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Published equilibrium mole fraction solubilities of phenothiazine in ethanol, propylene glycol and water as mono-solvents at several temperatures were investigated to find standard apparent thermodynamic quantities of dissolution mixing and solvation based on the van’t Hoff and Gibbs equations. Further, by processing the reported mole fraction solubility values of phenothiazine in some aqueous cosolvent mixtures at T/K = 298.2, the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals treatment demonstrated preferential hydration of phenothiazine in water-rich mixtures and preferential solvation of this agent by cosolvents in mixtures of 0.24 < x1 < 1.00 in the {ethanol (1) + water (2)} mixed system and mixtures of 0.18 < x1 < 1.00 in the {propylene glycol (1) + water (2)} mixed system.

Abstract Introduction: Solubility studies and obtaining physicochemical data on drugs in pure solvents belonging to different chemical classes are key to developing new drug formulations. In this work, Hansen partial solubility parameters (HSP) were calculated to assess the miscibility and intermolecular interactions of barnidipine in seventeen pure solvents. The comparison of the results obtained with the theoretical values calculated according to the structure of barnidipine, were valuable to analyse the influence of the solute-solute, solute-solvent relationships of the additive contribution groups, on the chemical and physical properties of this molecule with the solvents of different polarity tested, to provide relevant information highly useful in the pharmaceutical industry. Method: Equilibrium barnidipine solubilities in mono-solvents was determined using the classical shake-flask method, followed by UV-spectrophotometric analysis at 298.15 K. The partial solubility parameters were calculated by applying theoretical group contribution methods, proposed by Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen and Fedors. The KAT-LSER model was used to investigate the effect of solvent based on the concept of linear solvation energy relationships. The mole fraction was obtained from the densities of the solutions. Solid-phase analyses were made by calorimetry differential scanning. Results: The modification introduced in the extended Hansen method, that is, the use of lnX2 as the dependent variable, provided excellent results. The highest solubility values have been found in polar solvents. It is observed that solvent-solvent and solute-solvent intermolecular interactions through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, significantly influence drug solubility. Conclusions: The affinity between barnidipine and each one of the selected solvent was evaluated by using HSP. Results showed that HSP could be well used to analyse drug solubility in particular solvents. Barnidipine is easier to dissolve in solvents with shorter carbon chains and higher polarity.

Indomethacin (IMC) is an anti-inflammatory drug whose physiochemical properties in aqueous solutions have not been studied thoroughly. For this reason, in this work the validity of the Jouyban-Acree and Yalkowsky-Roseman models is evaluated to predict the solubility of this compound in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures. The solubility estimation is studied as a function of temperature and cosolvent composition. Both models require only the experimental solubility values in the pure solvents at all the temperatures evaluated. The solubility calculated values by using both models deviate notoriously from experimental values in several cases.

The equilibrium solubility of benzoic acid in water and ethanol, as well as in nine {ethanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures, was determined from T = (293.15 to 323.15) K. Benzoic acid mole fraction solubility in these aqueous-ethanolic mixtures was adequately correlated with some well-known correlation/prediction models, obtaining mean percentage deviations of 2.2 to 7.6%. Apparent thermodynamic quantities, namely, Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy, for the dissolution, mixing and solvation processes, were computed by means of the van ’t Hoff and Gibbs equations. The enthalpy–entropy compensation plot of apparent enthalpy vs. apparent Gibbs energy of dissolution was not linear, indicating enthalpy and entropy mechanisms for transfer. Ultimately, by using the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals, it is observed that benzoic acid is preferentially solvated by water molecules in water-rich mixtures but preferentially solvated by ethanol molecules in those {ethanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures of 0.24 < x1 < 1.00.

Based on published thermodynamic quantities for solution, partitioning and sublimation of acetanilide (ACN), acetaminophen (ACP) and Phenacetin (PNC), the thermodynamic quantities for drugs solvation in octanol-saturated water (W(ROH)) and water-saturated octanol (ROH(W)) as well as the drugs dilution in ROH(W) were calculated. The Gibbs energies of solvation were favourable in all cases. The respective enthalpies and entropies were negative indicating an enthalpy-driving for the solvation process in all cases. On the other hand, the Gibbs energies of dilution were favourable for ACP and PNC but unfavourable for ACN, whereas the respective enthalpies and entropies were negative for ACP and PNC but positive for ACN indicating enthalpy-driving for the dilution process in the case of the former drugs and entropy-driving for the latter. From the obtained values for the transfer processes, an interpretation based on solute-solvent interactions was developed.

Solubility of sulfamethazine (SMT) in acetonitrile (MeCN) + methanol (MeOH) cosolvents was determined at nine temperatures between 278.15 and 318.15 K. From the solubility data expressed in molar fraction, the thermodynamic functions of solution, transfer and mixing were calculated using the Gibbs and van ’t Hoff equations; on the other hand, the solubility data were modeled according to the Wilson models and NRTL. The solubility of SMT is thermo-dependent and is influenced by the solubility parameter of the cosolvent mixtures. In this case, the maximum solubility was achieved in the cosolvent mixture w0.40 at 318.15 K and the minimum in pure MeOH at 278.15 K. According to the thermodynamic functions, the SMT solution process is endothermic in addition to being favored by the entropic factor, and as for the preferential solvation parameter, SMT tends to be preferentially solvated by MeOH in all cosolvent systems; however, δx3,1<0.01, so the results are not conclusive. Finally, according to mean relative deviations (MRD%), the two models could be very useful tools for calculating the solubility of SMT in cosolvent mixtures and temperatures different from those reported in this research.

