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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:54:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-06-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) No-till (NT) farming is a major soil conservation strategy. In the Brazilian Cerrado, soybean is the main grain crop, and strategies that improve the cultivation of cover crops in the off-season in succession to soybean could facilitate NT for large cultivated areas. In the municipality of Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil, three experiments were carried out in a randomized block design with four replications. This work aimed to evaluate the establishment of Urochloa ruziziensis (ruzigrass) in succession to soybean as a function of ruzigrass seed treatment, sowing density and phenological stage, and soybean cultivar allelopathic potential. In the first experiment, treatment of ruzigrass seeds with six doses (0, 150, 300, 450, 600 and 750 mL of commercial product 100 kg−1 of seeds) of fipronil + thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin was evaluated. In the second experiment, two ruzigrass interseeding periods (soybean phenological stages R5.5 and R7) and five ruzigrass seed densities (4.3, 6.4, 8.6, 10.7 and 12.9 kg ha−1 VPS) were tested. In the third experiment, the interference of soybean cultivars in the establishment of ruzigrass and the potential allelopathic effect of the cultivars on forage germination were evaluated, six soybean cultivars RR (Roundup Ready®) were used: P98Y70; TMG 115; TMG 132; M 8527; P98Y11; TMG 123. Our results showed that seed treatment facilitated forage establishment in the interseeding system, and the use of high sowing rates at phenological stage R5.5 of soybean promoted greater ruzigrass plant development. The effects of the soybean cultivars on ruzigrass germination varied, suggesting allelopathic effects of the deposition of petioles and soybean leaves on ruzigrass seeds. Thus, an appropriate interseeding strategy can improve forage production in the off-season and favor NT through correct management of forage establishment in succession to soybean. São Paulo State University (UNESP) College of Agricultural Sciences Dep. of Crop Science Lageado Experimental Farm, P.O. Box: 237 Agronomy Graduate Program Seed Reserach Laboratory São Paulo Western University, Raposo Tavares HWY, Km 572 Advanced Studies Group in Weed Science (NAPD/UEM) Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Righway of Pioneiros MT-222, Km 2,5 Special Academic Unit of Agricultural Sciences Federal University of Goiás (UFG) Mato Grosso State University (UNEMAT), Rod, BR 158, km 650 São Paulo State University (UNESP) College of Agricultural Sciences Dep. of Crop Science Lageado Experimental Farm, P.O. Box: 237

Different land use systems have been proposed and implemented in the central-west region of Brazil. These new techniques guarantee the recovery of degraded areas and the potentialization use them, and for this reason they have become increasingly frequent, which requires technical knowledge to confirm their viability. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical and microbiological attributes an area on Red-Yellow Dystrophic Latosol with three crop-livestock-forest integration systems and to compare them with apasture and native forest area, in two evaluation years. The collections were carried out at a technological reference unit of Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril, in the north of Mato Grossostate. Soil microbiological analyzes were carried out with fumigation-incubation method for microbial biomass carbon determination and its derivatives; serial dilution and incubation in a selective medium for microorganisms cultivable enumeration; incubation inselective substrate and spectrophotometer reading for enzymatic activities; the chemical-physical characteristics followed conventional methodologies of soil analysis.The results indicate that microbiological activities are altered according to the collection period, where the first year shows the highest results for the variables Soil Respiration (RB), Metabolic Quotient (qMet), Total Bacteria, Total Fungi, Actinomycetes, Cellulolytics, β-glycosidase and Acid Phosphatase.The correlation between all variables, collections and management, identified that the total fungi are responsible for the activity of most enzymes, in addition to being influenced by chemical variables: potential acidity, organic matter and cation exchange capacity. The correlation within each year of evaluation showed the enzymes dynamics with respect to the magnesium attribute. It is concluded that there was a greater variation in relation to the harvesting period than in relation to the management adopted. In addition, the chemical condition has a direct correlation with the presence of total fungi and soil enzyme activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-02-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) In sustainable tropical agriculture, grass-legume intercropping can increase productivity, enhance the nutritional quality of the crop and affect soil microbiological activity, leading to higher yields in succession crops. This study evaluated the impact of grass-legume intercropping, during the pasture phase of integrated crop-livestock systems under no-tillage (ICLS–NT), on soil microbiota, pasture quality, and soybean productivity in the Brazilian Cerrado. We evaluated the effect of intercropping on total soil contents of organic carbon and nitrogen, soil microbial activity, animal and soybean productivity (2017 and 2018 crop seasons), and pasture production and quality. