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549 results on '"Flemming, B."'

1. Observing formation and evolution of dislocation cells during plastic deformation

Author

Zelenika, Albert, Cretton, Adam André William, Frankus, Felix, Borgi, Sina, Grumsen, Flemming B., Yildirim, Can, Detlefs, Carsten, Winther, Grethe, and Poulsen, Henning Friis

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

During plastic deformation of metals and alloys, dislocations self-organise in cells, which subsequently continuously decrease in size. How and when these processes take place has remained elusive, because observations of the structural dynamics in the bulk have not been feasible. We here present X-ray diffraction microscopy movies of the structural evolution during tensile deformation of a mm-sized aluminium (111) single crystal. The formation and subsequent development of 40,000 cells are visualised. We reveal that cells form in a stochastic and isotropic manner already at 1% strain. We show that the cell size and dislocation density distributions are log-normal and bi-modal Gaussian distributions, respectively, throughout. This insight leads to an interpretation of the formation and evolution steps in terms of universal stochastic multiplicative processes. This work will guide dislocation dynamics modelling, as it provides unique results on cell formation.

Published
2024

3. 3D Microstructural and Strain Evolution During the Early Stages of Tensile Deformation

Author

Zelenika, Albert, Yildirim, Can, Detlefs, Carsten, Rodriguez-Lamas, Raquel, Grumsen, Flemming B., Poulsen, Henning F., and Winther, Grethe

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Dislocation patterning and self-organization during plastic deformation are associated with work hardening, but the exact mechanisms remain elusive. This is partly because studies of the structure and local strain during the initial stages of plastic deformation has been a challenge. Here we use Dark Field X-ray Microscopy to generate 3D maps of embedded $350 \times 900 \times 72 \,\mu\mathrm{m}^3$ volumes within three pure Al single crystals, all oriented for double slip on the primary and conjugate slip systems. These were tensile deformed by 0.6$\%$, 1.7$\%$ and 3.6$\%$, respectively. Orientation maps revealed the existence of two distinct types of planar dislocation boundaries both at 0.6$\%$ and 1.7$\%$ but no systematic patterning. At 3.6$\%$, these boundaries have evolved into a well-defined checkerboard pattern, characteristic of Geometrically Necessary Boundaries, GNBs. The GNB spacing is $\approx$ 14 $\mu$m and the misorientation $\approx$ 0.2{\deg}, in fair agreement with those at higher strains. By contrast to the sharp boundaries observed at higher strains, the boundaries are associated with a sinusoidal orientation gradient. Maps of the elastic strain along the (111) direction exhibit fluctuations of $\pm 0.0002 $ with an average domain size of 3 $\mu$m.

Published
2023

7. Tidal Environments

Author

Flemming, B. W., Finkl, Charles W., Series Editor, Fairbridge, Rhodes W., Founding Editor, and Makowski, Christopher, editor

Published
2019
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14. Fundamental Physics at the Intensity Frontier

