

Davies MJ, Collings M, Fletcher W, and Mujtaba H

Subjects
Cellular Phone, Computers Handheld, Pharmacists, Professional Practice, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950, Pharmacy and materia medica, RS1-441
Abstract

Background: Over the course of recent years smartphone and tablet technology has evolved rapidly. Similarly, the sphere of healthcare is constantly developing and striving to embrace the newest forms of technology in order to optimise function. Many opportunities for mobile applications (i.e. ‘apps’) pertinent to the healthcare sector are now emerging. Objective: This study will consider whether registered pharmacists within the United Kingdom (UK) believe it appropriate to use mobile apps during the provision of healthcare within the community setting. Methods: Further to Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) ethical approval, the 30 item questionnaire was distributed to UK registered pharmacists (n=600) practising within inner city Manchester, Liverpool and Newcastle. The questions were formatted as multiple choice, Likert scales or the open answer type. On questionnaire completion and return, data were analysed using simple frequencies, cross tabulations and non-parametric techniques in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (v18). Results: The majority of respondents (78.4% of 211 participants) confirmed that they were confident when using mobile apps on their technology platform. In general, mobile apps were perceived to be useful in facilitating patient consultations (55%) and supporting healthcare education (80%). The main barrier for mobile app use within the workplace was company policy, deemed significant in the case of regional / national chain pharmacies (p

Published
2014

8. Predicting intraspecific trait variation among California's grasses

Author

Sandel, Brody, Pavelka, Claire, Hayashi, Thomas, Charles, Lachlan, Funk, Jennifer, Halliday, Fletcher W, Kandlikar, Gaurav S, Kleinhesselink, Andrew R, Kraft, Nathan JB, Larios, Loralee, Madsen‐McQueen, Tesa, and Spasojevic, Marko J

Subjects
functional traits, grass, intraspecific trait variation, machine learning, Poaceae, specific leaf area, Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Ecology
Abstract

Plant species can show considerable morphological and functional variation along environmental gradients. This intraspecific trait variation (ITV) can have important consequences for community assembly, biotic interactions, ecosystem functions and responses to global change. However, directly measuring ITV across many species and wide geographic areas is often infeasible. Thus, a method to predict spatial variation in a species’ functional traits could be valuable. We measured specific leaf area (SLA), height and leaf area (LA) of grasses across California, covering 59 species at 230 sampling locations. We asked how these traits change along climate gradients within each species and used machine learning to predict local trait values for any species at any location based on phylogenetic position, local climate and that species’ mean traits. We then examined how much these local predictions alter patterns of assemblage-level trait variation across the state. Most species exhibited higher SLA and grew taller at higher temperatures and produced larger leaves in drier conditions. The random forests predicted spatial variation in functional traits very accurately, with correlations up to 0.97. Because trait records were spatially biased towards warmer areas, and these areas tend to have higher SLA individuals within each species, species means of SLA were upwardly biased. As a result, using species means over-estimates SLA in the cooler regions of the state. Our results also suggest that height may be substantially under-predicted in the warmest areas. Synthesis. Using only species mean traits to characterize the functional composition of communities risks introducing substantial error into trait-based estimates of ecosystem properties including decomposition rates or NPP. The high performance of random forests in predicting local trait values provides a way forward for estimating high-resolution patterns of ITV without a massive data collection effort.

Published
2021

10. Above‐ and belowground plant pathogens along elevational gradients: patterns and potential mechanisms.

Author

Lin, Ziyuan, Halliday, Fletcher W., Zhang, Peng, Wang, Xingxing, Chen, Fei, Shi, Anya, Shi, Juanjuan, Xiao, Yao, and Liu, Xiang

Subjects
*PHYTOPATHOGENIC microorganisms, *MYCOSES, *FIELD research, *DISEASE susceptibility, *PLANT communities
Abstract

Plant pathogens are important for community assembly and ecosystem functioning and respond to a variety of abiotic and biotic factors, which may change along elevational gradients. Thus, elevational gradients are a valuable model system for exploring how environmental, plant community and soil factors influence pathogen communities. Yet, how these factors influence pathogens in natural ecosystems remains poorly understood. We examined the dynamics of plant fungal pathogens along elevational gradients, as well as the mechanisms shaping these dynamics, by combining a field survey on the Tibetan Plateau with a global meta‐analysis. In the field survey, increasing elevation was associated with a decrease in soil fungal pathogen richness but not in foliar fungal disease symptoms. Elevation was primarily related to soil fungal pathogen richness through abiotic factors, whereas no association was found between elevation and foliar fungal diseases. The meta‐analysis confirmed the generality of our field survey results: elevation was associated with a decrease in soil fungal pathogen richness, but it had no consistent relationship with foliar fungal diseases or pathogens. Thus, above‐ and belowground plant pathogen communities showed distinct elevational patterns, providing new insights into underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. Computational statistics in molecular phylogenetics

Author

Fletcher, W. A. J.

Subjects
570
Abstract

Simulation remains a very important approach to testing the robustness and accuracy of phylogenetic inference methods. However, current simulation programs are limited, especially concerning realistic models for simulating insertions and deletions (indels). In this thesis I implement a new, portable and flexible application, named INDELible, which can be used to generate nucleotide, amino acid and codon sequence data by simulating indels (under several models of indel length distribution) as well as substitutions (under a rich repertoire of substitution models). In particular, I introduce a simulation study that makes use of one of INDELible’s many unique features to simulate data with indels under codon models that allow the nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rate ratio to vary among sites and branches. This data is used to quantify, for the first time, the precise effects of indels and alignment errors on the false-positive rate and power of the widely used branch-site test of positive selection. Several alignment programs are used and assessed in this context. Through the simulation experiment, I show that insertions and deletions do not cause the test to generate excessive false positives if the alignment is correct, but alignment errors can lead to unacceptably high false positives. Previous selection studies that use inferior alignment programs are revisited to demonstrate the applicability of my results in real world situations. Further work uses simulated data from INDELible to examine the effects of tree-shape and branch length on the alignment accuracy of several alignment programs, and the impact of alignment errors on different methods of phylogeny reconstruction. In particular, analysis is performed to explore which programs avoid generating the kind of alignment errors that are most detrimental to the process of phylogeny reconstruction.