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments under grass-legume intercropping in the pasture phase of ICLS–NT. The grasses Urochloa ruziziensis ‘Kennedy’, U. brizantha ‘Paiaguás’, Panicum maximum ‘Tamani’ and U. brizantha ‘Piatã’ were grown in monoculture and intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) ‘Tumucumaque’ or pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) ‘Mandarin’. A randomized block design, with three repetitions, was used in a split-plot arrangement, considering the grasses as plots and the legumes as subplots. The results showed that ICLS–NT improved the activity of soil microbial biomass when compared to monoculture systems. Grass-legume intercropping during the pasture phase, mainly with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), increased soybean productivity, and grass dry matter. Total organic carbon (TOC), carbon management index (CMI%), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil basal respiration (BR), and metabolic quotient (Qmic) are the most sensitive markers when it comes to the effects of intercropping on soil microbiological activity and soybean productivity in ICLS–NT. Identifying the best grass-legume combinations allows the establishment of more productive crop-livestock integration systems under no-tillage better adapted to the bio-edaphoclimatic conditions of the Brazilian Cerrado. Rondonópolis Federal University (UFR) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) CNPq: 454461/2014-3

Aims The integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) under no-tillage improves soil fertility of the Brazilian Cerrado. We aimed to evaluate the effect of different grass-legume intercropping compared to single grass cultivation in the off-season of an ICLS on (i) soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools, (ii) soil microbial biomass and activity, (iii) soil enzymatic activity, and (iv) soybean grain yield in succession. Methods The field study was conducted in an on-farm experiment in 2016/17 and 2017/18 cropping seasons. The soybean was cultivated in the summer season, with the subsequent treatments in the off-season, using two grasses (Urochloa ruziziensis and U. brizantha), single or intercropped with Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) or Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). We evaluated soil organic C and N pools, microbial biomass and activity, enzyme activity, and soybean yield. Results Cowpea intercropping yielded 24% more soybeans than grasses single cropped. There was a higher microbial biomass and activity, and enzymatic activity in the soil under grass-legume intercropping. In addition to the lower basal respiration and microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2), the greater microbial quotient (qMIC) and microbial biomass C indicate a higher soil microbial C utilization efficiency under grass-legume intercropping. The soil total organic C and N stocks increased under Pigeon pea intercropping by 16% and 27%, respectively, compared to single grasses. Conclusions Grass-legume intercropping in the pasture phase of ICLS is an additional tool to maximize soybean yields in the short term. The intercropping effects on soybean yield were directly related to soil quality improvements through soil biological and biochemical properties.

Population growth and rising incomes have led to increasing global demand for meat products. Meeting this demand without converting remaining natural ecosystems or further degrading ecosystems is one of the largest global sustainability challenges. A critical step to overcoming this challenge is to increase the productivity of livestock grazing systems, which occupy the largest land area of any type of agriculture globally. Integrated crop−livestock systems (iCL), which re-couple crop and livestock production at the farm scale, have been considered a promising strategy to tackle this challenge by restoring degraded pasturelands and providing supplemental nutrition to livestock. However, few studies have analyzed the economic viability of such systems, especially in Brazil, an important player in global food systems. This paper presents an economic analysis of iCL in Mato Grosso, Brazil, the largest grain and beef producer in the country, which spans the ecologically diverse Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes. We compare the economic performance of an integrated soybean/corn and beef cattle system to a continuous crop (soybean/corn) system and a continuous livestock (beef cattle) production system from 2005 to 2012. We use empirical case study data to characterize a ‘typical’ farm for each production system within the study region. We find that the integrated crop−livestock system has a higher annual net present value (NPV) per hectare (ha) than continuous cropping or livestock under a range of discount rates. However, under a scenario of substantially higher crop prices, the continuous cropping outperforms iCL. While iCL is not feasible in all regions of the Amazon and Cerrado, our results indicate that in places where the biophysical and market conditions are suitable for production, it could be a highly profitable way to intensify cattle production and potentially spare land for other uses, including conservation. Nevertheless, additional credit and technical support may be needed to overcome high upfront costs and informational barriers to increase iCL areas as a sustainable development strategy for agriculture in the Amazon and Cerrado regions.