By using the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals (IKBI) method, the differences between the local, around the solute and the bulk mole fractions of both solvents in saturated solutions of L-arabinose (compound 3) and DL-malic acid (compound 3) in ethanol (compound 1) + water (compound 2) binary mixtures were derived from their thermodynamic properties. Accordingly, it is found that these compounds are sensitive to preferential solvation effects; in this way, the preferential solvation parameter (dx1,3) for L-arabinose is slightly positive in water-rich mixtures but negative in those beyond 0.25 in ethanol mole fraction. In different way, the dx1,3 values of DL-malic acid are negative in almost all the compositions. The highest solvation by ethanol observed in water-rich mixtures for L-arabinose could be due mainly to polarity effects. Otherwise, the preference of these compounds for water in ethanol-rich mixtures could be explained in terms of the higher acidic behavior of water interacting with hydrogen-acceptor hydroxyl groups in L-arabinose and DL-malic acid.

Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) was applied to evaluate the solubility of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine in some ethanol + water mixtures at 298.15 K. Reported experimental equilibrium solubilities and some fusion properties of these drugs were used for the calculations. In particular, a good predictive character of EHSA (with mean deviations lower than 3.0%) has been found by using regular polynomials in order four correlating the interaction parameter W with the Hildebrand solubility parameter of solvent mixtures without drug. However, the predictive character of EHSA was the same as that obtained by direct correlation of drug solubilities with the same descriptor of polarity of the cosolvent mixtures.

En esta comunicación se presenta la correlación de algunos valores de solubilidad de vainillina (componente 3) en mezclas 2-(2-etoxietoxi)etanol (Carbitol®, componente 1) + agua (componente 2) reportados previamente en la literatura a cinco temperaturas desde 298,15 hasta 313,15 K mediante el modelo de Jouyban-Acree combinado con las ecuaciones de van’t Hoff y de Apelblat. En el análisis se obtuvieron modelos de segundo orden respecto a la composición de las mezclas disolventes. Las desviaciones porcentuales promedio fueron cercanas al 6,0%. Por otro lado, mediante las integrales inversas de Kirkwood-Buff se demostró que la vainillina es solvatada preferencialmente por el agua en mezclas ricas en agua (con un valor mínimo de δx1,3 igual a –4,29 x 10–2 obtenido en la mezcla de composición x1 = 0,05) pero preferencialmente solvatada por el cosolvente en mezclas con composiciones 0,12 < x1 < 1,00 (con un valor máximo de δx1,3 igual a 3,61 x 10–2 obtenido en la mezcla de composición x1 = 0,25). Se podría conjeturar que la hidratación hidrofóbica juega un papel relevante en el primer caso, mientras que en el segundo caso, la vainillina estaría actuando como ácido de Lewis frente a las moléculas de Carbitol®.

The preferential solvation parameters, i.e., the differences between the local around the solute and bulk mole fractions of the solvents in solutions of xylitol in ethanol + water binary mixtures are derived from their thermodynamic properties by means of the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals (IKBI) and quasi-lattice quasi-chemical (QLQC) methods. According to IKBI method it is found that xylitol is sensitive to solvation effects, so the preferential solvation parameter δxE,S, is slightly positive in water-rich and negative in mixtures beyond 0.25 in mole fraction of ethanol. In different way, according to QLQC method negative values of δxE,S are found in all the compositions evaluated. The more solvation by ethanol observed in water-rich mixtures could be due mainly to polarity effects. Otherwise, the preference of this compound for water in ethanol-rich mixtures could be explained in terms of the bigger acidic behavior of water interacting with hydrogen-acceptor hydroxyl groups in xylitol.

The Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach(EHSA) was applied in the presentwork to evaluate the solubility of theanalgesic drug acetaminophen (paracetamol)in polyethylene glycol 400 + watermixtures at 298.15 K. An acceptablecorrelative capacity of EHSA was foundusing a regular polynomial model in orderfour (overall deviation below 0.7%),when the W interaction parameter is relatedto the solubility parameter of themixtures. Thus, the deviations obtainedin the estimated solubility with respect toexperimental solubility were lower thanthose obtained directly by means of anempiric regression of the experimentalsolubility as a function of the mixtures’solubility parameters (close to 1.5%).

En este trabajo se propone y se valida una metodología analítica por espectrofotometría UV aplicada al estudio de la solubilidad de algunas sulfonamidas en mezclas cosolventes. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: especificidad, linealidad, precisión y límites de detección y cuantificación, así como la estabilidad de los fármacos bajos las condiciones de análisis de solubilidad. El método propuesto es útil para determinar la solubilidad de estas sulfonamidas en función de la temperatura y la composición cosolvente.

Thermodynamic functions of Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy for the solution processes of the antimicrobial drugs Triclosan and Triclocarban in five volatile organic solvents were calculated from solubility values at temperatures from 293.15 to 313.15 K. Triclosan and Triclocarban solubility was determined in acetone, acetonitrile (AcCN), ethyl acetate (AcOEt), methanol (MetOH), and cyclohexane (CH). The excess of Gibbs energy and the activity coefficients of the solutes were also calculated. The Triclosan solubilities were greater than those of Triclocarban in all the solvents studied. At 298.15 K the solubility diminished for Triclosan in the order, acetone > AcOEt > AcCN > MetOH > CH, while it diminished for Triclocarban in the order, acetone > AcOEt > MetOH > AcCN > CH. On the other hand, thermodynamic quantities relative to the transfer process of these drugs from CH to all other organic solvents, as well as from water to organic solvents for Triclosan were also calculated in order to estimate the hydrogen-bonding contributions.En esta investigación se calcularon las funciones termodinámicas: energía de Gibbs, entalpía y entropía para los proceses de disolución de los agentes antimicrobianos Triclosán y Triclocarbán a partir de los valores de solubilidad a diferentes temperaturas entre 293,15 y 313,15 K en cinco solventes orgánicos volátiles. La solubilidad de los dos agentes se determinó en acetona, acetonitrilo (AcCN), acetato de etilo (AcOEt), metanol (MetOH), y ciclohexano (CH). También se calcularon las energías Gibbs de exceso y los coeficientes de actividad de los solutos. Las solubilidades de Triclosán fueron mayores que las de Triclocarbán en todos los solventes estudiados. A 298,15 K la solubilidad de Triclosán disminuyó en el orden, acetona > AcOEt > AcCN > MetOH > CH, mientras que en caso de Triclocarbán, disminuyó en el orden, acetona > AcOEt > MetOH > AcCN > CH. De otro lado, también se calcularon las cantidades termodinámicas relativas a los procesos de transferencia de estos dos fármacos desde CH hasta los otros solventes orgánicos, así como las de la transferencia de Triclosán desde el agua hasta los solventes orgánicos, con el fin de hacer estimaciones de las contribuciones por enlaces de hidrógeno.