Published
2011

21. Testing the Effect of Relative Pollen Productivity on the REVEALS Model: A Validated Reconstruction of Europe-Wide Holocene Vegetation

Author

Serge, MA, Mazier, F, Fyfe, R, Gaillard, MJ, Klein, T, Lagnoux, A, Galop, D, Githumbi, E, Mindrescu, M, Nielsen, AB, Trondman, AK, Poska, A, Sugita, S, Woodbridge, J, Abel-Schaad, D, Åkesson, C, Alenius, T, Ammann, B, Andersen, ST, Anderson, RS, Andrič, M, Balakauskas, L, Barnekow, L, Batalova, V, Bergman, J, Birks, HJB, Björkman, L, Bjune, AE, Borisova, O, Broothaerts, N, Carrion, J, Caseldine, C, Christiansen, J, Cui, Q, Currás, A, Czerwiński, S, David, R, Davies, AL, De Jong, R, Di Rita, F, Dietre, B, Dörfler, W, Doyen, E, Edwards, KJ, Ejarque, A, Endtmann, E, Etienne, D, Faure, E, Feeser, I, Feurdean, A, Fischer, E, Fletcher, W, Franco-Múgica, F, Fredh, ED, Froyd, C, Garcés-Pastor, S, García-Moreiras, I, Gauthier, E, Gil-Romera, G, González-Sampériz, P, Grant, MJ, Grindean, R, Haas, JN, Hannon, G, Heather, AJ, Heikkilä, M, Hjelle, K, Jahns, S, Jasiunas, N, Jiménez-Moreno, G, Jouffroy-Bapicot, I, Kabailienė, M, Kamerling, IM, Kangur, M, Karpińska-Kołaczek, M, Kasianova, A, Kołaczek, P, Lagerås, P, Latalowa, M, Lechterbeck, J, Leroyer, C, Leydet, M, Lindbladh, M, Lisitsyna, O, López-Sáez, JA, Lowe, J, Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger, R, Lukanina, E, Macijauskaitė, L, Magri, D, Marguerie, D, Marquer, L, Martinez-Cortizas, A, Mehl, I, Mesa-Fernández, JM, Mighall, T, Miola, A, Miras, Y, Morales-Molino, C, Mrotzek, A, Serge, MA [0000-0001-5506-9732], Mazier, F [0000-0003-2643-0925], Fyfe, R [0000-0002-5676-008X], Gaillard, MJ [0000-0002-2025-410X], Klein, T [0000-0002-1276-3078], Lagnoux, A [0000-0002-6841-5814], Galop, D [0000-0003-1746-4760], Githumbi, E [0000-0002-6470-8986], Mindrescu, M [0000-0003-2291-4877], Nielsen, AB [0000-0001-7854-353X], Trondman, AK [0000-0003-3865-8548], Poska, A [0000-0002-8778-1430], Sugita, S [0000-0002-3634-7095], Woodbridge, J [0000-0003-0756-3538], Abel-Schaad, D [0000-0003-3915-8342], Alenius, T [0000-0003-2965-5177], Ammann, B [0000-0001-6123-6357], Andrič, M [0000-0003-1211-7081], Balakauskas, L [0000-0002-8941-989X], Batalova, V [0000-0002-8375-2835], Bergman, J [0000-0002-6753-917X], Birks, HJB [0000-0002-5891-9859], Bjune, AE [0000-0002-4509-0148], Borisova, O [0000-0003-1728-7610], Broothaerts, N [0000-0002-8605-9657], Carrion, J [0000-0002-6949-4382], Christiansen, J [0000-0003-2693-9887], Cui, Q [0000-0001-9824-3315], Currás, A [0000-0002-1828-7455], Czerwiński, S [0000-0003-3422-040X], Di Rita, F [0000-0002-3065-8474], Dietre, B [0000-0002-9959-3613], Dörfler, W [0000-0001-6251-7185], Ejarque, A [0000-0001-9101-5299], Feeser, I [0000-0002-9618-5139], Feurdean, A [0000-0002-2497-3005], Fletcher, W [0000-0001-8918-0690], Franco-Múgica, F [0000-0002-9372-8863], Fredh, ED [0000-0003-1787-6976], Froyd, C [0000-0001-5291-9156], Garcés-Pastor, S [0000-0001-5652-7264], García-Moreiras, I [0000-0001-8713-0374], Gauthier, E [0000-0002-9238-8190], Gil-Romera, G [0000-0001-5726-2536], González-Sampériz, P [0000-0002-5097-1468], Grant, MJ [0000-0002-4766-6913], Grindean, R [0000-0002-0518-8490], Hannon, G [0000-0002-5536-7884], Heikkilä, M [0000-0003-3885-8670], Hjelle, K [0000-0001-5777-0362], Jiménez-Moreno, G [0000-0001-7185-8686], Jouffroy-Bapicot, I [0000-0001-5920-7565], Kamerling, IM [0000-0003-3321-8631], Karpińska-Kołaczek, M [0000-0002-3249-7408], Kołaczek, P [0000-0003-2552-8269], Lagerås, P [0000-0002-2804-8028], Latalowa, M [0000-0001-7594-5146], Lechterbeck, J [0000-0003-3582-2605], Leroyer, C [0000-0002-2370-7303], Leydet, M [0000-0003-1123-3427], Lindbladh, M [0000-0002-0577-0050], Lisitsyna, O [0000-0003-1415-7650], López-Sáez, JA [0000-0002-3122-2744], Lukanina, E [0000-0001-7573-797X], Macijauskaitė, L [0000-0002-0623-871X], Magri, D [0000-0001-7254-593X], Marguerie, D [0000-0001-8672-2570], Marquer, L [0000-0002-5772-3782], Martinez-Cortizas, A [0000-0003-0430-5760], Mesa-Fernández, JM [0000-0003-1778-8351], Mighall, T [0000-0002-8365-7694], Miola, A [0000-0002-3441-4880], Miras, Y [0000-0002-4055-4134], Morales-Molino, C [0000-0002-9464-862X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
15 Life on Land, 4104 Environmental Management, 3304 Urban and Regional Planning, 41 Environmental Sciences, 33 Built Environment and Design, 3301 Architecture
Abstract

Reliable quantitative vegetation reconstructions for Europe during the Holocene are crucial to improving our understanding of landscape dynamics, making it possible to assess the past effects of environmental variables and land-use change on ecosystems and biodiversity, and mitigating their effects in the future. We present here the most spatially extensive and temporally continuous pollen-based reconstructions of plant cover in Europe (at a spatial resolution of 1° × 1°) over the Holocene (last 11.7 ka BP) using the ‘Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites’ (REVEALS) model. This study has three main aims. First, to present the most accurate and reliable generation of REVEALS reconstructions across Europe so far. This has been achieved by including a larger number of pollen records compared to former analyses, in particular from the Mediterranean area. Second, to discuss methodological issues in the quantification of past land cover by using alternative datasets of relative pollen productivities (RPPs), one of the key input parameters of REVEALS, to test model sensitivity. Finally, to validate our reconstructions with the global forest change dataset. The results suggest that the RPPs.st1 (31 taxa) dataset is best suited to producing regional vegetation cover estimates for Europe. These reconstructions offer a long-term perspective providing unique possibilities to explore spatial-temporal changes in past land cover and biodiversity.

Published
2023

26. Influence of flooding variability on the development of an Amazonian peatland.

Author

Sassoon, D., Fletcher, W. J., Roucoux, K. H., Ryan, P., Lawson, I. T., Honorio Coronado, E. N., Del Aguila Pasquel, J., Bishop, T., Åkesson, C. M., and Hastie, A.