The combination of grain and livestock production in integrated Crop-Livestock systems (iCLs) provide the opportunity to increase yields, improve soil attributes and ensure the sustainability of the agricultural system. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of seven land use systems on their microbiota. Five iCL systems were implemented in 2005 in Santa Carmem, MT, Brazil, with different rotating crops: iCL A (soybean/maize, preceded by two years with pasture), iCL B (rice/maize, preceded by two years with soybean/intercropped pasture), iCL C (soybean/maize, preceded by three years with pasture), iCL D (pasture/maize, preceded by five soybean/maize or millet intercropped with pasture) and iCL E (pasture/maize, preceded by three years with pasture). These were compared with two reference systems: a conventional soybean/maize succession system (CC) and native forest (NF). Soils were collected (0.00-0.20 m) and the population dynamics of fungi, bacteria, actinobacteria and cellulolytic microorganisms were evaluated over the course of two years (2012 and 2013). Likewise, carbon stocks of microbial biomass (CBM); metabolic quotient (qCO2); basal respiration (RB); acid (AP) and alkaline (ALP) phosphatases; β-glycosidase (BG) and urease of soil were assessed. The iCLs systems improved the performance of soil microbiota compared to the conventional system. The rotation of legume and grasses preceded by pasture in iCL A and C, increased the total fungi, bacteria, actinobacteria, enzymatic activity and CBM stocks. This fact contributed to an increased efficiency in environmental performance and added greater sustainability to the system. RESUMO A combinação da produção de grãos e gado em sistemas de integração Lavoura-Pecuária (iLPs) oferece a oportunidade de aumentar a produtividade, melhorar os atributos do solo e a sustentabilidade do sistema agropecuário. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto de sete sistemas de uso do solo sobre a sua microbiota. Cinco sistemas de iLPs foram implementados em 2005 em Santa Carmem, MT, Brasil, com diferentes culturas rotativas: iLP A (soja/milho, precedidos por dois anos com pastagem), iLP B (arroz/milho, precedidos por dois anos com soja/milho consorciado com pastagem), iLP C (soja/milho, precedidos por três anos com pastagem), iLP D (pastagem/milho, precedidos por cinco soja/milho ou milheto consorciados com pastagem) e iLP E (pastagem/milho, precedidos por três anos com pastagem). Estes foram comparados com dois sistemas: um sistema convencional de sucessão soja/milho (CC) e a mata nativa (NF). Os solos dos sete sistemas foram coletados (0,00-0,20 m) e avaliados por dois anos (2012 e 2013) quanto a dinâmica das populações de fungos, bactérias, actinobactérias e micro-organismos celulolíticos; estoques de carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM); quociente metabólico (qCO2); respiração basal (RB); fosfatases ácida (AP) e alcalina (ALP); β-glicosidase (BG) e urease do solo. Os sistemas de iLPs melhoraram o desempenho da microbiota do solo em comparação ao sistema convencional. A rotação de leguminosas e gramíneas precedidas por pastagem nas iLPs A e C, promoveu aumentos nos: totais de fungos, bactérias, actinobactérias, atividade enzimática e estoques de CBM. Esse fato contribuiu para uma maior eficiência no desempenho ambiental e agregou maior sustentabilidade ao sistema.

The objective of this work was to compare the structural quality and water retention curve of a Haplustox under single, double, and triple “paricá” (Ochroma pyramidale) lines in an integrated production system at 50 months of implantation. Soil was collected from five sampling points considering the distances from the tree lines. Undisturbed samples were collected from the 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20-m layers in order to assess porosity, density, soil penetration resistance, soil water retention curve, and the “S” index. The forest arrangement based on three paricá lines promoted better soil physical conditions than the system using single lines. The main changes were recorded in the 0.10-0.20-m layer, with increased microporosity and decreased cryptoporosity and resistance to penetration. The arrangements using single and double paricá lines result in higher volume of available water and greater soil compaction.