By using the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations the apparent thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution for triclocarban in ethanol + propylene glycol mixtures were evaluated from solubility data determined at temperatures from (293.15 to 313.15) K. The drug solubility was greatest in the mixture with 0.60 in mass fraction of ethanol and lowest in neat propylene glycol at almost all the temperatures studied. Non-linear enthalpy-entropy compensation is found indicating apparently different mechanisms of the solution process according to the mixtures composition.

Apparent thermodynamic functions, Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of solution and mixing, for methocarbamol in ethanol + water mixtures, were evaluated from solubility data determined at temperatures from 293.15 K to 313.15 K and from calorimetric values of drug fusion. The drug solubility was greatest in the mixtures with 0.70 or 0.80 mass fraction of ethanol and lowest in neat water across all temperatures studied. Non-linear enthalpy-entropy compensation was found for the dissolution processes. Accordingly, solution enthalpy drives the respective processes in almost all the solvent systems analyzed.

Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) was successfully applied to evaluate the solubility of Indomethacin in 1,4-dioxane + water mixtures at 298.15 K. An acceptable correlation-performance of EHSA was found by using a regular polynomial model in order four of the W interaction parameter vs. solubility parameter of the mixtures (overall deviation was 8.9%). Although the mean deviation obtained was similar to that obtained directly by means of an empiric regression of the experimental solubility vs. mixtures solubility parameters, the advantages of EHSA are evident because it requires physicochemical properties easily available for drugs.

Sodium sulfonamides have been extensively used for the treatment of certain infections caused by several types of microorganisms. Although sulfonamides are still widely used in therapeutics, the physicochemical information about their aqueous solutions has not been completed. In this context, the thermodynamic functions of mixing three structurally related sodium sulfonamides were evaluated: Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The quantities of mixing were calculated based on the fusion calorimetric values obtained from differential scanning calorimetry measurements and equilibrium solubility values reported in the literature for all the drugs with ethanol + water mixtures. By means of an enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis, non-linear ΔH0mix vs. ΔG0mix plots with negative slopes from neat ethanol to a 0.60 ethanol mass fraction, and positive slopes from the latter composition to neat water were obtained. From these results, it was concluded that the dissolution process of these drugs in ethanol-rich mixtures was entropy-driven; whereas, in water-rich mixtures the process was enthalpy-driven. Nevertheless, the molecular and ionic events involved in the dissolution of these drugs in this cosolvent system remain unclear.Las sulfonamidas sódicas han sido ampliamente utilizadas en el tratamiento de ciertas infecciones causadas por diferentes microorganismos. Si bien las sulfonamidas siguen siendo ampliamente usadas en la terapéutica actual, la información fisicoquímica de sus soluciones acuosas aún no es completa. En este contexto, estudiamos aquí las funciones termodinámicas de mezcla de tres sulfonamidas sódicas relacionadas estructuralmente y que fueron calculadas a partir de las propiedades calorimétricas de fusión y de los valores de solubilidad en equilibrio en mezclas etanol + agua publicados en la literatura. Mediante análisis de compensación entálpica-entrópica se obtuvieron gráficos no lineales de ΔH0mix vs. ΔG0mix exhibiendo pendientes negativas desde el etanol puro hasta la mezcla cosolvente de 0,60 en fracción másica de etanol y pendientes positivas desde esta mezcla hasta el agua pura; de acuerdo a este resultado se tiene que el proceso de disolución de estos fármacos en mezclas ricas en etanol es conducido entrópicamente, mientras que en mezclas ricas en agua el proceso es conducido entálpicamente. Sin embargo, los eventos moleculares e iónicos involucrados en el proceso de disolución de este fármaco en este sistema cosolventes aún no son claros.

Propranolol-HCl is a non selective β-adrenergic blocker widely used in the treatment of several cardiovascular diseases; nevertheless, the physicochemical information about its volumetric behavior and other aqueous properties is not complete at present. In this context, densities of aqueous solutions of propanolol-HCl have been measured in this research as a function of concentration (from 0.0500 to 0.2500) mol kg-1 at several temperatures, i.e. (278.15, 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K. These values have not been reported earlier in the literature. The apparent molar volumes and partial molar volumes at infinite dilution for the electrolyte drug were calculated. Otherwise, the partial molar volumes at infinite dilution and the partial molar expansibilities for the drug as molecular form were also calculated. The dependence of these properties on temperature is presented. The results are interpreted in terms of several solute-solvent interactions. Ultimately, the reported information can be useful to understand the intermolecular events exhibited by this drug in pharmaceutical and biological systems.El Propranolol-HCl es un agente bloqueador β-adrenérgico no selectivo ampliamente usado en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades cardiovasculares; sin embargo, la información fisicoquímica acerca de su comportamiento volumétrico, así como de otras propiedades fisicoquímicas, aún es incompleta en la actualidad. Por esta razón, en este artículo se presentan los valores de densidad de algunas soluciones acuosas de este fármaco en función de la concentración (desde 0,0500 hasta 0,2500) mol kg-1 a diferentes temperaturas (278,15, 283,15, 288,15, 293,15, 298,15, 303,15, 308,15 y 313,15) K. Estos valores no habían sido reportados previamente en la literatura. Asimismo, se presentan los volúmenes molares aparentes y volúmenes molares parciales a dilución infinita del fármaco como electrolito, y de otro lado, los volúmenes molares parciales a dilución infinita del fármaco molecular y las expansibilidades molares, los cuales fueron calculados a partir de los valores de densidad y composición de las mezclas. Los resultados obtenidos se interpretaron en términos de interacciones soluto-solvente. Finalmente, se tiene que la información presentada en este trabajo podría ser utilizada para el entendimiento de algunos eventos moleculares exhibidos por este fármaco en sistemas farmacéuticos y biológicos.