Subjects
PALMS, ECOSYSTEM services, PALEOECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL protection, FLOODS, PEATLANDS, VEGETATION dynamics, PEAT
Abstract

Peat in the Pastaza–Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB), northern Peru, forms beneath open wetlands, palm swamps, pole forests and seasonally flooded forests. These vegetation communities may represent different successional stages of peatlands, but the spatiotemporal patterns of peatland development in Amazonia are still poorly understood. We present a new geochemical and palaeoecological record spanning the last c. 4330 years from an open peatland (San Roque, core SAR_T3_03_B). Our results suggest the persistence of predominantly herbaceous vegetation communities at the core site since the start of peat accumulation (c. 3180 cal a bp). Micro‐X‐ray fluorescence core scanning provides evidence for episodes of fluvially derived minerogenic input and simultaneous increases in flood‐tolerant taxa relating to intervals of increased frequency and depth of riverine flooding. The establishment of Mauritia flexuosa palms from around 440 cal a bp coincided with a shift to lower flooding depth and frequency which continues to the present day. This study reveals the role of flooding variability in shaping peatland development and influencing vegetation succession in the PMFB, underlining the need to understand natural environmental variability for the conservation of these ecosystems due to their vital contributions to ecosystem services and carbon storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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27. Climatic variability in the Mediterranean region over the last 130 ka, sapropel formation and teleconnection with the North Atlantic and monsoon systems

Author

Sanchez Goñi, M. F., Fletcher, W. J., Landais, A., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; Since the identification of millennial-scale climatic variability in Greenland and the North Atlantic (Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) and Heinrich (H) events) several questions remain open regarding the expression of this variability in the Mediterranean region, the oceanic and atmospheric mechanisms involved and how other forcings such as orbital parameters affect this variability. Several high-resolution pollen-rich marine cores retrieved in the framework of the IMAGES and ODP programs and covering at least the last 50,000 years have been analysed in the last decade. An array of terrestrial and marine micropalaeontological (pollen, foraminifer), sedimentary (microcharcoal, ice rafted detritus) and geochemical (d18O and d13C) tracers from the same sample set has allowed us to establish a direct correlation between the evolution of the atmospheric and oceanic reservoirs. All the D-O events have a counterpart in western Mediterranean terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Cold sea surface temperatures (SST) were synchronous with the expansion of semi-desert landscapes indicating a decrease in winter precipitation likely related with the northward displacement of the westerlies. SST increases were contemporaneous with the expansion of this forest and, therefore, the establishment of the Mediterranean climate, i.e. wet and mild winters with warm and dry summers. The best expression of the Mediterranean climate occurred during the Eemian, D-O 24, 21, 17-16, 8-7, 1 and the Holocene. These maxima occurred always during precession minima (seasonality maxima). The comparison of Mediterranean and Atlantic terrestrial and marine palaeoclimatic records of the last glacial period with Greenland temperature changes reveals that the Mediterranean region is distinctly impacted by precession. The comparison of this contrasting latitudinal climatic scenario with the global methane record which is also modulated by precession during the last climatic cycle reveals that the amplitude of methane peaks parallels the magnitude of forest cover expansion in the western Mediterranean region, in particular during the glacial interval (from 74 to 13 ka), and suggests the existence of an underlying common mechanism also affected by precession, namely the Asian monsoon, which determines both the strength of Mediterranean climate and methane emission. Precession minima would trigger, on the one hand, strongest summer monsoon which, in turn, produce maxima in Mediterranean summer dryness and increase of winter precipitation and, on the other hand, the largest Asian wetland expansion reaching 40°N. Besides, peaks in the Mediterranean forest coincide with precipitation maxima in the eastern Mediterranean region as detected by the Soreq cave d18O speleothem record. These periods of maximum rainfall, likely occurring during winter as concomitant expansion of the summer dry tolerant sclerophyllous plants are detected, are chronologically associated with sapropel S5 to S1. Therefore, sapropel formation would coincide with periods of maxima in both winter rainfall and summer monsoon which led to strong freshwater discharges over the entire year. In winter these discharges arrived by the rivers of the Mediterranean borderlands and in summer trough the strong Nile floods which distinctly affected the eastern Mediterranean basin. This work suggests that several apparently unrelated phenomena, namely the amplitude of the Mediterranean forest expansion, of monsoon enhancement and of methane emissions, and sapropel formation are all modulated by the same orbital forcing (precession).

Published
2023

29. Testing the Effect of Relative Pollen Productivity on the REVEALS Model: A Validated Reconstruction of Europe-Wide Holocene Vegetation

Author

Serge, M., primary, Mazier, F., additional, Fyfe, R., additional, Gaillard, M.-J., additional, Klein, T., additional, Lagnoux, A., additional, Galop, D., additional, Githumbi, E., additional, Mindrescu, M., additional, Nielsen, A., additional, Trondman, A.-K., additional, Poska, A., additional, Sugita, S., additional, Woodbridge, J., additional, Abel-Schaad, D., additional, Åkesson, C., additional, Alenius, T., additional, Ammann, B., additional, Andersen, S., additional, Anderson, R., additional, Andrič, M., additional, Balakauskas, L., additional, Barnekow, L., additional, Batalova, V., additional, Bergman, J., additional, Birks, H., additional, Björkman, L., additional, Bjune, A., additional, Borisova, O., additional, Broothaerts, N., additional, Carrion, J., additional, Caseldine, C., additional, Christiansen, J., additional, Cui, Q., additional, Currás, A., additional, Czerwiński, S., additional, David, R., additional, Davies, A., additional, De Jong, R., additional, Di Rita, F., additional, Dietre, B., additional, Dörfler, W., additional, Doyen, E., additional, Edwards, K., additional, Ejarque, A., additional, Endtmann, E., additional, Etienne, D., additional, Faure, E., additional, Feeser, I., additional, Feurdean, A., additional, Fischer, E., additional, Fletcher, W., additional, Franco-Múgica, F., additional, Fredh, E., additional, Froyd, C., additional, Garcés-Pastor, S., additional, García-Moreiras, I., additional, Gauthier, E., additional, Gil-Romera, G., additional, González-Sampériz, P., additional, Grant, M., additional, Grindean, R., additional, Haas, J., additional, Hannon, G., additional, Heather, A.-J., additional, Heikkilä, M., additional, Hjelle, K., additional, Jahns, S., additional, Jasiunas, N., additional, Jiménez-Moreno, G., additional, Jouffroy-Bapicot, I., additional, Kabailienė, M., additional, Kamerling, I., additional, Kangur, M., additional, Karpińska-Kołaczek, M., additional, Kasianova, A., additional, Kołaczek, P., additional, Lagerås, P., additional, Latalowa, M., additional, Lechterbeck, J., additional, Leroyer, C., additional, Leydet, M., additional, Lindbladh, M., additional, Lisitsyna, O., additional, López-Sáez, J.-A., additional, Lowe, John, additional, Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger, R., additional, Lukanina, E., additional, Macijauskaitė, L., additional, Magri, D., additional, Marguerie, D., additional, Marquer, L., additional, Martinez-Cortizas, A., additional, Mehl, I., additional, Mesa-Fernández, J., additional, Mighall, T., additional, Miola, A., additional, Miras, Y., additional, Morales-Molino, C., additional, Mrotzek, A., additional, Sobrino, C., additional, Odgaard, B., additional, Ozola, I., additional, Pérez-Díaz, S., additional, Pérez-Obiol, R., additional, Poggi, C., additional, Rego, P., additional, Ramos-Román, M., additional, Rasmussen, P., additional, Reille, M., additional, Rösch, M., additional, Ruffaldi, P., additional, Goni, M., additional, Savukynienė, N., additional, Schröder, T., additional, Schult, M., additional, Segerström, U., additional, Seppä, H., additional, Vives, G., additional, Shumilovskikh, L., additional, Smettan, H., additional, Stancikaite, M., additional, Stevenson, A., additional, Stivrins, N., additional, Tantau, I., additional, Theuerkauf, M., additional, Tonkov, S., additional, van der Knaap, W., additional, van Leeuwen, J., additional, Vecmane, E., additional, Verstraeten, G., additional, Veski, S., additional, Voigt, R., additional, Von Stedingk, H., additional, Waller, M., additional, Wiethold, J., additional, Willis, K., additional, Wolters, S., additional, and Zernitskaya, V., additional