Author

Hewett, J. L., Weerts, H., Brock, R., Butler, J. N., Casey, B. C. K., Collar, J., de Gouvea, A., Essig, R., Grossman, Y., Haxton, W., Jaros, J. A., Jung, C. K., Lu, Z. T., Pitts, K., Ligeti, Z., Patterson, J. R., Ramsey-Musolf, M., Ritchie, J. L., Roodman, A., Scholberg, K., Wagner, C. E. M., Zeller, G. P., Aefsky, S., Afanasev, A., Agashe, K., Albright, C., Alonso, J., Ankenbrandt, C., Aoki, M., Arguelles, C. A., Arkani-Hamed, N., Armendariz, J. R., Armendariz-Picon, C., Diaz, E. Arrieta, Asaadi, J., Asner, D. M., Babu, K. S., Bailey, K., Baker, O., Balantekin, B., Baller, B., Bass, M., Batell, B., Beacham, J., Behr, J., Berger, N., Bergevin, M., Berman, E., Bernstein, R., Bevan, A. J., Bishai, M., Blanke, M., Blessing, S., Blondel, A., Blum, T., Bock, G., Bodek, A., Bonvicini, G., Bossi, F., Boyce, J., Breedon, R., Breidenbach, M., Brice, S. J., Briere, R. A., Brodsky, S., Bromberg, C., Bross, A., Browder, T. E., Bryman, D. A., Buckley, M., Burnstein, R., Caden, E., Campana, P., Carlini, R., Carosi, G., Castromonte, C., Cenci, R., Chakaberia, I., Chen, M. C., Cheng, C. H., Choudhary, B., Christ, N. H., Christensen, E., Christy, M. E., Chupp, T. E., Church, E., Cline, D. B., Coan, T. E., Coloma, P., Comfort, J., Coney, L., Cooper, J., Cooper, R. J., Cowan, R., Cowen, D. F., Cronin-Hennessy, D., Datta, A., Davies, G. S., Demarteau, M., DeMille, D. P., Denig, A., Dermisek, R., Deshpande, A., Dewey, M. S., Dharmapalan, R., Dhooghe, J., Dietrich, M. R., Diwan, M., Djurcic, Z., Dobbs, S., Duraisamy, M., Dutta, B., Duyang, H., Dwyer, D. A., Eads, M., Echenard, B., Elliott, S. R., Escobar, C., Fajans, J., Farooq, S., Faroughy, C., Fast, J. E., Feinberg, B., Felde, J., Feldman, G., Fierlinger, P., Perez, P. Fileviez, Filippone, B., Fisher, P., Flemming, B. T., Flood, K. T., Forty, R., Frank, M. J., Freyberger, A., Friedland, A., Gandhi, R., Ganezer, K. S., Garcia, A., Garcia, F. G., Gardner, S., Garrison, L., Gasparian, A., Geer, S., Gehman, V. M., Gershon, T., Gilchriese, M., Ginsberg, C., Gogoladze, I., Gonderinger, M., Goodman, M., Gould, H., Graham, M., Graham, P. W., Gran, R., Grange, J., Gratta, G., Green, J. P., Greenlee, H., Group, R. C., Guardincerri, E., Gudkov, V., Guenette, R., Haas, A., Hahn, A., Han, T., Handler, T., Hardy, J. C., Harnik, R., Harris, D. A., Harris, F. A., Harris, P. G., Hartnett, J., He, B., Heckel, B. R., Heeger, K. M., Henderson, S., Hertzog, D., Hill, R., Hinds, E. A, Hitlin, D. G., Holt, R. J., Holtkamp, N., Horton-Smith, G., Huber, P., Huelsnitz, W., Imber, J., Irastorza, I., Jaeckel, J., Jaegle, I., James, C., Jawahery, A., Jensen, D., Jessop, C. P., Jones, B., Jostlein, H., Junk, T., Kagan, A. L., Kalita, M., Kamyshkov, Y., Kaplan, D. M., Karagiorgi, G., Karle, A., Katori, T., Kayser, B., Kephart, R., Kettell, S., Kim, Y. K., Kirby, M., Kirch, K., Klein, J., Kneller, J., Kobach, A., Kohl, M., Kopp, J., Kordosky, M., Korsch, W., Kourbanis, I., Krisch, A. D., Krizan, P., Kronfeld, A. S., Kulkarni, S., Kumar, K. S., Kuno, Y., Kutter, T., Lachenmaier, T., Lamm, M., Lancaster, J., Lancaster, M., Lane, C., Lang, K., Langacker, P., Lazarevic, S., Le, T., Lee, K., Lesko, K. T., Li, Y., Lindgren, M., Lindner, A., Link, J., Lissauer, D., Littenberg, L. S., Littlejohn, B., Liu, C. Y., Loinaz, W., Lorenzon, W., Louis, W. C., Lozier, J., Ludovici, L., Lueking, L., Lunardini, C., MacFarlane, D. B., Machado, P. A. N., Mackenzie, P. B., Maloney, J., Marciano, W. J., Marsh, W., Marshak, M., Martin, J. W., Mauger, C., McFarland, K. S., McGrew, C., McLaughlin, G., McKeen, D., McKeown, R., Meadows, B. T., Mehdiyev, R., Melconian, D., Merkel, H., Messier, M., Miller, J. P., Mills, G., Minamisono, U. K., Mishra, S. R., Mocioiu, I., Sher, S. Moed, Mohapatra, R. N., Monreal, B., Moore, C. D., Morfin, J. G., Mousseau, J., Moustakas, L. A., Mueller, G., Mueller, P., Muether, M., Mumm, H. P., Munger, C., Murayama, H., Nath, P., Naviliat-Cuncin, O., Nelson, J. K., Neuffer, D., Nico, J. S., Norman, A., Nygren, D., Obayashi, Y., O'Connor, T. P., Okada, Y., Olsen, J., Orozco, L., Orrell, J. L., Osta, J., Pahlka, B., Paley, J., Papadimitriou, V., Papucci, M., Parke, S., Parker, R. H., Parsa, Z., Partyka, K., Patch, A., Pati, J. C., Patterson, R. B., Pavlovic, Z., Paz, G., Perdue, G. N., Perevalov, D., Perez, G., Petti, R., Pettus, W., Piepke, A., Pivovaroff, M., Plunkett, R., Polly, C. C., Pospelov, M., Povey, R., Prakesh, A., Purohit, M. V., Raby, S., Raaf, J. L., Rajendran, R., Rajendran, S., Rameika, G., Ramsey, R., Rashed, A., Ratcliff, B. N., Rebel, B., Redondo, J., Reimer, P., Reitzner, D., Ringer, F., Ringwald, A., Riordan, S., Roberts, B. L., Roberts, D. A., Robertson, R., Robicheaux, F., Rominsky, M., Roser, R., Rosner, J. L., Rott, C., Rubin, P., Saito, N., Sanchez, M., Sarkar, S., Schellman, H., Schmidt, B., Schmitt, M., Schmitz, D. W., Schneps, J., Schopper, A., Schuster, P., Schwartz, A. J., Schwarz, M., Seeman, J., Semertzidis, Y. K., Seth, K. K., Shafi, Q., Shanahan, P., Sharma, R., Sharpe, S. R., Shiozawa, M., Shiltsev, V., Sigurdson, K., Sikivie, P., Singh, J., Sivers, D., Skwarnicki, T., Smith, N., Sobczyk, J., Sobel, H., Soderberg, M., Song, Y. H., Soni, A., Souder, P., Sousa, A., Spitz, J., Stancari, M., Stavenga, G. C., Steffen, J. H., Stepanyan, S., Stoeckinger, D., Stone, S., Strait, J., Strassler, M., Sulai, I. A., Sundrum, R., Svoboda, R., Szczerbinska, B., Szelc, A., Takeuchi, T., Tanedo, P., Taneja, S., Tang, J., Tanner, D. B., Tayloe, R., Taylor, I., Thomas, J., Thorn, C., Tian, X., Tice, B. G., Tobar, M., Tolich, N., Toro, N., Towner, I. S., Tsai, Y., Tschirhart, R., Tunnell, C. D., Tzanov, M., Upadhye, A., Urheim, J., Vahsen, S., Vainshtein, A., Valencia, E., Van de Water, R. G., Van de Water, R. S., Velasco, M., Vogel, J., Vogel, P., Vogelsang, W., Wah, Y. W., Walker, D., Weiner, N., Weltman, A., Wendell, R., Wester, W., Wetstein, M., White, C., Whitehead, L., Whitmore, J., Widmann, E., Wiedemann, G., Wilkerson, J., Wilkinson, G., Wilson, P., Wilson, R. J., Winter, W., Wise, M. B., Wodin, J., Wojcicki, S., Wojtsekhowski, B., Wongjirad, T., Worcester, E., Wurtele, J., Xin, T., Xu, J., Yamanaka, T., Yamazaki, Y., Yavin, I., Yeck, J., Yeh, M., Yokoyama, M., Yoo, J., Young, A., Zimmerman, E., Zioutas, K., Zisman, M., Zupan, J., and Zwaska, R.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