Se determinaron los coeficientes de reparto octanol/agua y la solubilidad de algunas sulfonamidas en octanol, agua y lossolventes mutuamente saturados a 25.0 ± O.1°C. A partir de los datos de solubilidad y de las temperaturas y entalpías defusión se calcularon los coeficientes de actividad de los solutos en las fases acuosas y orgánicas. Con base en estos resultados se estimaron las interacciones intermoleculares entre los solutos y solventes. Se encontró que la saturación mutua de las fases juega un papel importante en el reparto de las sulfonamidas estudiadas, lo cual se ha demostrado para otras sustanciassemipolares tales como algunos derivados de la guanina.

Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug widely used nowadays in therapeutics. Nevertheless, it has not been well characterized from a physicochemical point of view. In this context, by means of optical experimental methods and dielectric spectroscopy applied to diluted solutions of Tinidazole in Acetone, molar polarizations of the solute, 0P2, and the solvent, 0P1, and the average dipolar moment of tinidazole associated to acetone, were estimated, resulting in or = 9.18 D. Since this value is higher than the theoretical m of the two main conformers of isolated tinidazole, that is, 3.22 and 4.29 D, respectively, the formation of interactions between the solute and the solvent is assumed. An effect of intermolecular association by van der Waals and hydrogen bond interactions conducting to a modification of the partial molar volume of the solute, , is thus expected. From the experimental and analysis by using the Halverstadt-Kumler's method, it can be seen that had a 24% reduction as compared with the theoretical value, which would confirm the presence of such interactionsEl tinidazol es un fármaco antiparasitario ampliamente utilizado en la actualidad. Sin embargo, este fármaco no ha sido bien caracterizado desde un punto de vista fisicoquímico. Por esta razón, mediante algunos métodos ópticos y espectroscopía dieléctrica, aplicados a soluciones diluidas de tinidazol en acetona, se estimaron las polarizabilidades molares del soluto, 0P2, y del solvente, 0P1, además del momento dipolar promedio, , del fármaco asociado a la acetona, obteniendo un valor o = 9,18 D. Puesto que este valor es mayor que el obtenido teóricamente para los dos confórmeros rincipales, osea 3,22 y 4,29 D, respectivamente, se asume la presencia significativa de interacciones entre el soluto y el solvente. Por lo tanto, se espera que la asociación intermolecular soluto-solvente, establecida por fuerzas de van der Waals y por enlaces de hidrógeno, conduzca a la modificación del volumen molar parcial del soluto, . A partir del análisis experimental mediante el método de Halverstadt-Kumler se observa una reducción del 24% en el valor de , al compararlo con el valor teórico, lo cual podría confirmar la presencia de tales interacciones.

This work reports the experimental volumetric properties and also the saturated solubility of indomethacin and ethylhexyl triazine in ethyl acetate + ethanol mixtures at 293.15 to 313.15 K and evaluates the validity of the Jouyban-Acree (J & A) model to correlate the solubility of these compounds in ethyl acetate + ethanol solvent mixtures. The solubility correlation is studied as a function of temperature and cosolvent composition. The J & A model requires only the experimental solubility values in the pure solvents at all the temperatures under study. The calculated values by using both compounds deviate as mean in 30% from experimental solubility values.En este trabajo se evalúa la validez del modelo de Jouyban-Acree (J - A) para la correlación de la solubilidad de estos dos agentes de uso farmacéutico en mezclas acetato de etilo + etanol, en función de la composición solvente y de la temperatura, en el intervalo entre 293,15 y 313,15 K. El modelo J - A requiere únicamente de los valores experimentales de solubilidad de los fármacos en los solventes puros en función de la temperatura. Se encuentra que los valores obtenidos con los dos compuestos presentan desviaciones cercanas al 30% respecto a los valores experimentales de solubilidad.

Thermodynamic functions, Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy for the solution processes of ibuprofen (IBP) in acetone and dichloromethane (DCM) were calculated from solubility values obtained at temperatures ranging from 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The respective thermodynamic functions for mixing and solvation processes as well as the activity coefficients for the solute were calculated. IBP solubility was high and proved similar in both solvents but was greater in DCM than acetone. In addition, the thermodynamic quantities for the transfer process of this drug from cyclohexane to the organic solvents were also calculated in order to estimate the contributions of hydrogen-bonds or of other dipolar interactions. The results were discussed in terms of solute-solvent interactions.As funções termodinâmicas, energia de Gibbs, entalpia e entropia dos processos de solução de ibuprofeno (IBP) em acetona e em diclorometano (DCM) foram calculadas a partir dos valores de solubilidade, obtidos em intervalos de temperatura de 293,15 K a 313,15 K. As funções termodinâmicas respectivas para os processos de mistura e solvatação e os coeficientes de atividade para o soluto também foram calculados. A solubilidade do IBP foi grande e semelhante em ambos os solventes, mas, maior em DCM do que em acetona. Em adição, as quantidades termodinâmicas relativas ao processo de transferência desse fármaco do cicloexano para os solventes orgânicos foram, também, calculadas com o objetivo de estimar as contribuições devidas às ligações de hidrogênio ou a outras interações dipolares. Os resultados foram discutidos nos termos das interações soluto-solvente.