Integrated farming systems (IS) are one of the main strategies of the Brazilian government to reduce or compensate for carbon emissions from agriculture with simultaneous improvement in production efficiency. The IS are agricultural production systems that combine crop, livestock and forestry activities in the same area. The aim of this study was to address soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks under two agriculture areas with IS, in comparison with one exclusively used as low-input pasture (Pasture). The IS consisted of growing forestry species (Eucalyptus urograndis) simultaneously with soybean (Glycine max) and aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) for 2 years when grain crops were followed by palisade grass (Urochloa bryzantha). The study was carried out in real farm conditions in the southern Amazon ecosystem, north of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. SOC stocks were measured to 1 m soil depth. Compared to Pasture, areas of higher SOC stocks were identified in IS under the tree lines below 0.3 m, where there was no soil N deficiency. Our results indicated that, under the local edaphic and climatic conditions of the study, IS with trees can promote SOC accumulation even in a short term, such as 3 years in this case study, if soil fertility constraints do not exist.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:45:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-02-01 Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso Rede ILPF Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa) Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the main terrestrial carbon reservoir. The spatial distribution of SOC is mainly regulated by environmental factors and anthropogenic activity. Historically, land-use change has been responsible for much of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. However, carbon storage can be improved through agricultural management, either by increasing carbon inputs through higher crop yields or by delaying the release of carbon into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is essential to correctly choose which cover crops to use and how long these crops will remain in the crop rotation system. In order to clarify these issues, the objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical quality and changes in soil carbon stock between no-tillage and soybean/com crop succession systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. The study was carried out in Querencia (MT), Brazil, located in the Cerrado/Amazon ecotone. The integrated systems were studied between 2007 and 2014. These systems followed annual crop rotation and forage rotation, and were laid out as a consortium or were isolated, with the aim of producing grain and meat. In order to determine soil chemical properties, 170 sampling plots were randomized among the treatments. The highest carbon values were observed in the integrated crop-livestock systems (ICL), probably due to higher inputs of organic residues. Crop rotation with plants of different families allowed better land use and soil exploration. However, integrated production systems comprising longer pasture periods, no-tillage, and soybean/corn crop succession decreased soil carbon. When comparing carbon stocks from 2010 to 2014, only integrated production systems ICL2 and ICL3 were able to increase carbon stocks. Our results highlight the importance of length of growing and correct choice of cover crops in maintaining SOC stocks, and thus provide insights to improve SOC stocks in agricultural land in Brazil's main producing region. Univ Sao Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz Coll Agr, Dept Soil Sci, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso UFMT, Inst Ciencias Agr & Ambientais, BR-78557267 Sinop, Brazil Brazilian Agr Res Comporat Embrapa, BR-70770901 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Dept Plant Hlth Rural Engn & Soils, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, Brazil Brazilian Agr Res Comporat Embrapa, BR-78550970 Sinop, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Dept Soils & Fertilizers, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, Brazil Brazilian Agr Res Comporat Embrapa, BR-86001970 Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Dept Plant Hlth Rural Engn & Soils, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Dept Soils & Fertilizers, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, Brazil Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso: FAPEMAT. 0561074/2016

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important microorganisms that act as sensitive soil quality indicators. The increase in plant diversity in Integrated Crop Livestock Systems under no-tillage (ICLS-NT) can also alter the diversity of species of fungi and bring benefits to the system. This study had the objective of evaluating the AMF diversity and its quantitative characteristics in ICLS-NT with intercrop in the pasture phase. The experiment was conducted in a dystrophic red latosol, with plots represented by the grasses Panicum maximun cv. BRS Tamani and Urochloa brizantha cv. Piata, intercrop with the legumes (subplots): cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cv. BRS Tumucumaque, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) cv. BRS Mandarim and single grass type only. The potential for inoculation was elevated in areas with legume intercrop, with either grass, and about 29% higher in areas with the C. cajan/P. maximun consortium. They may be associated with the benefits that the intercrop with legumes brings, through the relationship of rhizobia and AMF. The spore density and mycorrhizal colonization were higher with the use of grass from the genus Urochloa in relation to Panicum, reaching 92% and 88% higher, respectively, as well as an increase in species richness, being associated with a greater affinity of AMF with intercropped grasses. The insertion of the legumes into the intercrop with the grasses affected soybean productivity, positively correlating (74%) with mycorrhizal colonization. These results are related to the fact that intercrop promote the release of a high diversity of organic compounds, helping in the activity of soil microbiota, including AMF, increasing colonization and species diversity of these fungi. Thus, intercrops of grasses with legumes affected positively the activity and diversity of species of the AMF, reflecting in the increase in productivity of the soybean crop.