The Proceedings of the 2011 workshop on Fundamental Physics at the Intensity Frontier. Science opportunities at the intensity frontier are identified and described in the areas of heavy quarks, charged leptons, neutrinos, proton decay, new light weakly-coupled particles, and nucleons, nuclei, and atoms., Comment: 229 pages

Published
2012

15. Programmed Death Ligand-1 expression in stage II colon cancer - experiences from a nationwide populationbased cohort

Author

Ann C. Eriksen, Flemming B. Sørensen, Jan Lindebjerg, Henrik Hager, René dePont Christensen, Sanne Kjær-Frifeldt, and Torben F. Hansen

Subjects
Colon cancer stage II, Prognostic markers, Programmed death ligand-1, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Abstract Background Patients suffering from high risk stage II colon cancer (CC) may benefit from adjuvant onco-therapy, but additional prognostic markers are needed for better treatment stratification. We investigated the prognostic value of Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) in a true population-based cohort of patients with stage II CC. Methods PD-L1 expression on tumour cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 572 colon cancers. Whole sections from tumour blocks representing the deepest invasive front of the primary tumour were used for analysis. A cut-off of 5% positivity was used for dichotomizing the data. The prognostic value was investigated in Cox proportional hazard models for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Overall, 6% of the tumours were classified as high PD-L1. High PD-L1 was related to female gender (p = 0.028), high malignancy grade (

Published
2019
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16. The Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating lymphocytes in Stage II Colon Cancer. A Nationwide Population-Based Study

Author

Ann C. Eriksen, Flemming B. Sørensen, Jan Lindebjerg, Henrik Hager, René dePont Christensen, Sanne Kjær-Frifeldt, and Torben F. Hansen

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Additional prognostic markers are needed for better treatment stratification of stage II colon cancer (CC). We investigated the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in a true population-based cohort of patients with stage II CC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 573 patients were included. Tumor blocks representing the deepest invasive part of the primary tumor were used for analysis. CD3+ and CD8+ TILs at the invasive front were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on whole tumor sections. The invasive area was manually outlined, and Visiopharm Integrator System software was used for quantification. Data were dichotomized for comparison with clinical data. The prognostic value was investigated in Cox proportional-hazard models for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Low CD3+ or CD8+ TILs were significantly associated with poor RFS and OS (P = .0021 and P ≤ .0009, respectively, log-rank test). In multiple Cox regression analysis, low CD3+ and CD8+ TILs were associated with reduced RFS with hazard ratio (HR) = 1.386 (95% CI 1.039-1.850), P = .026, and HR = 1.394 (95% CI 1.029-1.890), P = .032, respectively, independent of age, T-stage, localization, perforation, and microsatellite instability (MSI). In the subgroups of patients with low CD3+ or CD8+ TILs, there was no difference in survival between patients with MSI and microsatellite-stable tumors, (P = .821 and P = .907, respectively). CONCLUSION: Low CD3+ and CD8+ TILs in the invasive area are both related to inferior prognosis of stage II CC, and we recommend either of these parameters to be considered as additional high-risk factor.

Published
2018
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17. Does heterogeneity matter in the estimation of tumour budding and tumour stroma ratio in colon cancer?