Sodium sulfadiazine (SD-Na) is a drug extensively used for the treatment of certain infections caused by several kinds of microorganisms. Although SD-Na is widely used nowadays in therapeutics, the physicochemical information about their aqueous solutions is not complete at present. In this context, by using the van’t Hoff and Gibbs equations the thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution for SD-Na in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures, are evaluated from solubility data determined at temperatures from 278.15 to 308.15 K. The drug solubility is greatest in neat water and lowest in neat ethanol at all the temperatures studied. This behavior shows the negative cosolvent effect for this electrolyte drug in this solvent system. By means of enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis, non-linear ΔHsoln0-app vs. ΔGsoln0-app plot with positive slope from neat ethanol up to 0.60 in mass fraction of water and negative from this composition to neat water is obtained; accordingly to this result, it follows that the dissolution process of this drug in ethanol-rich is entropy-driven, whereas, in water-rich mixtures the process is enthalpy-driven. Nevertheless, the molecular and ionic events involved in the dissolution of this drug in this cosolvent system are unclear.La sulfadiazina sódica (SD-Na) es un fármaco ampliamente utilizado en el tratamiento de ciertas infecciones causadas por diferentes microorganismos. Si bien la Na-SD es ampliamente usada en la terapéutica actual, la información fisicoquímica de sus soluciones acuosas aún no es completa. En este contexto, se estudian las funciones termodinámicas aparentes de solución, energía de Gibbs, entalpía y entropía, a partir de valores de solubilidad de este fármaco en mezclas cosolventes etanol + agua en el intervalo de temperatura desde 278,15 hasta 308,15 K. La solubilidad del fármaco es mayor en agua pura y menor en etanol puro a todas las temperaturas estudiadas. Este resultado demuestra el efecto cosolvente negativo del etanol sobre este fármaco del tipo electrolito. Mediante análisis de compensación entálpica- entrópica se obtiene un gráfico no lineal ΔHsoln0-app vs. ΔGsoln0-app exhibiendo pendiente positiva desde el etanol puro hasta la mezcla cosolvente de 0,60 en fracción másica de agua y pendiente negativa desde esta mezcla hasta el agua pura; de acuerdo a este resultado, se tiene que el proceso de disolución de este fármaco en mezclas ricas en etanol es conducido entrópicamente, mientras que en mezclas ricas en agua el proceso es conducido entálpicamente. Sin embargo, los eventos moleculares e iónicos involucrados en el proceso de disolución de este fármaco en este sistema cosolventes no son claros.

Las micropartículas son sistemas de entrega de fármacos ampliamente utilizados, que permiten mejorar la aplicabilidad terapéutica de fármacos tanto nuevos como convencionales. En el presente trabajo se elaboran micropartículas de un polímero biodegradable, ácido poli (láctico-co-glicólico), cargadas con naproxeno. Las mejores condiciones para la elaboración de las micropartículas son determinadas experimentalmente, encontrando que la relación fármaco: polímero, la cantidad de isopropanol, el volumen de fase acuosa, la velocidad de agitación y el tiempo de agitación influyen significativamente en las características de las micropartículas obtenidas. En el modelo de edema plantar inducido por carragenina en ratas Wistar, se encuentra que el naproxeno microencapsulado en dosis de 5 mg/Kg y 10 mg/Kg presenta mayor efecto antiinflamatorio que el naproxeno libre en dosis de 10 mg/Kg.ABSTRACT Microparticles are pharmaceutical dosage forms widely used because they may improve the therapeutic application of new and conventional drugs. In this work we make biodegradable microparticles with poly (lactic-co-glicolic) acid as polymer loaded with naproxen. The best microencapsulation conditions are experimentally determinate. We have found that the drug:polymer ratio, the isopropanol amount, the aqueous phase volume, the stir speed and the time of stir affect the microparticles characteristics. In the carragenin paw edema model, we have found that the microencapsulated naproxen at 5 mg/Kg and 10 mg/Kg showed greater effect than free naproxen at 10 mg/Kg.

By using the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations the apparent thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution for sodium naproxen in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures, were evaluated from solubility data determined at temperatures from (278.15 to 308.15) K. The drug solubility was greatest in neat water and lowest in neat ethanol at all the temperatures studied. By means of non-linear enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis, it follows that the dissolution process of this drug in ethanol-rich mixtures is entropy-driven, whereas, in water-rich mixtures the process is enthalpy-driven.

Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) developed by Martin et al. was applied to evaluate the solubility of ketoprofen (KTP) in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures at 298.15 K. Calculated values of molar volume and solubility parameter for KTP were used. A good predictive capacity of EHSA was found by using a regular polynomial model in order five to correlate the W interaction parameter and the solubility parameters of cosolvent mixtures (δmix). Nevertheless, the deviations obtained in the estimated solubilities with respect to the experimental solubilities were on the same order like those obtained directly by means of an empiric regression of the logarithmic experimental solubilities as a function of δmix values.

An analytical method by liquid chromatography has been proposed and validated to study the apparent solubility of ibuprofen in biorelevant dissolution media. The main properties of the studied media were pH values of 5.0 and 6.5 and the presence or absence of some natural surfactant agents. The parameters evaluated were specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and detection and quantification limits, as well as the drug stability under the analysis conditions. The developed method was useful to determine the apparent solubility of this drug as a function of temperature and surfactants concentration to demonstrate the validity of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System.

Although the cosolvent system 1,4-dioxane + water is poisonous, it is widely used in the pharmaceutical sciences as a versatile model for studying drug solubility and some other relevant physicochemical properties in the design of homogeneous dosage forms. For this reason, the excess molar volumes and partial molar volumes of components are investigated from density measurements of the entire range of mass fractions for the 1,4-dioxane + water system at 293.15 K; 298.15 K; 303.15 K; 308.15 K and 313.15 K. The results of excess molar volumes are fitted by Redlich-Kister equation using third degree polynomials and compared with those of literature for other systems. The system exhibits large negative excess volumes (up to - 0.71 cm³ mol-1) probably due to increased interactions like hydrogen bonding between unlike molecules or very large differences in the molar volumes of pure components. The effect of temperature on the different volumetric properties studied is also analyzed. Besides, the volume thermal expansion coefficients are also calculated founding values varying from 2.50 x 10-4 K-1 for pure water up to 1.06 x 10-3 K-1 for pure 1,4-dioxane at 298.15 K.Aunque el sistema cosolvente 1,4-dioxano + agua es tóxico, este ha sido ampliamente utilizado en las ciencias farmacéuticas como un modelo versátil en el estudio de la solubilidad de fármacos y de otras propiedades fisicoquímicas de interés en el diseño de formulaciones líquidas homogéneas puesto que cubre un amplio espectro de polaridades. Por esta razón, en este trabajo se calculan los volúmenes molares de exceso y molares parciales a partir de medidas de densidad en el sistema 1,4-dioxano + agua en todo el intervalo de composición a 293,15 K; 298,15 K; 303,15 K; 308,15 K y 313,15 K. Los resultados de volumen molar de exceso son modelados de acuerdo a la ecuación de Redlich-Kister usando polinomios regulares de tercer grado y comparados con otros presentados en la literatura para otros sistemas. El sistema estudiado presenta volúmenes de exceso altamente negativos (hasta - 0,71 cm³ mol-1) probablemente debido a las fuertes interacciones por unión de hidrógeno entre las moléculas de los dos compuestos y a la gran diferencia en los volúmenes molares de los dos componentes puros. También se analiza el efecto de la temperatura sobre las diferentes propiedades volumétricas estudiadas. Así mismo se calculan los coeficientes térmicos de expansión volumétrica encontrado valores desde 2,50 x 10-4 K-1 para el agua pura hasta 1,06 x 10-3 K-1 para el 1,4-dioxano puro a 298,15 K.