Published
2023
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30. Testing the Effect of Relative Pollen Productivity on the REVEALS Model : A Validated Reconstruction of Europe-Wide Holocene Vegetation

Author

Serge, M. A., Mazier, F., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, Marie-José, Klein, T., Lagnoux, A., Galop, D., Githumbi, Esther, Mindrescu, M., Nielsen, A. B., Trondman, Anna-Kari, Poska, A., Sugita, S., Woodbridge, J., Abel-Schaad, D., Åkesson, C., Alenius, T., Ammann, B., Andersen, S. T., Scott Anderson, R., Andric, M., Balakauskas, L., Barnekow, L., Batalova, V., Bergman, J., Birks, H. John B., Björkman, L., Bjune, A. E., Borisova, O., Broothaerts, N., Carrion, J., Caseldine, C., Christiansen, J., Cui, Q., Curras, A., Czerwinski, S., David, R., Davies, A. L., De Jong, R., Di Rita, F., Dietre, B., Doerfler, W., Doyen, E., Edwards, K. J., Ejarque, A., Endtmann, E., Etienne, D., Faure, E., Feeser, I., Feurdean, A., Fischer, E., Fletcher, W., Franco-Mugica, F., Fredh, E. D., Froyd, C., Garces-Pastor, S., Garcia-Moreiras, I., Gauthier, E., Gil-Romera, G., Gonzalez-Samperiz, P., Grant, M. J., Grindean, R., Haas, J. N., Hannon, G., Heather, A. -J, Heikkilae, M., Hjelle, K., Jahns, S., Jasiunas, N., Jimenez-Moreno, G., Jouffroy-Bapicot, I., Kabailiene, M., Kamerling, I. M., Kangur, M., Karpinska-Kolaczek, M., Kasianova, A., Kolaczek, P., Lageras, P., Latalowa, M., Lechterbeck, J., Leroyer, C., Leydet, M., Lindbladh, M., Lisitsyna, O., Lopez-Saez, J. -A, Lowe, John, Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger, R., Lukanina, E., Macijauskaite, L., Magri, D., Marguerie, D., Marquer, L., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Mehl, I., Mesa-Fernandez, J. M., Mighall, T., Miola, A., Miras, Y., Morales-Molino, C., Mrotzek, A., Sobrino, C. Munoz, Odgaard, B., Ozola, I., Perez-Diaz, S., Perez-Obiol, R. P., Poggi, C., Rego, P. Ramil, Ramos-Roman, M. J., Rasmussen, P., Reille, M., Roesch, M., Ruffaldi, P., Goni, M. Sanchez, Savukyniene, N., Schroeder, T., Schult, M., Segerström, U., Seppae, H., Vives, G. Servera, Shumilovskikh, L., Smettan, H. W., Stancikaite, M., Stevenson, A. C., Stivrins, N., Tantau, I., Theuerkauf, M., Tonkov, S., van der Knaap, W. O., van Leeuwen, J. F. N., Vecmane, E., Verstraeten, G., Veski, S., Voigt, R., Von Stedingk, H., Waller, M. P., Wiethold, J., Willis, K. J., Wolters, S., Zernitskaya, V. P., Serge, M. A., Mazier, F., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, Marie-José, Klein, T., Lagnoux, A., Galop, D., Githumbi, Esther, Mindrescu, M., Nielsen, A. B., Trondman, Anna-Kari, Poska, A., Sugita, S., Woodbridge, J., Abel-Schaad, D., Åkesson, C., Alenius, T., Ammann, B., Andersen, S. T., Scott Anderson, R., Andric, M., Balakauskas, L., Barnekow, L., Batalova, V., Bergman, J., Birks, H. John B., Björkman, L., Bjune, A. E., Borisova, O., Broothaerts, N., Carrion, J., Caseldine, C., Christiansen, J., Cui, Q., Curras, A., Czerwinski, S., David, R., Davies, A. L., De Jong, R., Di Rita, F., Dietre, B., Doerfler, W., Doyen, E., Edwards, K. J., Ejarque, A., Endtmann, E., Etienne, D., Faure, E., Feeser, I., Feurdean, A., Fischer, E., Fletcher, W., Franco-Mugica, F., Fredh, E. D., Froyd, C., Garces-Pastor, S., Garcia-Moreiras, I., Gauthier, E., Gil-Romera, G., Gonzalez-Samperiz, P., Grant, M. J., Grindean, R., Haas, J. N., Hannon, G., Heather, A. -J, Heikkilae, M., Hjelle, K., Jahns, S., Jasiunas, N., Jimenez-Moreno, G., Jouffroy-Bapicot, I., Kabailiene, M., Kamerling, I. M., Kangur, M., Karpinska-Kolaczek, M., Kasianova, A., Kolaczek, P., Lageras, P., Latalowa, M., Lechterbeck, J., Leroyer, C., Leydet, M., Lindbladh, M., Lisitsyna, O., Lopez-Saez, J. -A, Lowe, John, Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger, R., Lukanina, E., Macijauskaite, L., Magri, D., Marguerie, D., Marquer, L., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Mehl, I., Mesa-Fernandez, J. M., Mighall, T., Miola, A., Miras, Y., Morales-Molino, C., Mrotzek, A., Sobrino, C. Munoz, Odgaard, B., Ozola, I., Perez-Diaz, S., Perez-Obiol, R. P., Poggi, C., Rego, P. Ramil, Ramos-Roman, M. J., Rasmussen, P., Reille, M., Roesch, M., Ruffaldi, P., Goni, M. Sanchez, Savukyniene, N., Schroeder, T., Schult, M., Segerström, U., Seppae, H., Vives, G. Servera, Shumilovskikh, L., Smettan, H. W., Stancikaite, M., Stevenson, A. C., Stivrins, N., Tantau, I., Theuerkauf, M., Tonkov, S., van der Knaap, W. O., van Leeuwen, J. F. N., Vecmane, E., Verstraeten, G., Veski, S., Voigt, R., Von Stedingk, H., Waller, M. P., Wiethold, J., Willis, K. J., Wolters, S., and Zernitskaya, V. P.