Author

Ann C. Eriksen, Johnnie B. Andersen, Jan Lindebjerg, René dePont Christensen, Torben F. Hansen, Sanne Kjær-Frifeldt, and Flemming B. Sørensen

Subjects
Colon cancer, Heterogeneity, Tumour budding, Tumour stroma ratio, Pathology, RB1-214
Abstract

Abstract Background Tumour budding (TB) and Tumour Stroma Ratio (TSR) may be rewarding in the treatment stratification of patients with stage II colon cancer. However, lack of standardization may exclude these parameters from being used in a clinical setting. The purpose of this methodologic study was to compare stereology with semi-quantitative estimations of TSR, to investigate the intra-tumoural heterogeneity of TB and TSR, and to assess the intra- and inter-observer agreement. Methods Three paraffin embedded tumour blocks, one of them representing the deepest invasive front, were selected from each of 43 patients treated for stage II colon cancer. TSR was estimated in H&E sections semi-quantitatively using conventional microscopy, and stereologically on scanned slides, using the newCAST stereology platform. TB was scored across 10 high power fields at the invasive front in cytokeratin AE1/AE3 stained sections. Results Subjective, semi-quantitative estimates of TSR significantly correlated to the stereological estimates, with the best correlation found for sections with the deepest invasive tumour penetration (σ = 0.621, p

Published
2018
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19. Computer-assisted stereology and automated image analysis for quantification of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in colon cancer

Author

Ann C. Eriksen, Johnnie B. Andersen, Martin Kristensson, René dePont Christensen, Torben F. Hansen, Sanne Kjær-Frifeldt, and Flemming B. Sørensen

Subjects
Colon cancer, Heterogeneity, Image analysis, Stereology, Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, Pathology, RB1-214
Abstract

Abstract Background Precise prognostic and predictive variables allowing improved post-operative treatment stratification are missing in patients treated for stage II colon cancer (CC). Investigation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may be rewarding, but the lack of a standardized analytic technique is a major concern. Manual stereological counting is considered the gold standard, but digital pathology with image analysis is preferred due to time efficiency. The purpose of this study was to compare manual stereological estimates of TILs with automatic counts obtained by image analysis, and at the same time investigate the heterogeneity of TILs. Methods From 43 patients treated for stage II CC in 2002 three paraffin embedded, tumor containing tissue blocks were selected one of them representing the deepest invasive tumor front. Serial sections from each of the 129 blocks were immunohistochemically stained for CD3 and CD8, and the slides were scanned. Stereological estimates of the numerical density and area fraction of TILs were obtained using the computer-assisted newCAST stereology system. For the image analysis approach an app-based algorithm was developed using Visiopharm Integrator System software. For both methods the tumor areas of interest (invasive front and central area) were manually delineated by the observer. Results Based on all sections, the Spearman’s correlation coefficients for density estimates varied from 0.9457 to 0.9638 (p

Published
2017
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20. Aging 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel prior to hardening:effects on martensitic transformation, microstructure and properties

Author

Villa, Matteo, Grumsen, Flemming B., Niessen, Frank, Dahmen, Thomas, Cao, Lingfei, Reich, Michael, Kessler, Olaf, Huang, Xiaoxu, Somers, Marcel A.J., Villa, Matteo, Grumsen, Flemming B., Niessen, Frank, Dahmen, Thomas, Cao, Lingfei, Reich, Michael, Kessler, Olaf, Huang, Xiaoxu, and Somers, Marcel A.J.

Abstract

Precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel 17-4 PH is conventionally austenitized and air cooled to room temperature to form martensite. On aging the martensitic condition tiny Cu-rich precipitates are formed that provide high strength. In the present investigation, the steel was aged in austenitic condition prior to martensite formation. Dilatometry, transmission electron microscopy, atomic probe tomography, synchrotron X-Ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, hardness tests and tensile tests were applied to study austenite aging and its effects on: (i) the subsequent transformation of austenite into martensite, (ii) the microstructure of the forming martensite and (iii) the mechanical properties of the material. Austenite aging favors early formation of Cu clusters followed by precipitation of Cu particles. The evolution of the Cu precipitate size with aging time follows traditional Ostwald ripening kinetics which is rate controlled by Cu diffusion in austenite. Austenite aging affects the kinetics of martensite formation and the substructure of the martensite laths; overall, it provides significant strengthening to the martensitic material. The contribution of precipitates to the strength of martensite is interpreted in terms of the Russell-Brown model for modulus strengthening. The data and the model are reconciled by re-evaluating the adjustable parameter used in the original work. Finally, the work reports the influence of austenite aging on the mechanical properties of the material when this is further aged to peak strength in martensitic condition.

