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Background: Staff working on acute inpatient mental health wards face unique challenges in terms of short admissions, acuity, complexity and exposure to violence, suicide and self-harm. They experience high levels of stress and burnout, which can impact compassion. Aim: To qualitatively explore staff’s understanding and conceptualisation of the development, loss and restoration of compassion within acute inpatient environments. Method: Eleven participants from a variety of professional backgrounds currently working on acute wards were interviewed. Using constructivist grounded theory, data were synthesised into theoretical categories and sub-categories. Results: A conceptual model of the facilitators and inhibitors of compassionate care was developed, based on five categories that emerged from the data: A compassionate stance; the challenges of acute wards; feeling under threat; restoring compassion; and a compassionate organisation. Conclusions: Findings outline the process whereby staff compassion can be challenged or depleted, leading to a negative appraisal of the patient. Colleague support, knowing and understanding patients, and accessing a reflective space all supported the restoration of compassion. Staff reported lack of organisational compassion influenced their ability to maintain a compassionate stance. The importance of appropriate training and support structures is discussed, alongside recommendations to support the development of compassionate acute mental health care.

Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the construct validity of the Body Image Scale for Cancer Questionnaire (BIS) using cognitive interviews. Methods: Twelve breast cancer survivors participated in a cognitive interview while completing the BIS. Each participant was asked to think-out-loud while answering items, and an interviewer asked probing questions relating to the participants' comprehension, example retrieval, certainty of answer and other decision-making factors. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed, and the data were analysed deductively and inductively. Results: The participants' interpretations of the questions varied significantly. Several participants perceived the phrasing of some questions to be leading. The participants were able to provide examples of how their physical, physiological and body function affected their body image. The participants expressed positive attitudes towards, and gratitude for their body, which was not captured by the questionnaire. At times, the participants felt uncertain in how to respond appropriately to specific items, and the participants found some items challenging to answer. Finally, the BIS included sensitive questions that elicited emotional reactions and discomfort for some participants. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide insight into, and suggestions for potential questionnaire revisions that may enhance the validity and relevance of the BIS for use with breast cancer survivors.

Objective To explore the processes by which therapeutic alliance develops in mental health consultations with Sign Language interpreters. Method Semi-structured interviews with 7 qualified interpreters were transcribed and analysed with interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results Two key themes were generated: (1) Nurturing the triangle of care, where the therapeutic process relied on collaboration, continuity, and trust; and (2) Shared vision and knowledge, in which participants felt misunderstood and unsupported; there was a lack of deaf awareness and clinicians appeared to feel deskilled. Conclusions Interpreters should be viewed as valued members of clinical teams and have access to clinical supervision so that they can be supported in interpreting emotional distressing content. Clinicians can aim to be collaborative with interpreters and improve their knowledge of mental health issues that are relevant to deaf people. Practice Implications An aide-memoire of the role and practicalities of working with SL interpreters should be developed and disseminated to relevant services to support collaborative working with clinicians. A core competence in SL interpreter training is reflexivity. This should be embedded in educational curricula and facilitated through clinical supervision. Funding by commissioning services should be subject to services being deaf aware and interpreters being mental health aware.

Objective To explore the processes by which therapeutic alliance develops in mental health consultations with Sign Language interpreters. Method Semi-structured interviews with 7 qualified interpreters were transcribed and analysed with interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results Two key themes were generated: (1) Nurturing the triangle of care, where the therapeutic process relied on collaboration, continuity, and trust; and (2) Shared vision and knowledge, in which participants felt misunderstood and unsupported; there was a lack of deaf awareness and clinicians appeared to feel deskilled. Conclusions Interpreters should be viewed as valued members of clinical teams and have access to clinical supervision so that they can be supported in interpreting emotional distressing content. Clinicians can aim to be collaborative with interpreters and improve their knowledge of mental health issues that are relevant to deaf people. Practice Implications An aide-memoire of the role and practicalities of working with SL interpreters should be developed and disseminated to relevant services to support collaborative working with clinicians. A core competence in SL interpreter training is reflexivity. This should be embedded in educational curricula and facilitated through clinical supervision. Funding by commissioning services should be subject to services being deaf aware and interpreters being mental health aware.