Abstract

Reliable quantitative vegetation reconstructions for Europe during the Holocene are crucial to improving our understanding of landscape dynamics, making it possible to assess the past effects of environmental variables and land-use change on ecosystems and biodiversity, and mitigating their effects in the future. We present here the most spatially extensive and temporally continuous pollen-based reconstructions of plant cover in Europe (at a spatial resolution of 1 degrees x 1 degrees) over the Holocene (last 11.7 ka BP) using the 'Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites' (REVEALS) model. This study has three main aims. First, to present the most accurate and reliable generation of REVEALS reconstructions across Europe so far. This has been achieved by including a larger number of pollen records compared to former analyses, in particular from the Mediterranean area. Second, to discuss methodological issues in the quantification of past land cover by using alternative datasets of relative pollen productivities (RPPs), one of the key input parameters of REVEALS, to test model sensitivity. Finally, to validate our reconstructions with the global forest change dataset. The results suggest that the RPPs.st1 (31 taxa) dataset is best suited to producing regional vegetation cover estimates for Europe. These reconstructions offer a long-term perspective providing unique possibilities to explore spatial-temporal changes in past land cover and biodiversity.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

31. Testing the Effect of Relative Pollen Productivity on the REVEALS Model: A Validated Reconstruction of Europe-Wide Holocene Vegetation

Author

European Commission, Serge, M. A., Mazier, F., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M. J., Klein, T., Lagnoux, A., Galop, D., Githumbi, E., Mindrescu, M., Nielsen, A. B., Trondman, A. K., Barnekow, L., Batalova, V., Bergman, J., Birks, H. John B., Björkman, L., Bjune, A. E., Borisova, O., Broothaerts, N., Carrion, J., Caseldine, C., Grindean, R., Christiansen, J., Cui, Q., Currás, Andrés, Czerwiński, S., David, R., Davies, A. L., De Jong, R., Di Rita, F., Dietre, B., Dörfler, W., Haas, J. N., Doyen, E., Edwards, K. J., Ejarque, A., Endtmann, E., Etienne, D., Faure, E., Feeser, I., Feurdean, A., Fischer, E., Fletcher, W., Hannon, G., Franco-Múgica, F., Fredh, E. D., Froyd, C., Garcés-Pastor, S., García-Moreiras, I., Gauthier, E., Gil-Romera, Graciela, González-Sampériz, Penélope, Grant, M. J., Heather, A. J., Heikkilä, M., Hjelle, K., Jahns, S., Jasiunas, N., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Jouffroy-Bapicot, I., Sobrino, C. Muñoz, Kabailienė, M., Kamerling, I. M., Kangur, M., Karpińska-Kołaczek, M., Kasianova, A., Kołaczek, P., Lagerås, P., Latalowa, M., Lechterbeck, J., Leroyer, C., Odgaard, B., Leydet, M., Lindbladh, M., Lisitsyna, O., López Sáez, José Antonio, Lowe, John, Luelmo Lautenschlaeger, Reyes, Lukanina, E., Macijauskaitė, L., Magri, D., Marguerie, D., Ozola, I., Marquer, L., Martínez Cortizas, Antonio, Mehl, I., Mesa-Fernández, J. M., Mighall, Tim, Miola, A., Miras, Y., Morales-Molino, C., Mrotzek, A., Pérez-Díaz, S., Pérez-Obiol, R. P., Poggi, C., Rego, P. Ramil, Ramos-Román, M. J., Rasmussen, P., Reille, M., Poska, A., Rösch, M., Ruffaldi, P., Goni, M. Sánchez, Savukynienė, N., Schröder, T., Schult, M., Segerström, U., Seppä, H., Vives, G. Servera, Shumilovskikh, L., Sugita, S., Smettan, H. W., Stancikaite, M., Stevenson, A. C., Stivrins, N., Tantau, I., Theuerkauf, M., Tonkov, S., van der Knaap, W. O., van Leeuwen, J. F. N., Vecmane, E., Woodbridge, J., Verstraeten, G., Veski, S., Voigt, R., Von Stedingk, H., Waller, M. P., Wiethold, J., Willis, K. J., Wolters, S., Zernitskaya, V. P., Abel-Schaad, D., Åkesson, C., Alenius, T., Ammann, B., Andersen, S. T., Anderson, R. Scott, Andrič, M., Balakauskas, L., European Commission, Serge, M. A., Mazier, F., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M. J., Klein, T., Lagnoux, A., Galop, D., Githumbi, E., Mindrescu, M., Nielsen, A. B., Trondman, A. K., Barnekow, L., Batalova, V., Bergman, J., Birks, H. John B., Björkman, L., Bjune, A. E., Borisova, O., Broothaerts, N., Carrion, J., Caseldine, C., Grindean, R., Christiansen, J., Cui, Q., Currás, Andrés, Czerwiński, S., David, R., Davies, A. L., De Jong, R., Di Rita, F., Dietre, B., Dörfler, W., Haas, J. N., Doyen, E., Edwards, K. J., Ejarque, A., Endtmann, E., Etienne, D., Faure, E., Feeser, I., Feurdean, A., Fischer, E., Fletcher, W., Hannon, G., Franco-Múgica, F., Fredh, E. D., Froyd, C., Garcés-Pastor, S., García-Moreiras, I., Gauthier, E., Gil-Romera, Graciela, González-Sampériz, Penélope, Grant, M. J., Heather, A. J., Heikkilä, M., Hjelle, K., Jahns, S., Jasiunas, N., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Jouffroy-Bapicot, I., Sobrino, C. Muñoz, Kabailienė, M., Kamerling, I. M., Kangur, M., Karpińska-Kołaczek, M., Kasianova, A., Kołaczek, P., Lagerås, P., Latalowa, M., Lechterbeck, J., Leroyer, C., Odgaard, B., Leydet, M., Lindbladh, M., Lisitsyna, O., López Sáez, José Antonio, Lowe, John, Luelmo Lautenschlaeger, Reyes, Lukanina, E., Macijauskaitė, L., Magri, D., Marguerie, D., Ozola, I., Marquer, L., Martínez Cortizas, Antonio, Mehl, I., Mesa-Fernández, J. M., Mighall, Tim, Miola, A., Miras, Y., Morales-Molino, C., Mrotzek, A., Pérez-Díaz, S., Pérez-Obiol, R. P., Poggi, C., Rego, P. Ramil, Ramos-Román, M. J., Rasmussen, P., Reille, M., Poska, A., Rösch, M., Ruffaldi, P., Goni, M. Sánchez, Savukynienė, N., Schröder, T., Schult, M., Segerström, U., Seppä, H., Vives, G. Servera, Shumilovskikh, L., Sugita, S., Smettan, H. W., Stancikaite, M., Stevenson, A. C., Stivrins, N., Tantau, I., Theuerkauf, M., Tonkov, S., van der Knaap, W. O., van Leeuwen, J. F. N., Vecmane, E., Woodbridge, J., Verstraeten, G., Veski, S., Voigt, R., Von Stedingk, H., Waller, M. P., Wiethold, J., Willis, K. J., Wolters, S., Zernitskaya, V. P., Abel-Schaad, D., Åkesson, C., Alenius, T., Ammann, B., Andersen, S. T., Anderson, R. Scott, Andrič, M., and Balakauskas, L.