Published
2023

23. Thermal stability of hierarchical microstructural features in additively manufactured stainless steel

Author

Cecilie V. Funch, Flemming B. Grumsen, Alice B. da Silva Fanta, Thomas L. Christiansen, and Marcel A.J. Somers

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Additive manufacturing, Austenitic stainless steel, Hierarchical microstructure, Thermal stability
Abstract

Additive manufacturing of austenitic stainless steel results in an unconventional hierarchical microstructure. This hierarchical microstructure was investigated in detail in the as-built condition. The hierarchical microstructure consists of elongated austenite grains and melt pool fusion boundaries with a spherical cap morphology at the largest length scale. At a smaller length scale elongated columnar cell structures exist with elemental segregation at the cell walls. The cells were found not to be a misorientation structure in themselves as often noted, but rather groups of cells with a specific orientation, which are collected in 3-5 μm domains. At even smaller length scales, amorphous spherical silicates are found along with a high dislocation density along cell walls. The thermal stability of the unconventional features as melt pool boundaries, elongated austenite grains, cell domains, cell structure, amorphous precipitates was investigated systematically in the temperature range 400-1100 °C. The dislocation network forming the cell boundaries dissolves gradually and remains thermally stable up to about 800 °C. The melt pool boundaries are more thermally stable and dissolve above 900 °C. The elongated austenite grains and crystallographic texture are fully stable within the investigated temperature range. The cell domains appear to be pinned by precipitation as the cellular structure is dissolved and gradually straighten and resemble regular low angle grain boundaries. The amorphous silicates act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the formation of σ-phase in the temperature range 700-800 °C, while at higher treatment temperatures these silicates are replaced by large, oblong Si-Mn oxides and small, round Mn-Cr oxides.

Published
2023

26. T

Author

Mustoe, George, Pirazzoli, Paolo A., Fairbridge, Rhodes W., Healy, Terry R., Hands, Edward B., Flemming, B. W., M., Duncan, Semeniuk, V., Li, Congxian, Wang, Ping, Fan, Daidu, Charlier, Roger H., Hume, Terry M., Hayes, Miles O., Woppelmann, Guy, Pirazzoli, Paolo Antonio, Parker, Bruce, Lakhan, V. Chris, Schwartz, Maurice, Miller, Marc L., Hadley, Nina P., Wong, P. P., Ciavola, Paolo, Hopley, David, Dawson, Alastair, and Schwartz, Maurice L., editor

Published
2005
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28. Co-Detection of miR-21 and TNF-α mRNA in Budding Cancer Cells in Colorectal Cancer

Author

Trine Møller, Jaslin P James, Kim Holmstrøm, Flemming B Sørensen, Jan Lindebjerg, and Boye S Nielsen