El ketoprofeno (KTP) es un antiinflamatorio de amplio uso terapéutico. En este trabajo se evalúa la validez de una adaptación puntual del modelo de Jouyban-Acree (J & A), en comparación con la utilidad de la ecuación de solubilidad logarítmica-lineal propuesta por Yalkowsky y Roseman (Y & R), para la estimación de la solubilidad del KTP en mezclas cosolventes etanol + agua, en función de la composición cosolvente y de la temperatura, en el intervalo entre 20,0 y 40,0°C. Los modelos de J & A y Y & R requieren únicamente de los valores experimentales de solubilidad de los fármacos en los solventes puros en función de la temperatura. Se encuentra que los valores obtenidos con los dos modelos presentan halgunas desviaciones notorias respecto a los valores experimentales.Ketoprofen (KTP) is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug. In this paper the validity of a trained version of the Jouyban-Acree (J & A) model is evaluated to predict the solubility of KTP in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures. The usefulness of the solubility log-linear equation proposed by Yalkowsky and Roseman (Y & R) is also evaluated for the same drug in this cosolvent system. The solubility estimation is studied as a function of temperature and cosolvent composition. The J & A and Y & R models require only the experimental solubility values in the pure solvents at all the temperatures evaluated. The calculated values by using both models deviate notoriously from experimental values in several cases.

En este trabajo se estudió la solubilidad del Eudragit S100®, respecto al pH en medios acuosos, y a la polaridad en solventes orgánicos, además se estimó el parámetro de solubilidad del polímero d, de forma experimental y teórica, mediante los métodos de contribución de grupos de Fedors y de van Krevelen, estableciendo su mapa de solubilidad. Los resultados mostraron que la solubilidad del polímero depende del pH siendo soluble a partir de pH 6,0. El valor d estimado experimentalmente fue de 12,9 ± 2,4 cal1/2 cm-3/2 siendo casi concordante con los obtenidos mediante los métodos de Fedors y de van Krevelen. Adicionalmente, se construyó el diagrama de Teas para la identificación de solventes y no-solventes para el polímero.

La predicción de la solubilidad de los fármacos en sistemas cosolventes de uso farmacéutico ha sido una sólida lí-nea de investigación a nivel académico e industrial desde hace varias décadas. Por esta razón, en la presente inves-tigación se evaluó la validez de una adaptación puntual del modelo de Jouyban-Acree (J-A) en comparación con la utilidad de la ecuación de solubilidad logarítmica-lineal propuesta por Yalkowsky y Roseman (Y-R), para la estima-ción de la solubilidad del ibuprofeno (IBP) y el naproxeno (NAP) en mezclas cosolventes propilenoglicol + agua, en función de la composición cosolvente y de la temperatura, en el intervalo entre 20,0 y 40,0 °C. Los modelos de J-A y Y-R requieren únicamente de los valores experimentales de la solubilidad en equilibrio de los fármacos en los sol-ventes puros a las diferentes temperaturas de intéres. Desafiando las ecuaciones frente a valores experimentales presentados en la literatura se encontró que los valores obtenidos con los dos modelos semiempíricos son bastante similares entre sí y que presentan algunas desviaciones notorias respecto a los valores experimentales reportados en la literatura, especialmente en la estimación de la solubilidad del IBP. Estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de mejorar las estrategias teóricas disponibles para la estimación de esta propiedad, y así mismo, demuestran la im-portancia de la determinación experimental de la solubilidad de los fármacos, en función de la temperatura, en to-das aquellas mezclas cosolventes que pueden ser útiles durante el proceso de diseño de formulaciones líquidas ho-mogéneas a nivel industrial.

En la presente investigación, el Método Extendido de Solubilidad de Hildebrand (MESH), desarrollado por Martin y cols.,. se ha aplicado al estudio de la solubilidad del ibuprofén (IBP) y del naproxén (NAP) en mezclas binarias propilenoglicol + etanol a 298,15 K ± 0,05 K. Se utilizaron los volúmenes molares aparentes de los solutos y las fracciones volumétricas de los solventes en las respectivas soluciones saturadas. Se encontró una adecuada capacidad predictiva del MESH al utilizar modelos polinómicos regulares de cuarto orden para IBP y de tercer orden para NAP, relacionando el parámetro de interacción W con el parámetro de solubilidad de las mezclas solventes. Sin embargo, las desviaciones obtenidas en la solubilidad estimada, respecto a los valores experimentales, fueron de magnitud semejante a las obtenidas al calcular esta propiedad directamente, utilizando regresiones empíricas de la solubilidad experimental de los fármacos en función del parámetro de solubilidad de las mezclas cosolventes.