Abstract

Reliable quantitative vegetation reconstructions for Europe during the Holocene are crucial to improving our understanding of landscape dynamics, making it possible to assess the past effects of environmental variables and land-use change on ecosystems and biodiversity, and mitigating their effects in the future. We present here the most spatially extensive and temporally continuous pollen-based reconstructions of plant cover in Europe (at a spatial resolution of 1° × 1°) over the Holocene (last 11.7 ka BP) using the ‘Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites’ (REVEALS) model. This study has three main aims. First, to present the most accurate and reliable generation of REVEALS reconstructions across Europe so far. This has been achieved by including a larger number of pollen records compared to former analyses, in particular from the Mediterranean area. Second, to discuss methodological issues in the quantification of past land cover by using alternative datasets of relative pollen productivities (RPPs), one of the key input parameters of REVEALS, to test model sensitivity. Finally, to validate our reconstructions with the global forest change dataset. The results suggest that the RPPs.st1 (31 taxa) dataset is best suited to producing regional vegetation cover estimates for Europe. These reconstructions offer a long-term perspective providing unique possibilities to explore spatial-temporal changes in past land cover and biodiversity.

Published
2023

32. Intraspecific trait variation and changing life-history strategies explain host community disease risk along a temperature gradient

Author

Halliday, Fletcher W; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-0861, Czyżewski, Szymon; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4202-2131, Laine, Anna-Liisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-5850, Halliday, Fletcher W; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-0861, Czyżewski, Szymon; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4202-2131, and Laine, Anna-Liisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-5850

Abstract

Predicting how climate change will affect disease risk is complicated by the fact that changing environmental conditions can affect disease through direct and indirect effects. Species with fast-paced life-history strategies often amplify disease, and changing climate can modify life-history composition of communities thereby altering disease risk. However, individuals within a species can also respond to changing conditions with intraspecific trait variation. To test the effect of temperature, as well as inter- and intraspecifc trait variation on community disease risk, we measured foliar disease and specific leaf area (SLA; a proxy for life-history strategy) on more than 2500 host (plant) individuals in 199 communities across a 1101 m elevational gradient in southeastern Switzerland. There was no direct effect of increasing temperature on disease. Instead, increasing temperature favoured species with higher SLA, fast-paced life-history strategies. This effect was balanced by intraspecific variation in SLA: on average, host individuals expressed lower SLA with increasing temperature, and this effect was stronger among species adapted to warmer temperatures and lower latitudes. These results demonstrate how impacts of changing temperature on disease may depend on how temperature combines and interacts with host community structure while indicating that evolutionary constraints can determine how these effects are manifested under global change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world’.

Published
2023

34. Christian perfection in Wesley and Fletcher, with implications for today

Author

Fletcher, W. Brian

Subjects
270.092
Abstract

Christian Perfection is most often dismissed or defended on the basis, declared or assumed, that it is 'perfect sanctification' or 'sinless perfection'. For those who dismiss the concept not least in their considerations is John Wesley's own insistence in retaining the word 'perfection' and his apparent ambivalence with regard to 'sinlessness'. In the case of those who defend the idea there continues to be, underlying all of the qualifications, an acceptance that Christian Perfection is indeed 'perfect sanctification', albeit an imperfect 'perfect sanctification'. It is the contention of this study that Christian Perfection defined in such terms as 'perfect sanctification', imperfect or otherwise, is an inadequate definition of the idea and does a serious injustice to what Wesley intended. Bringing together Wesley and his first interpreter, John Fletcher , the first two chapters of the study seek to present how both men perceived their understanding of the concept, based on what they considered to be the definitive documents on Christian Perfection. With regard to Wesley's understanding of the concept the dissertation maintains that not enough attention has been paid to Wesley's final summary in the Plain Account where he describes Christian perfection in its 'native' form. On the foundation of the first two chapters, the third chapter attempts to compare the two men's understanding in relation to the similarities, differences and the countering of criticisms. It concludes that Wesley and Fletcher saw themselves as basically in agreement and that after Fletcher's own adjustment, his emphasis on the Spirit, whatever the subsequent interpretation of history, should be seen as complimenting and not contradicting Wesley. With chapter 4 the major problems of Christian perfection in terms of definition, time and experience are examined in the light of biblical and theological perspectives. In the penultimate chapter it is argued that the key to understanding Christian Perfection is to see it, not in terms of sanctification, instantaneous or progressive, but as the Wesley/Fletcher 'category of interpretation' for the wholeness of vibrant Christian living. As such this holds together the pastoral need for 'actualisation' with the ongoing dynamic of life in the Spirit. The final chapter seeks to work out some of the implications of such an understanding paying particular attention to the religio-political dimensions of the current situation in Northern Ireland.

Published
1998

39. Supplemental Figure and Table from Intraspecific trait variation and changing life-history strategies explain host community disease risk along a temperature gradient

Author

Halliday, Fletcher W., Czyżewski, Szymon, and Laine, Anna-Liisa

Abstract

Predicting how climate change will affect disease risk is complicated by the fact that changing environmental conditions can affect disease through direct and indirect effects. Species with fast-paced life-history strategies often amplify disease, and changing climate can modify life-history composition of communities thereby altering disease risk. However, individuals within a species can also respond to changing conditions with intraspecific trait variation. To test the effect of temperature, as well as inter- and intraspecifc trait variation on community disease risk, we measured foliar disease and specific leaf area (SLA; a proxy for life-history strategy) on greater than 2500 host (plant) individuals in 199 communities across a 1101-m elevational gradient in southeastern Switzerland. There was no direct effect of increasing temperature on disease. Instead, increasing temperature favoured species with higher SLA, fast-paced life-history strategies. This effect was balanced by intraspecific variation in SLA: on average, host individuals expressed lower SLA with increasing temperature, and this effect was stronger among species adapted to warmer temperatures and lower latitudes. These results demonstrate how impacts of changing temperature on disease may depend on how temperature combines and interacts with host community structure while indicating that evolutionary constraints can determine how these effects are manifested under global change.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world’.

Published
2023
Full Text
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43. Global change drivers and the risk of infectious disease

Author

Mahon, Michael B, Sack, Alexandra, Aleuy, O Alejandro, Barbera, Carly, Brown, Ethan, Buelow, Heather, Civitello, David J, Cohen, Jeremy M, de Wit, Luz, Forstchen, Meghan, Halliday, Fletcher W, Heffernan, Patrick, Knutie, Sarah A, Korotasz, Alexis, Larson, Joanna G, Rumschlag, Samantha L, Selland, Emily, Shepack, Alexander, Vincent, Nitin, Rohr, Jason R, and University of Zurich

Subjects
10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology)
Abstract

Anthropogenic change is contributing to the rise in emerging infectious diseases, but it remains unclear which global change drivers most increase disease and under what contexts. We amassed a dataset from the literature that includes 1,832 observations of infectious disease responses to global change drivers across 1,202 host-parasite combinations. We found that biodiversity loss, climate change, and introduced species were associated with increases in disease-related endpoints or harm (i.e., enemy release for introduced species), whereas urbanization was associated with decreases in disease endpoints. Natural biodiversity gradients, deforestation, forest fragmentation, and most classes of chemical contaminants had non-significant effects on these endpoints. Overall, these results were consistent across human and non-human diseases. Context-dependent effects of the global change drivers on disease were common and are discussed. These findings will help better target disease management and surveillance efforts towards global change drivers that increase disease.One-Sentence SummaryHere we quantify which global change drivers increase infectious diseases the most to better target global disease management and surveillance efforts.