Subjects
colorectal cancer, confocal slide scanning microscopy, inflammation, interleukin-1β, microRNA, miR-21, TNF-α, tumor budding cells, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is upregulated in many cancers including colon cancers and is a prognostic indicator of recurrence and poor prognosis. In colon cancers, miR-21 is highly expressed in stromal fibroblastic cells and more weakly in a subset of cancer cells, particularly budding cancer cells. Exploration of the expression of inflammatory markers in colon cancers revealed tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression at the invasive front of colon cancers. Surprisingly, a majority of the TNF-α mRNA expressing cells were found to be cancer cells and not inflammatory cells. Because miR-21 is positively involved in cell survival and TNF-α promotes necrosis, we found it interesting to analyze the presence of miR-21 in areas of TNF-α mRNA expression at the invasive front of colon cancers. For this purpose, we developed an automated procedure for the co-staining of miR-21, TNF-α mRNA and the cancer cell marker cytokeratin based on analysis of frozen colon cancer tissue samples (n = 4) with evident cancer cell budding. In all four cases, TNF-α mRNA was seen in a small subset of cancer cells at the invasive front. Evaluation of miR-21 and TNF-α mRNA expression was performed on digital slides obtained by confocal slide scanning microscopy. Both co-expression and lack of co-expression with miR-21 in the budding cancer cells was noted, suggesting non-correlated expression. miR-21 was more often seen in cancer cells than TNF-α mRNA. In conclusion, we report that miR-21 is not linked to expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α mRNA, but that miR-21 and TNF-α both take part in the cancer expansion at the invasive front of colon cancers. We hypothesize that miR-21 may protect both fibroblasts and cancer cells from cell death directed by TNF-α paracrine and autocrine activity.

Published
2019
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35. Electrified methane reforming: A compact approach to greener industrial hydrogen production

Author

Jakob Engbæk, Cathrine Frandsen, Peter Mølgaard Mortensen, Søren Bastholm Vendelbo, Ib Chorkendorff, Winnie L. Eriksen, Kim Aasberg-Petersen, Sebastian T. Wismann, and Flemming B. Bendixen

Subjects
Thermal equilibrium, Integrated design, Multidisciplinary, Methane reformer, business.industry, Scale (chemistry), Chemical reactor, Electrification, Heat generation, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, Process engineering, business, Hydrogen production
Abstract

More-efficient heating Large-scale production of hydrogen through steam reforming directly produces CO 2 as a side product. In addition, the heating of reactors through fossil-fuel burning contributes further CO 2 emissions. One problem is that the catalyst bed is heated unevenly, which renders much of the catalyst effectively inactive. Wismann et al. describe an electrical heating scheme for a metal tube reactor that improves the uniformity of heating and catalyst usage (see the Perspective by Van Geem et al. ). Adoption of this alternative approach could affect CO 2 emissions by up to approximately 1% of global emissions. Science , this issue p. 756 ; see also p. 734

Published
2019

39. Quantitative assessment of renal perfusion and oxygenation by invasive probes: basic concepts

Author

Cantow, K., Evans, R.G., Grosenick, D., Gladytz, T., Niendorf, T., Flemming, B., Seeliger, E., Pohlmann, A., and Niendorf, T.

Subjects
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Technology Platforms, health care economics and organizations
Abstract

Renal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are early key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury of various origins, and may also promote progression from acute injury to chronic kidney disease. Here we describe basic principles of methodology to quantify renal hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation by means of invasive probes in experimental animals. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are discussed in the context of the heterogeneity of renal tissue perfusion and oxygenation.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

Published
2021

40. Thermochemical surface hardening and self-repair of bulk metallic glass

Author

Haratian, Saber, Grumsen, Flemming B., Villa, Matteo, Christiansen, Thomas L., Somers, Marcel A. J., Haratian, Saber, Grumsen, Flemming B., Villa, Matteo, Christiansen, Thomas L., and Somers, Marcel A. J.

Abstract

Surface engineering of ZrCuAl-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) by sub-Tg gaseous oxidizing is hypothesized an effective means to introduce compressive residual stresses in the surface region of these inherently brittle materials and thereby postpone crack initiation. Various BMGs were oxidized in gas mixtures with different oxygen partial pressures. It was demonstrated that appreciable surface hardening is achieved by the development of nano-crystalline ZrO2 in the oxygen-enriched zone (the hardened case), reaching hardness values of up to 1200 HV [1]. X-ray diffraction and focused ion-beam ring-core digital image correlation (FIB-DIC) demonstrate that indeed compressive residual stresses developed in the hardened case. Furthermore, a surprising self-repair effect was observed when surface cracks appeared [2-3]. The mechanism of self-repair appears to be (compressive) stress-induced diffusion of noble elements to crack surfaces (as well as the BMG surface), where they segregate as crystalline metals and effectively close the crack.