Sustainable intensification of agriculture is central to deal with the challenges of feeding a growing population while promoting a rational use of environmental and economic resources. Nowhere is this challenge more prominent than in Brazil, where low productivity and environmentally degrading agricultural activities occupy vast areas. We used the emergy synthesis approach, including innovative indices - emergy footprint and carbon-emergy output intensity - to assess and compare the environmental performance of an integrated crop-livestock system to a continuous crop and a continuous livestock system. Our analysis uses survey and empirical case study data from the 2017/18 crop season in Mato Grosso state, Brazil - the largest grain and beef producer in the country. Economic indicators such as gross revenue, production costs and profitability were calculated to complement the sustainability assessments. The emergy indices indicate that integrated crop-livestock system shows a balanced performance between input use and economic and environmental outcomes. In contrast, due to its heavy dependence on external inputs, the cropping system has poor environmental results, but the highest profitability. By excluding these environmental costs, current accounting of soy-corn production in Brazil dramatically overstates its net benefits to society and overall sustainability. The Emergy Sustainability Index for the integrated system was 0.66 and its Net Profit was USD 235.69 ha-1, while for the continuous crop system the values were 0.47 and USD 295 ha−1, respectively. The livestock system performed poorly in both, economic and environmental outcomes, underscoring the need to transition away from existing extensive systems. Livestock shows the highest positive greenhouse gas emissions, 7.98 E−09 tonCO2eq for each joule produced, and Net Loss of USD 0.58 ha-1. These results provide further support for Brazil’s investment in integrated systems as part of its climate mitigation and sustainable agricultural development plans and warrant consideration in sustainable agriculture initiatives in other countries where cattle production is widespread.

The aim of the present study was to assess the growth and energetic properties of genetic material of eucalyptus grown in several integrated crop-livestock system spatial arrangements in Barra-do-Garças City (MT). The genetic material of 76-month old Eucalyptus spp from eight spatial arrangements were assessed according to the following properties: diameter, height and volume growth, mortality rate, dry matter yield, sapwood to heartwood ratio, form factor, bark volume, basic density, superior calorific value, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and trunk energy. Data analysis was performed by adjusting growth function, test for model identity and parameters equality and ANOVA tests to Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test. Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones from recorded the highest energy efficiency due to their high yield volume, which was decisive to determine estimated energy available per tree and cropland area. Growth, stem shape and basic density varied among, and within, the same genetic materials, depending on their respective spatial arrangement. However, solid biomass properties (high calorific value, ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter) remained stable.

Sistemas integrados vêm se tornando comuns em várias regiões do Brasil e estudos sobre os efeitos desses sistemas nos atributos do solo têm-se intensificado. Contudo, ainda há dúvidas sobre seus impactos no ambiente, devido ao uso e manejos aplicados, como o tráfego de máquinas e pisoteio animal. Este trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de detectar alterações nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo após implantação de sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (iLPF) e identificar aqueles adequados para a detecção na mudança da qualidade do solo. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-0,10 m em Nova Canãa do Norte, MT, e em Cachoeira Dourada, GO, em áreas sob iLPF com uma (iLPF1) ou três (iLPF3) linhas de eucalipto por renque e em áreas de pastagem recuperada e degradada. Nas áreas sob iLPF, as amostragens foram feitas em diversas posições em relação à linha de árvores. A maior qualidade física do solo sob iLPF1 e sob pastagem recuperada foi responsável pela sua discriminação dos demais ambientes. O teor de potássio, o carbono e o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana e a respiração basal do solo foram eficientes em discriminar a pastagem degradada dos sistemas integrados e da pastagem recuperada. Os sistemas integrados, com três ou quatro anos de implantação, contribuíram para melhorar a qualidade física do solo, mas ainda não foram capazes de interferir marcadamente na sua qualidade biológica em relação à pastagem degradada. Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-14T00:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPAF2019ra.pdf: 900278 bytes, checksum: fcc133840bce736394a2d55228658f50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