Introduction Perceived control is an important concept in understanding adjustment to chronic conditions such as Parkinson’s. While generic measures have been used to measure the construct in Parkinson’s, no Parkinson’s-specific scale currently exists. This study outlines the initial development and further validation of a free-to-use scale, the Parkinson’s UK Scale of Perceived Control (PUKSoPC). Method Focus groups were used to create items for the new scale. Potential items were then subject to screening for readability and coherence by people affected by the condition. This left 49 items that were then completed, along with other measures, by 231 people with Parkinson’s. Exploratory factor analysis then created a 15-item scale with five distinct subscales. This initial structure was then further tested using confirmatory factor analysis with 2032 people with Parkinson’s. Structural equation modelling confirmed the acceptability of the total scale and subscale structures. Results The final scale is concluded to be a psychometrically robust measure of perceived control. It has good face validity, evidence of convergent and criterion (concurrent and divergent) validity, good test-retest reliability and is internally coherent, with a demonstrably solid factor structure. While further testing would be useful to assess the scale’s predictive ability, it is currently considered robust enough for more widespread use. Conclusion The PUKSoPC is an appropriate scale to provide a more comprehensive measure of perceived control. It is preferable to single item, non-validated measures and can provide evidence of perceptions of control across a number of domains important in the measurement of the construct.

© 2017 Extensional episodes in Precambrian orogens are often difficult to decipher because of subsequent orogenesis and intracontinental reworking. Here, we use geochemical and geochronological constraints of a suite of preserved mafic–ultramafic rocks in the Paleoproterozoic Capricorn Orogen of Western Australia to reveal ophiolites, continental ribbons and aborted rifts. The Capricorn Orogen separates the Archean Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons and includes mafic–ultramafic rocks of the fault-bounded Trillbar Complex and Bryah Sub-basin. The Trillbar Complex is situated within a fault wedge between the Yilgarn Craton and a reworked portion of the craton to the north (Yarlarweelor Gneiss Complex), and has been variously interpreted as an obducted ophiolite, oceanic plateau or continental rift-related magmatic suite. In this study, a new U–Pb zircon age of 2069 ± 9 Ma from the Trillbar Complex indicates that it is at least 40 Myr older than the mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Bryah Sub-basin, with which it has previously been linked. The Trillbar Complex is characterised by E-MORB-like signatures, hydrous crystallization and a lack of crustal contamination, and probably formed in a mid-ocean ridge or, alternatively, an oceanic intraplate setting. Conversely, the 2030–1990 Ma mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Bryah Sub-basin show evidence of crustal contamination and are interpreted to have formed in a continental rift setting. Moreover, there is no evidence for boninites in the Bryah Sub-basin and, therefore, no justification for invoking a fore-arc setting. Thus, these pieces of evidence reveal a different tectonic and geodynamic origin for the Trillbar Complex compared to the Bryah Sub-basin rocks. The tectonic setting for the Trillbar Complex requires oceanic crust to have existed between the Yilgarn Craton and the Yarlarweelor Gneiss Complex. However, almost identical Archean histories of these crustal blocks support a proximal origin for the Yarlarweelor Gneiss C

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Banded iron formation (BIF) of the c. 3020 Ma Cleaverville Formation is correlated across the Pilbara Craton and is considered to be the first stratigraphic unit common to the West Pilbara Superterrane and the East Pilbara Terrane. New field mapping and geochronology from the Shay Gap and Goldsworthy belts on the northeastern margin of the East Pilbara Terrane test that correlation. Along that margin, the Farrel Quartzite at the base of the Gorge Creek Group nonconformably overlies granite and unconformably overlies metavolcanic rocks. The Farrel Quartzite is conformably overlain by what is interpreted to be Cleaverville Formation, which is divided into a lower BIF member, a middle mudstone member and an upper BIF member. We have dated a tuff from the middle mudstone member by the Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon method at 3104 ± 16 Ma. The underlying Farrel Quartzite has a maximum depositional age of 3295 ± 5 Ma and no zircon population at c. 3105 Ma. Therefore, the SHRIMP date for the tuff does not represent reworking of underlying sedimentary rocks and is interpreted to be a depositional age. This new date refutes correlation of the Cleaverville Formation across the craton, and it implies that BIFs should not be used as chronostratigraphic markers across Archean greenstone terrains. We suggest reinstating the name Nimingarra Iron Formation for BIFs that crop out along the northeastern margin of the Pilbara Craton, to distinguish them from the Cleaverville Formation. If the Cleaverville Formation, as defined in the West Pilbara Superterrane, is not the oldest stratigraphic unit common to the craton, then our understanding of the Mesoarchean evolution of the Pilbara Craton needs to be revised.