Published
2022

45. Predicting intraspecific trait variation among California's grasses

Author

Gaurav S. Kandlikar, Andrew R. Kleinhesselink, Thomas Hayashi, Loralee Larios, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Brody Sandel, Jennifer L. Funk, Claire Pavelka, Fletcher W. Halliday, Marko J. Spasojevic, Tesa Madsen-McQueen, and Lachlan S. Charles

Subjects
grass, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Ecology, Specific leaf area, Plant Science, Biological Sciences, Funk, Biology, Poaceae, Intraspecific competition, machine learning, Variation (linguistics), intraspecific trait variation, Botany, Trait, functional traits, specific leaf area, Environmental Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Plant species can show considerable morphological and functional variation along environmental gradients. This intraspecific trait variation (ITV) can have important consequences for community assembly, biotic interactions, ecosystem functions and responses to global change. However, directly measuring ITV across many species and wide geographic areas is often infeasible. Thus, a method to predict spatial variation in a species’ functional traits could be valuable. We measured specific leaf area (SLA), height and leaf area (LA) of grasses across California, covering 59 species at 230 sampling locations. We asked how these traits change along climate gradients within each species and used machine learning to predict local trait values for any species at any location based on phylogenetic position, local climate and that species’ mean traits. We then examined how much these local predictions alter patterns of assemblage-level trait variation across the state. Most species exhibited higher SLA and grew taller at higher temperatures and produced larger leaves in drier conditions. The random forests predicted spatial variation in functional traits very accurately, with correlations up to 0.97. Because trait records were spatially biased towards warmer areas, and these areas tend to have higher SLA individuals within each species, species means of SLA were upwardly biased. As a result, using species means over-estimates SLA in the cooler regions of the state. Our results also suggest that height may be substantially under-predicted in the warmest areas. Synthesis. Using only species mean traits to characterize the functional composition of communities risks introducing substantial error into trait-based estimates of ecosystem properties including decomposition rates or NPP. The high performance of random forests in predicting local trait values provides a way forward for estimating high-resolution patterns of ITV without a massive data collection effort.

Published
2021

46. Parasites, niche modification and the host microbiome: A field survey of multiple parasites

Author

Fletcher W. Halliday, Corbin D. Jones, Ignazio Carbone, Charles E. Mitchell, and Kayleigh R. O'Keeffe

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Niche, Population, Zoology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Host-Parasite Interactions, 03 medical and health sciences, Parasitic Diseases, Genetics, Animals, Parasite hosting, Parasites, Parasite transmission, Microbiome, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecological niche, education.field_of_study, Host (biology), Microbiota, Field survey, 030104 developmental biology, Mycobiome
Abstract

Parasites can affect and be affected by the host's microbiome, with consequences for host susceptibility, parasite transmission, and host and parasite fitness. Yet, two aspects of the relationship between parasite infection and host microbiota remain little understood: the nature of the relationship under field conditions, and how the relationship varies among parasites. To overcome these limitations, we performed a field survey of the within-leaf fungal community in a tall fescue population. We investigated how diversity and composition of the fungal microbiome associate with natural infection by fungal parasites with different feeding strategies. A parasite's feeding strategy affects both parasite requirements of the host environment and parasite impacts on the host environment. We hypothesized that parasites that more strongly modify niches available within a host will be associated with greater changes in microbiome diversity and composition. Parasites with a feeding strategy that creates necrotic tissue to extract resources (necrotrophs) may not only have different niche requirements, but also act as particularly strong niche modifiers. Barcoded amplicon sequencing of the fungal ITS region revealed that leaf segments symptomatic of necrotrophs had lower fungal diversity and distinct composition compared to segments that were asymptomatic or symptomatic of other parasites. There were no clear differences in fungal diversity or composition between leaf segments that were asymptomatic and segments symptomatic of other parasite feeding strategies. Our results motivate future experimental work to test how the relationship between the microbiome and parasite infection is impacted by parasite feeding strategy and highlight the potential importance of parasite traits.

Published
2021

48. Global change drivers and the risk of infectious disease

Author

Mahon, Michael B., primary, Sack, Alexandra, additional, Aleuy, O. Alejandro, additional, Barbera, Carly, additional, Brown, Ethan, additional, Buelow, Heather, additional, Civitello, David J., additional, Cohen, Jeremy M., additional, de Wit, Luz, additional, Forstchen, Meghan, additional, Halliday, Fletcher W., additional, Heffernan, Patrick, additional, Knutie, Sarah A., additional, Korotasz, Alexis, additional, Larson, Joanna G., additional, Rumschlag, Samantha L., additional, Selland, Emily, additional, Shepack, Alexander, additional, Vincent, Nitin, additional, and Rohr, Jason R., additional

Published
2022
Full Text
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49. The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