Published
2021

43. Peel and peel again

Author

Gibran, S.K., Flemming, B., Stappler, T., Pearce, I., Groenewald, C., Heimann, H., Hiscott, P., and Wong, D.

Subjects
Macular degeneration -- Care and treatment, Vitrectomy -- Methods, Vitrectomy -- Patient outcomes, Vitrectomy -- Research, Health
Published
2008

44. Probing renal blood volume with magnetic resonance imaging

Author

Niendorf, T., Seeliger, E., Cantow, K., Flemming, B., Waiczies, S., and Pohlmann, A.

Subjects
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Technology Platforms, urologic and male genital diseases
Abstract

Damage to the kidney substantially reduces life expectancy. Renal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury and its progression to chronic kidney disease. In vivo assessment of renal haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation remains a challenge. Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to changes in the effective transversal relaxation time (T(2)*) in vivo, is non-invasive and indicative of renal tissue oxygenation. However, the renal T(2)* to tissue pO(2) relationship is not governed exclusively by renal blood oxygenation, but is affected by physiological confounders with alterations in renal blood volume fraction (BVf) being of particular relevance. To decipher this interference probing renal BVf is essential for the pursuit of renal MR oximetry. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPIO) preparations can be used as MRI visible blood pool markers for detailing alterations in BVf. This review promotes the opportunities of MRI based assessment of renal BVf. Following an outline on the specifics of renal oxygenation and perfusion, changes in renal BVf upon interventions and their potential impact on renal T(2)* are discussed. We also describe the basic principles of renal BVf assessment using ferumoxytol enhanced MRI in the equilibrium concentration regime. We demonstrate that ferumoxytol does not alter control of renal haemodynamics and oxygenation. Preclinical applications of ferumoxytol enhanced renal MRI as well as considerations for its clinical implementation for examining renal BVf changes are provided alongside practical considerations. Finally, we explore the future directions of MRI based assessment of renal BVf.

Published
2020

46. The Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating lymphocytes in Stage II Colon Cancer. A Nationwide Population-Based Study1

Author

Eriksen, Ann C., Sørensen, Flemming B., Lindebjerg, Jan, Hager, Henrik, dePont Christensen, René, Kjær-Frifeldt, Sanne, and Hansen, Torben F.

Subjects
Original article
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Additional prognostic markers are needed for better treatment stratification of stage II colon cancer (CC). We investigated the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in a true population-based cohort of patients with stage II CC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 573 patients were included. Tumor blocks representing the deepest invasive part of the primary tumor were used for analysis. CD3+ and CD8+ TILs at the invasive front were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on whole tumor sections. The invasive area was manually outlined, and Visiopharm Integrator System software was used for quantification. Data were dichotomized for comparison with clinical data. The prognostic value was investigated in Cox proportional-hazard models for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Low CD3+ or CD8+ TILs were significantly associated with poor RFS and OS (P = .0021 and P ≤ .0009, respectively, log-rank test). In multiple Cox regression analysis, low CD3+ and CD8+ TILs were associated with reduced RFS with hazard ratio (HR) = 1.386 (95% CI 1.039-1.850), P = .026, and HR = 1.394 (95% CI 1.029-1.890), P = .032, respectively, independent of age, T-stage, localization, perforation, and microsatellite instability (MSI). In the subgroups of patients with low CD3+ or CD8+ TILs, there was no difference in survival between patients with MSI and microsatellite-stable tumors, (P = .821 and P = .907, respectively). CONCLUSION: Low CD3+ and CD8+ TILs in the invasive area are both related to inferior prognosis of stage II CC, and we recommend either of these parameters to be considered as additional high-risk factor.

Published
2018

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