The origin of bedded iron-ore deposits developed in greenstone belt-hosted (Algoma-type) banded iron formations of the Archean Pilbara Craton has largely been overlooked during the last three decades. Two of the key problems in studying these deposits are a lack of information about the structural and stratigraphic setting of the ore bodies and an absence of geochronological data from the ores. In this paper, we present geological maps for nearly a dozen former mines in the Shay Gap and Goldsworthy belts on the northeastern margin of the craton, and the first U-Pb geochronology for xenotime intergrown with hematite ore. Iron-ore mineralisation in the studied deposits is controlled by a combination of steeply dipping NE- and SE-trending faults and associated dolerite dykes. Simultaneous dextral oblique-slip movement on SE-trending faults and sinistral normal oblique-slip movement on NE-trending faults during initial ore formation are probably related to E–W extension. Uranium–lead dating of xenotime from the ores using the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) suggests that iron mineralisation was the cumulative result of several Proterozoic hydrothermal events: the first at c. 2250 Ma, followed by others at c. 2180 Ma, c. 1670 Ma and c. 1000 Ma. The cause of the first growth event is not clear but the other age peaks coincide with well-documented episodes of orogenic activity at 2210–2145 Ma, 1680–1620 Ma and 1030–950 Ma along the southern margin of the Pilbara Craton and the Capricorn Orogen farther south. These results suggest that high-grade hematite deposits are a product of protracted episodic reactivation of a structural architecture that developed during the Mesoarchean. The development of hematite mineralisation along major structures in Mesoarchean BIFs after 2250 Ma implies that fluid infiltration and oxidative alteration commenced within 100 myr of the start of the Great Oxidation Event at c. 2350 Ma.

The Proterozoic belts that occur along the margins of the West Australian Craton, as well as those in intraplate settings, generally share similar geological histories that suggest a common plate-margin driver for orogeny. However, the thermal drivers for intraplate orogenesis are more poorly understood. The Mutherbukin Tectonic Event records a protracted period of Mesoproterozoic reworking of the Capricorn Orogen and offers significant insight into both the tectonic drivers and heat sources of long-lived intraplate orogens. Mineral assemblages and tectonic fabrics related to this event occur within a 50 km-wide fault-bound corridor in the central part of the Gascoyne Province in Western Australia. This zone preserves a crustal profile, with greenschist facies rocks in the north grading to upper amphibolite facies rocks in the south. The P-T-t evolution of 13 samples from 10 localities across the Mutherbukin Zone is investigated using phase equilibria modelling integrated with in situ U-Pb monazite and zircon geochronology. Garnet chemistry from selected samples is used to further refine the P-T history and shows that the dominant events recorded in this zone are prolonged D1 transpression between c. 1,320 and 1,270 Ma, followed by D2 transtension from c. 1,210 to 1,170 Ma. Peak metamorphic conditions in the mid-crust reached >650°C and 4.4-7 kbar at c. 1,210-1,200 Ma. Most samples record a single clockwise P-T evolution during this event, although some samples might have experienced multiple perturbations. The heat source for metamorphism was primarily conductive heating of radiogenic mid- and upper crust, derived from earlier crustal differentiation events. This crust was thickened during D1 transpression, although the thermal effects persisted longer than the deformation event. Peak metamorphism was terminated by D2 transtension at c. 1,210 Ma, with subsequent cooling driven by thinning of the radiogenic crust. The coincidence of a sedimentary basin acting as

The 2445–2010 Ma tectonic evolution of the southwestern Pilbara Craton is recorded by two depositional basins, but considering the time span involved it is pertinent to question whether only two are preserved and others have vanished. The first, the Turee Creek Basin, developed conformably on an ~2450 Ma back-arc volcanic province, and was closed long before ~2208 Ma. It was a retroarc basin sited in front of a magmatic fold-thrust belt on the southwestern margin of the craton. Its folded strata were intruded by ~2208 Ma dolerite sills that are the preserved rock record of a large igneous province. The basin and dolerites were deformed by the N-verging ~2195–2145 Ma Ophthalmia Fold-Thrust Belt. The second, the Horseshoe Basin, formed at =2050 Ma, unconformably truncating folded strata of the Turee Creek Basin and the ~2208 Ma dolerites, and was closed prior to intrusion of ~2008 Ma dolerite dykes. It was an intracontinental rift basin sited on the inverted fold-thrust belt. Detrital zircon age-spectra for the basins have poor fit to the zircon age-spectrum of the Pilbara, and differ significantly in their youngest modes. The youngest mode for the Turee Creek Basin is ~2442 Ma, whereas the youngest mode for the Horseshoe Basin decreases upwards from ~2276 Ma to ~2206 Ma. Although differing in youngest detrital zircon age-modes, zircon age-spectra of the basins are otherwise similar, and broadly match the Glenburgh Terrane on the southwestern margin of the craton. While Turee Creek sediments were derived from the southwest, Horseshoe sediments were derived from the north and northeast. This conundrum is resolved by the Ophthalmia Fold-Thrust Belt, which tectonically loaded the craton to the north and northeast to form a now-vanished Ophthalmia foreland basin that derived sediment from the south and southwest, thereby emplacing zircon with an exotic age-spectrum on the North Pilbara. Inversion of tectonic elements occurred during formation of the Horseshoe Basin, with