Author

Davis, B, Chevalier, M, Sommer, P, Carter, V, Finsinger, W, Mauri, A, Phelps, L, Zanon, M, Abegglen, R, Akesson, C, Alba-Sanchez, F, Scott Anderson, R, Antipina, T, Atanassova, J, Beer, R, Belyanina, N, Blyakharchuk, T, Borisova, O, Bozilova, E, Bukreeva, G, Jane Bunting, M, Clo, E, Colombaroli, D, Combourieu-Nebout, N, Desprat, S, Di Rita, F, Djamali, M, Edwards, K, Fall, P, Feurdean, A, Fletcher, W, Florenzano, A, Furlanetto, G, Gaceur, E, Galimov, A, Galka, M, Garcia-Moreiras, I, Giesecke, T, Grindean, R, Guido, M, Gvozdeva, I, Herzschuh, U, Hjelle, K, Ivanov, S, Jahns, S, Jankovska, V, Jimenez-Moreno, G, Karpinska-Kolaczek, M, Kitaba, I, Kolaczek, P, Lapteva, E, Latalowa, M, Lebreton, V, Leroy, S, Leydet, M, Lopatina, D, Lopez-Saez, J, Lotter, A, Magri, D, Marinova, E, Matthias, I, Mavridou, A, Mercuri, A, Mesa-Fernandez, J, Mikishin, Y, Milecka, K, Montanari, C, Morales-Molino, C, Mrotzek, A, Sobrino, C, Naidina, O, Nakagawa, T, Nielsen, A, Novenko, E, Panajiotidis, S, Panova, N, Papadopoulou, M, Pardoe, H, Pedziszewska, A, Petrenko, T, Ramos-Roman, M, Ravazzi, C, Rosch, M, Ryabogina, N, Ruiz, S, Sakari Salonen, J, Sapelko, T, Schofield, J, Seppa, H, Shumilovskikh, L, Stivrins, N, Stojakowits, P, Svitavska, H, Swieta-Musznicka, J, Tantau, I, Tinner, W, Tobolski, K, Tonkov, S, Tsakiridou, M, Valsecchi, V, Zanina, O, Zimny, M, Davis B. A. S., Chevalier M., Sommer P., Carter V. A., Finsinger W., Mauri A., Phelps L. N., Zanon M., Abegglen R., Akesson C. M., Alba-Sanchez F., Scott Anderson R., Antipina T. G., Atanassova J. R., Beer R., Belyanina N. I., Blyakharchuk T. A., Borisova O. K., Bozilova E., Bukreeva G., Jane Bunting M., Clo E., Colombaroli D., Combourieu-Nebout N., Desprat S., Di Rita F., Djamali M., Edwards K. J., Fall P. L., Feurdean A., Fletcher W., Florenzano A., Furlanetto G., Gaceur E., Galimov A. T., Galka M., Garcia-Moreiras I., Giesecke T., Grindean R., Guido M. A., Gvozdeva I. G., Herzschuh U., Hjelle K. L., Ivanov S., Jahns S., Jankovska V., Jimenez-Moreno G., Karpinska-Kolaczek M., Kitaba I., Kolaczek P., Lapteva E. G., Latalowa M., Lebreton V., Leroy S., Leydet M., Lopatina D. A., Lopez-Saez J. A., Lotter A. F., Magri D., Marinova E., Matthias I., Mavridou A., Mercuri A. M., Mesa-Fernandez J. M., Mikishin Y. A., Milecka K., Montanari C., Morales-Molino C., Mrotzek A., Sobrino C. M., Naidina O. D., Nakagawa T., Nielsen A. B., Novenko E. Y., Panajiotidis S., Panova N. K., Papadopoulou M., Pardoe H. S., Pedziszewska A., Petrenko T. I., Ramos-Roman M. J., Ravazzi C., Rosch M., Ryabogina N., Ruiz S. S., Sakari Salonen J., Sapelko T. V., Schofield J. E., Seppa H., Shumilovskikh L., Stivrins N., Stojakowits P., Svitavska H. S., Swieta-Musznicka J., Tantau I., Tinner W., Tobolski K., Tonkov S., Tsakiridou M., Valsecchi V., Zanina O. G., Zimny M., Davis, B, Chevalier, M, Sommer, P, Carter, V, Finsinger, W, Mauri, A, Phelps, L, Zanon, M, Abegglen, R, Akesson, C, Alba-Sanchez, F, Scott Anderson, R, Antipina, T, Atanassova, J, Beer, R, Belyanina, N, Blyakharchuk, T, Borisova, O, Bozilova, E, Bukreeva, G, Jane Bunting, M, Clo, E, Colombaroli, D, Combourieu-Nebout, N, Desprat, S, Di Rita, F, Djamali, M, Edwards, K, Fall, P, Feurdean, A, Fletcher, W, Florenzano, A, Furlanetto, G, Gaceur, E, Galimov, A, Galka, M, Garcia-Moreiras, I, Giesecke, T, Grindean, R, Guido, M, Gvozdeva, I, Herzschuh, U, Hjelle, K, Ivanov, S, Jahns, S, Jankovska, V, Jimenez-Moreno, G, Karpinska-Kolaczek, M, Kitaba, I, Kolaczek, P, Lapteva, E, Latalowa, M, Lebreton, V, Leroy, S, Leydet, M, Lopatina, D, Lopez-Saez, J, Lotter, A, Magri, D, Marinova, E, Matthias, I, Mavridou, A, Mercuri, A, Mesa-Fernandez, J, Mikishin, Y, Milecka, K, Montanari, C, Morales-Molino, C, Mrotzek, A, Sobrino, C, Naidina, O, Nakagawa, T, Nielsen, A, Novenko, E, Panajiotidis, S, Panova, N, Papadopoulou, M, Pardoe, H, Pedziszewska, A, Petrenko, T, Ramos-Roman, M, Ravazzi, C, Rosch, M, Ryabogina, N, Ruiz, S, Sakari Salonen, J, Sapelko, T, Schofield, J, Seppa, H, Shumilovskikh, L, Stivrins, N, Stojakowits, P, Svitavska, H, Swieta-Musznicka, J, Tantau, I, Tinner, W, Tobolski, K, Tonkov, S, Tsakiridou, M, Valsecchi, V, Zanina, O, Zimny, M, Davis B. A. S., Chevalier M., Sommer P., Carter V. A., Finsinger W., Mauri A., Phelps L. N., Zanon M., Abegglen R., Akesson C. M., Alba-Sanchez F., Scott Anderson R., Antipina T. G., Atanassova J. R., Beer R., Belyanina N. I., Blyakharchuk T. A., Borisova O. K., Bozilova E., Bukreeva G., Jane Bunting M., Clo E., Colombaroli D., Combourieu-Nebout N., Desprat S., Di Rita F., Djamali M., Edwards K. J., Fall P. L., Feurdean A., Fletcher W., Florenzano A., Furlanetto G., Gaceur E., Galimov A. T., Galka M., Garcia-Moreiras I., Giesecke T., Grindean R., Guido M. A., Gvozdeva I. G., Herzschuh U., Hjelle K. L., Ivanov S., Jahns S., Jankovska V., Jimenez-Moreno G., Karpinska-Kolaczek M., Kitaba I., Kolaczek P., Lapteva E. G., Latalowa M., Lebreton V., Leroy S., Leydet M., Lopatina D. A., Lopez-Saez J. A., Lotter A. F., Magri D., Marinova E., Matthias I., Mavridou A., Mercuri A. M., Mesa-Fernandez J. M., Mikishin Y. A., Milecka K., Montanari C., Morales-Molino C., Mrotzek A., Sobrino C. M., Naidina O. D., Nakagawa T., Nielsen A. B., Novenko E. Y., Panajiotidis S., Panova N. K., Papadopoulou M., Pardoe H. S., Pedziszewska A., Petrenko T. I., Ramos-Roman M. J., Ravazzi C., Rosch M., Ryabogina N., Ruiz S. S., Sakari Salonen J., Sapelko T. V., Schofield J. E., Seppa H., Shumilovskikh L., Stivrins N., Stojakowits P., Svitavska H. S., Swieta-Musznicka J., Tantau I., Tinner W., Tobolski K., Tonkov S., Tsakiridou M., Valsecchi V., Zanina O. G., and Zimny M.

Abstract

The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60 % from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019).

Published
2020

50. Preliminary design of a multiaxial structural element extracted from an F/A-18 A-D inner wing step lap joint for assessing damage tolerance.

Author

Harman, A. B., Pelletier, A. D., Fletcher, W., Webb, L., and Groszek, A.

Subjects
MILITARY capital, MILITARY personnel, AEROSPACE industries, LAP joints, INTERNATIONAL cooperation
Abstract

In 2017, damage growth was observed within critical bonded step lap joints of the F/A-18 A-D that connected the composite wing skins to a specially designed titanium fitting attached to the fuselage. Ultimately, this led to the premature retirement of costly Australian military assets. The Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTG) took custodianship of one of the damaged wings for an in-depth examination and investigation into the root cause of the damage. In this follow-on phase of the retired asset examination program it was sought to assess the feasibility of performing a multiaxially loaded damage tolerance test of an extracted inner wing step lap joint (IWSLJ) specimen. All previous IWSLJ testing has been with uniaxial specimens which don't consider potentially damaging shear loading. The modelling results confirmed both that the shear loading is significant and that the DSTG Multiaxial Test rig is potentially capable of achieving representative multiaxial loading of a specimen or structural element extracted from a retired asset. The work has established stronger working relationships between Directorate of Aviation Engineering - Defence Aviation Safety Authority (DAVENG), DSTG and industry subject matter experts that is enabling current fleet managers to have enhanced preparedness. The work is also helping to develop further sovereign capabilities in bonded composite airframe sustainment for current and future fleets and increase opportunities for leveraging into other major international cooperative programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

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