La microencapsulación por coacervación consiste en el recubrimiento de micropartículas con una película polimérica, la cual es obtenida por la precipitación del material polimérico disuelto en el medio dispersante. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar la coacervación con el copolímero del ácido metacrílico Eudragit S100® y su uso potencial para el desarrollo de microcápsulas de un baculovirus entomopatógeno del gusano cogollero del maíz, Spodoptera frugiperda. Se estudia la solubilidad del polímero en 16 solventes orgánicos y la compatibilidad de éstos con el principio activo (baculovirus). Teniendo en cuenta los solventes compatibles se seleccionan parejas de solventes-no-solventes con las que se evalúan cuatro relaciones de volumen, tres concentraciones de polímero y cuatro velocidades de adición de los no-solventes. Se seleccionan las parejas: etanol-heptano, etanol-hexano, acetona-heptano y acetona-hexano, como concentración de polímero 0,50 % p/v y como relación de volúmenes 1:3, por presentarse la aparente formación de una fase de coacervado. El sistema consistente en acetona-hexano a una velocidad de 1,0 mL/min, es seleccionado como el más promisorio por producir una separación lenta del polímero y el depósito uniforme de éste sobre el balón, comportamiento que podría permitir la microencapsulación del núcleo requerido.Microencapsulation by coacervation consists in the coating of microparticles by depositing a polymeric film on them. This process is carried out by the precipitation of the polymer dissolved in the dispersing medium. The present work pretends to study the coacervation of a methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit S100®) and their potential use in the development of microcapsules containing an entomopathogen baculovirus of corn armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. The polymer solubility in 16 solvents, as well as the compatibility of them with the baculovirus is studied. By considering the compatible solvents, several couples of Solvent-Non-Solvent are selected, with which four volume ratios, three polymer concentrations, and four Non-Solvent addition velocities are evaluate. The couples Ethanol-Heptane, Ethanol-Hexane, Acetone-Heptane, and Acetone-Hexane are chosen. The values 0.50 % w/v and 1:3 are chosen as polymer concentration and volumes ratio respectively, because they show the apparent formation of a coacervate phase. Finally, the system Acetone-Hexane with velocity 1.0 mL/min is chosen as the most promissory because this system produces a slow polymer separation and therefore, the formation of a uniform film inside the balloon. These behaviors could allow the nucleus microencapsulation.

Acetanilide (ACN) and phenacetin (PNC) are compounds structurally related with acetaminophen widely used as model drugs in pharmaceutical chemistry. Based on published thermodynamic quantities for dissolution, partitioning and sublimation of ACN and PNC, at 25.0 °C, thermodynamic quantities for drugs solvation in cyclohexane-saturated water (W(CH)) and water-saturated cyclohexane (CH(W)), chloroform-saturated water (W(CLF)) and water-saturated chloroform (CLF(W)), and isopropyl myristate-saturated water (W( IPM)) and water-saturated isopropyl myristate (IPM(W)), as well as the drugs dilution in the organic solvents were calculated. The Gibbs energies of solvation were favourable in all cases. Respective enthalpies and entropies were negative indicating an enthalpy-driving for the solvation process in all cases. Otherwise, the Gibbs energies of dilution were favourable for ACN and PNC in IPM(W) but unfavourable in the other organic solvents, whereas the respective enthalpies and entropies were negative for both drugs in all the organic solvents, except for PNC in CH(W) indicating enthalpy-driving for the dilution process in the former cases and entropy-driving for the later. From obtained values for the transfer processes, an interpretation based on solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions was developed.La acetanilida (ACN) y la fenacetina (FNC) son dos compuestos estructuralmente relacionados con el acetaminofeno que son ampliamente utilizados en química farmacéutica como fármacos modelo. Con base en valores termodinámicos publicados para los procesos de disolución, reparto y sublimación de la ACN y la FNC, presentados a 25,0 °C, se calculan las funciones termodinámicas de solvatación de los dos fármacos en agua saturada de ciclohexano (W(CH)), ciclohexano saturado de agua (CH(W)), agua saturada de cloroformo (W(CLF)), cloroformo saturado de agua (CLF(W)), agua saturada de miristato de isopropilo (W(MIP)) y miristato de isopropilo saturado de agua (MIP(W)), así como las respectivas funciones termodinámicas de los fármacos en los solventes orgánicos. Las energías libres de Gibbs de solvatación son favorables en todos los casos. Las respectivas entalpías y entropías son negativas indicando una conducción entálpica para el proceso de solvatación en todos los casos. De otro lado, las energías libres de dilución son favorables para ACN y PNC en MIP(W) pero desfavorables en los otros solventes orgánicos, mientras que las respectivas entalpías y entropías son negativas para los dos fármacos en todos los solventes orgánicos, excepto para PNC en CH(W), lo que indica que el proceso de dilución es conducido entálpicamente en los primeros casos y entrópicamente en el último. A partir de los valores termodinámicos obtenidos para los procesos de transferencia se desarrolla una interpretación en términos de interacciones soluto-soluto y soluto-

The dissolution enthalpy (ΔH0soln) of sodium sulfacetamide in water was determined by means of isoperibolic solution calorimetry. It was found that ΔH0soln diminishes as the drug concentration increases. Otherwise, the calorimetric values obtained as a function of the drug concentration were significantly different than those predicted by the van't Hoff method. It was demonstrated that the later is not a fully reliable method for the determination of ΔH0soln values in the specific case of highly soluble sodium salts. The observed phenomenon could be explained by the presence of strong solute-solute interactions at high salt concentrations, in addition to solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.