O objetivo foi quantificar a biomassa e o estoque de nutrientes do híbrido Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden x E. urophylla S. T. Blake (clone H13) aos 60 meses em sistema agrossilvipastoril. O estudo da biomassa residual (folhas e galhos finos), galhos grossos, madeira e casca e do estoque de nutrientes de eucalipto foi realizado na unidade de referência tecnológica de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta em Nova Canaã do Norte, MT, cultivado em arranjo simples (2x20 m), duplo (3x2x20 m), triplo (3x2x20 m) e em monocultivo (4x3 m). Apenas a biomassa de galhos grossos, madeira e casca apresentaram diferenças significativas entre arranjos. Os nutrientes se acumularam em maior quantidade na madeira, e em ordem decrescente na casca, biomassa residual e nos galhos grossos. A biomassa residual, galhos grossos e casca correspondem a fração expressiva de nutrientes que permanece no sistema, e que contribuem para menor reposição na manutenção desses, após a colheita. O arranjo triplo apresentou maior acúmulo nutricional comparado ao arranjo simples e duplo. A eficiência nutricional é maior no arranjo de linha tripla devido a maior competição intraespecífica. O teor de nutrientes nas diferentes posições ao longo do fuste não apresentou variações nutricionais significativas para a madeira, diferentemente para a casca.Palavras-chave: sistema iLPF, nutrição florestal, compartimentos. BIOMASS AND NUTRIENTS OF EUCALYPTUS CULTIVATED IN AGROSSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM ABSTRACT:The objective was to quantify the biomass and nutrient stock of the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden x E. urophylla S. T. Blake, (clone H13) at 60 months in the agrosilvipastoril system. The study of the residual biomass (leaves and thin branches), thick branches, wood and bark and of the nutrient stock of eucalyptus was carried out in the technological unit of crop-livestock-forest integration in Nova Canaã do Norte, MT, cultivated in a simple arrangement (2x20 m), double (3x2x20 m), triple (3x2x20 m) and monoculture (4x3 m). Only the biomass of thick branches, wood and bark presented significant differences between arrangements. The nutrients accumulate in greater quantity in the wood, and in descending order in the bark, residual biomass and in the thick branches. Residual biomass, thick branches and bark correspond to the expressive fraction of nutrients that remain in the system, and which contribute to a lower replacement in the maintenance of these, after harvesting. The triple arrangement presented greater nutritional accumulation compared to the single and double arrangement. The nutritional efficiency is higher in the triple line arrangement due to greater intraspecific competition. The nutrient content in the different positions along the stem did not present significant nutritional variations for the wood, differently for the bark.Keywords: CLF integration system, forest nutrition, compartments.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-03T17:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-11-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-04T16:20:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-204X2018001101248.pdf: 516532 bytes, checksum: 0b69cbb8ec4a9d035e6fd21058fa0950 (MD5) Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do solo e sua relação com a produtividade de soja (Glycine max) em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), com consórcio entre gramíneas e leguminosas na fase pastagem. O experimento foi realizado no Estado de Mato Grosso, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em que gramíneas (Megathyrsus maximus 'BRS Tamani' e Urochloa brizantha 'BRS Piatã'), consorciadas com feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata 'BRS Tumucumaque') e feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan 'BRS Mandarim'), foram cultivadas após a colheita da soja. Um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso foi utilizado com três repetições, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, em que as gramíneas foram consideradas como parcelas, e as leguminosas, como subparcelas. Os consórcios com leguminosas proporcionaram incrementos dos estoques de C e N total. Os consórcios causaram o aumento de C e N da biomassa microbiana, enquanto os cultivos solteiros contribuíram para o estresse da microbiota do solo. A atividade da enzima urease foi sensível às alterações de manejo em curto prazo, porém a fosfatase ácida e a β-glucosidase foram indicadores pouco sensíveis. A qualidade do solo é elevada com os consórcios entre gramíneas e leguminosas, com efeitos positivos sobre a produtividade de grãos de soja. Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the soil and its relation with soybean (Glycine max) yield in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS), with intercropping between grasses and legumes in the pasture phase. The experiment was carried out in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, on a dystrophic Oxisol, in which grasses (Megathyrsus maximus 'BRS Tamani' and Urochloa brizantha 'BRS Piatã'), intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata 'BRS Tumucumaque') and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan 'BRS Mandarim'), were cultivated after soybean harvest. A randomized complete block design was used, with three replicates, in a split-plot arrangement, in which grasses were considered as plots, and legumes as subplots. Legume intercrops provided increases of C and total N stocks. The intercrops caused the increase of C and N of the microbial biomass, whereas the single cultures contributed to stress in the soil microbiota. The activity of the urease enzyme was sensitive to management changes in the short term, but acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase were poorly sensitive indicators. Soil quality is high with intercropping between grasses and legumes, with positive effects on soybean grain yield. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril Universidade Federal de Lavras Departamento de Ciência do Solo Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar um programa de adubacao na soja em que se variou a dose de fosforo na semeadura, as doses de fertilizantes via jato dirigido no sulco e a aplicacao de potassio e enxofre foliar. O experimento foi conduzido na area da Agropel Sementes, localizada no municipio de Sinop e os tratamentos consistiram-se de um fatorial (4 x 5 x 2) resultante de doses (0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha -1 ) de P 2 O 5 aplicadas a lanco na semeadura, doses de fertilizante liquido contendo 11 % de N e 37 % de P 2 O 5 , aplicado no sulco de semeadura (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 L ha -1 ) e presenca ou ausencia de 2 L ha -1 de fertilizante foliar contendo 37 % de K 2 O e 25 % de S aplicado em R3, dispostos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repeticoes. A altura de plantas, a produtividade e o teor de fosforo e potassio no solo apresentaram diferenca significativa em relacao as doses de fosforo de base. Em relacao a adubacao foliar, a altura de plantas foi significativa. A aplicacao de fosforo de base aumentou a concentracao do nutriente no solo repercutindo assim em maior produtividade.

As propriedades biológicas do solo são importantes ferramentas a serem utilizadas no monitoramento das alterações ambientais no solo decorrentes do uso agrícola. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os atributos biológicos do solo em área submetida ao sistema de integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta. Essa pesquisa foi realizada em uma Unidade de Referência Tecnológica (URT) de integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF) implantada em 20 hectares na Fazenda Gamada, no município de Nova Canaã do Norte (MT). Caracterizados pelas espécies florestais implantadas, os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação das espécies: Pinho cuiabano (Schizolobium amazonicum), Pau-balsa (Ochroma pyramidale), Teca (Tectona grandis) e Eucalipto (Eucalyptus urograndis), sendo estas, implantadas em linha tripla, intercalada por faixas de 20 metros de largura, destinadas para implantação das atividades agrícola e pecuária. Foram analisadas também solos sob vegetação nativa e pastagem conduzida por meio de sistema convencional, localizadas em área adjacente à URT e que apresentam a mesma classe de solo (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distroférrico). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial (6 x 2), sendo seis tratamentos e dois locais de avaliações (entre os renques florestais e na faixa de pastagem), com três repetições. As seguintes características foram analisadas: Respiração Basal do Solo, Carbono Orgânico, e teor de Matéria Orgânica. O tratamento Vegetação nativa apresentou o maior valor de respiração basal do solo, 2,54 mg de C-CO2 por kg de solo por hora. Entre os tratamentos sob os sistemas integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta o tratamento Pau-balsa entre os renques florestais foi o que apresentou as melhores médias para as características analisadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:25:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162018000100064.pdf: 369607 bytes, checksum: 58e6d6af6f5177bcbfd6922af83f998e (MD5) FAPEMAT (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso) Assess the physical quality of agricultural soils it is important to establish the management more adequate for plant growth. In this study, the soil water retention curve and S index as indicators of soil physical quality were evaluated in five integrated production systems in the following forestry arrangements: Eucalyptus in a single line, double line and triple line (Eucalyptus I, II and III respectively), Balsa in triple line and Teak triple line. The density and arrangement of forest trees influence the soil physical properties. Less soil water retention was observed in the Teak and Balsa wood systems in the layers 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. The field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water were lower under the projection from the treetops, providing less soil water retention at this site. This position suffers more influence of the animal's footstep, having greater alterations on the soil structure. Integrated production systems showed poor soil structural quality based on the S index, averaging 0.034 and 0.035 for layers 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m respectively. Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril, Sinop, MT, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