El naproxén (NAP) es un anti-inflamatorio no esteroidal de amplio uso en la actualidad; sin embargo, sus propiedades fisicoquímicas aún no han sido totalmente estudiadas. Como una contribución a la caracterización fisicoquímica del NAP en solución acuosa, en la presente investigación se evalúa el efecto de algunos solventes orgánicos en saturación acuosa sobre las funciones termodinámicas de solución del NAP a pH fisiológico. A partir de valores de solubilidad a diferentes temperaturas, mediante las ecuaciones de Gibbs y de van't Hoff, se determinan las funciones termodinámicas energía libre de Gibbs, entalpía y entropía, para los procesos de solución y de solvatación del NAP en tres medios acuosos a pH 7,4 y saturados, cada uno de ellos con octanol, W(ROH), miristato de isopropilo, W(MIP) o cloroformo, W(CLF). Los resultados se comparan con los obtenidos para el mismo fármaco en buffer puro, W, presentados previamente en la literatura. La solubilidad del NAP a 25,0 °C se incrementa en el siguiente orden: W(ROH) < W < W(MIP) ≤ W(CLF). En todos los sistemas, las entalpías y entropías de solución de este fármaco son positivas y negativas, respectivamente; mientras que las funciones termodinámicas de solvatación presentan valores negativos en todos los casos. Los resultados se discuten en términos de interacciones soluto-solvente.Naproxen (NAP) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, whose physicochemical properties have not been thoroughly studied. As a contribution to the physicochemical characterization of NAP in aqueous solution, we evaluated the effect of some organic solvents in aqueous saturation on the thermodynamic functions of a NAP solution at physiological pH. Based on solubility values at different temperatures, using the equations of Gibbs and Van´t Hoff, the thermodynamic functions Gibb´s free energy, enthalpy and enthropy were determined for the solution and salvation processes of NAP in three aqueous saturated media at pH 7,4, each one of them with octanol W(ROH), isopropyl myristate W(IPM), or chloroform W(CLF). Results were compared with those obtained for NAP in pure buffer, W, previously reported. Solubility of NAP at 25º C increased in the following order: W(ROH) < W < W(IPM) ≤ W(CLF). In every system, enthalpies and enthropies of the solution of this drug were, respectively, positive and negative; on the other hand, solvation thermodynamic functions were negative in all cases. Results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent interactions.

The deviations observed in the solubility of ibuprofen (IBP) and naproxen (NAP) in propylene glycol (PG) + water (W) cosolvent mixtures with respect to the logarithmic-linear model proposed by Yalkowsky have been analyzed at 25.00 ± 0.05 ºC. Negative deviations were obtained in all cosolvent compositions for both drugs; they were greater for IBP. Another treatment, based on Gibbs free energy relationships, was also employed showing an apparent hydrophobicity chameleonic effect, because at low PG proportions NAP is more hydrophobic, whereas at high PG proportions IBP is more hydrophobic. The results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.

The thermodynamics of molal partitioning of ketoprofen (KTP) was studied in cyclohexane/buffer (CH/W), octanol/buffer (ROH/W), and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and egg lecithin (EGG/W) liposome systems. In all cases the partition coefficients (Kmo/w)were greater than unity; therefore the standard free energies of transfer were negative indicating affinity of KTP for organic media. The Kmo/w values were approximately seventy-fold higher in the ROH/W system compared with the CH/W system. On the other hand, the Kmo/w values were approximately ten or fifty-fold higher in the liposomes compared with the ROH/W system. In all cases, the standard enthalpies and entropies of transfer of KTP were positive indicating some degree of participation of the hydrophobic hydration on partitioning processes.

Propranolol-HCl is a non selective β-adrenergic blocker widely used in the treatment of several cardiovascular diseases; nevertheless, the physicochemical information about its volumetric behavior and other aqueous properties is not complete at present. In this context, densities of aqueous solutions of propanolol-HCl have been measured in this research as a function of concentration (from 0.0500 to 0.2500) mol kg–1 at several temperatures, i.e. (278.15, 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K. These values have not been reported earlier in the literature. The apparent molar volumes and partial molar volumes at infinite dilution for the electrolyte drug were calculated. Otherwise, the partial molar volumes at infinite dilution and the partial molar expansibilities for the drug as molecular form were also calculated. The dependence of these properties on temperature is presented. The results are interpreted in terms of several solute-solvent interactions. Ultimately, the reported information can be useful to understand the intermolecular events exhibited by this drug in pharmaceutical and biological systems.

Ketoprofen (KTP) is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug. In this paper the validity of a trained version of the Jouyban-Acree (J & A) model is evaluated to predict the solubility of KTP in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures. The usefulness of the solubility log-linear equation proposed by Yalkowsky and Roseman (Y & R) is also evaluated for the same drug in this cosolvent system. The solubility estimation is studied as a function of temperature and cosolvent composition. The J & A and Y & R models require only the experimental solubility values in the pure solvents at all the temperatures evaluated. The calculated values by using both models deviate notoriously from experimental values in several cases.

Naproxen (NAP) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; however their physicochemical properties have not been thoroughly studied. In this work, Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) developed by Martin et al was applied to evaluate the solubility of NAP in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures at 298.15 K ± 0.05 K. Molar volume and solubility parameter values of NAP, were calculated according to Fedors and van Krevelen methods. A good predictive capacity of EHSA was found using regular polynomial models in fifth order for NAP, when the W interaction parameter is related to the solubility parameter of the cosolvent mixtures. Nevertheless, deviations on estimated solubility obtained respect to experimental solubility values had shown the same order compared with those obtained directly by logarithm empirical regression means of experimental solubilities as a function of cosolvent solubility parameters

Naproxen (NAP) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, whose physicochemical properties have not been thoroughly studied. As a contribution to the physicochemical characterization of NAP in aqueous solution, we evaluated the effect of some organic solvents in aqueous saturation on the thermodynamic functions of a NAP solution at physiological pH. Based on solubility values at different temperatures, using the equations of Gibbs and Van´t Hoff, the thermodynamic functions Gibb´s free energy, enthalpy and enthropy were determined for the solution and salvation processes of NAP in three aqueous saturated media at pH 7,4, each one of them with octanol W(ROH), isopropyl myristate W(IPM), or chloroform W(CLF). Results were compared with those obtained for NAP in pure buffer, W, previously reported. Solubility of NAP at 25º C increased in the following order: W(ROH) < W < W(IPM) ≤ W(CLF). In every system, enthalpies and enthropies of the solution of this drug were, respectively, positive and negative; on the other hand, solvation thermodynamic functions were negative in all cases. Results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent interactions.