The production systems of upland rice culture in Mato Grosso are not consolidated yet while the effects of soil physical properties and their correlation with rice yield in crop-livestock integrated systems are not defined as well. Therefore, this study determined the spatial variability of physical properties of soil and rice cultivated in no-tillage system under different cover crops, using principal components analysis and geostatistics. The experiment was conducted in Santa Carmen, northern Mato Grosso. A regular grid with 100 sample points distributed in an area of 26,400 m2 was installed. Soil and rice samples were collected to determine rice variables and soil physical properties. The average rice yield was 1.70 Mg∙ha−1, ranging from 0.70 to 3.12 Mg∙ha−1. The highest yields were observed in consortium with cowpea and brachiaria and were associated with lower incidence of grain spots, despite higher soil density and penetration resistance. The consortium with brachiaria, crotalaria, and sudangrass had lower yields, which was associated with higher incidence of grain spots, despite higher soil macroporosity and total porosity. RESUMO A cultura do arroz de terras altas no Mato Grosso ainda não está consolidada nos sistemas de produção, tampouco estão definidos os efeitos dos atributos físicos do solo e a correlação destes com a produtividade do arroz em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos do solo e da cultura do arroz em semeadura direta sob diferentes plantas de cobertura, utilizando-se técnicas de análise de componentes principais e geoestatística. O experimento foi realizado no município de Santa Carmem, norte do Estado de Mato Grosso. Uma malha regular com 100 pontos foi instalada em uma área de 26.400 m2. Amostras de solo e de planta foram coletadas nos pontos da malha para a caracterização dos atributos físicos do solo e agronômicos do arroz. A produtividade média do arroz após os consórcios de braquiária com feijão-caupi, crotalária e campim-sudão foi de 1,70 Mg∙ha−1, com elevada variabilidade, com valor mínimo de 0,70 Mg∙ha−1 e máximo de 3,12 Mg∙ha−1. No consórcio de feijão-caupi e braquiária, o solo apresentou as maiores densidades e resistências à penetração, que não foram restritivos à produtividade do arroz, sendo verificados nesse consórcio as maiores produtividades, que se correlacionaram com a menor incidência de mancha de grãos. Nos demais consórcios, observaram-se menores produtividades, que foram correlacionadas negativamente com a maior incidência de mancha de grãos; entretanto, o solo apresentou maiores valores de macroporosidade e porosidade total.

Embora a produção de bovinos alimentados com suplementos concentrados seja crescente, sua aplicação em associação à sistemas de integração lavoura e pecuária ainda carece de mais estudos. Este trabalho teve o objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo de bovinos em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, consumindo quatro diferentes suplementos, SM - mistura mineral, SE - suplemento energético, SEP - suplemento energético-protéico e SPE - suplemento protéico-energético. Foram utilizados 100 novilhos não castrados, sendo 57 mestiços (Holandês x Nelore) e 43 da raça Nelore, com idade média de 15 meses e peso corporal médio de 281 ± 31kg. A área experimental constituiu-se de quatro piquetes formados com B. brizantha cv. Marandu. O experimento foi estruturado segundo o esquema fatorial (2x4) distribuído em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, onde foram avaliados dois grupos genéticos e quatro diferentes formulações de suplementos. A quantidade ofertada foi de 0,5 kg/animal/dia para SE, SEP e SPE, salvo o SM ofertado ad libitum. Houve diferença de grupo genético sobre a produção dos animais, sendo que os novilhos mestiços apresentaram melhor desempenho. A média de ganho de peso diário, ganho de peso total e peso corporal final, foram maiores nos animais que consumiram SE em relação ao SM e SPE. O SE, possibilita desempenho animal superior à SM e a SPE para bovinos em pastejo em sistema de integração lavoura e pecuária no período das águas. A recria de novilhos mestiços (Holandês x Nelore) no sistema integração lavoura e pecuária durante período das águas apresenta melhor desempenho comparado a recria novilhos Nelore. Although the production of cattle fed concentrate supplement is growing, its application in association with integrated crop and livestock still needs further studies. This work was objective to evaluate the performance development of cattle grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, consuming four different supplements, MM - mix mineral, SE - energy supplement, SEP - protein and energy supplement and SPE - energy protein and supplement. A total of 100 steers uncastrated, 57 crossbred (Holstein x Nelore) and 43 Nelore, with 15 months of average age and 280 ± 31 kg of body weight. The experiment consisted of four paddocks formed by B. brizantha cv. Marandu. The work was designed as factorial arrangement (2x4) in a completely randomized design, were evaluated two genetic groups and four different formulations of supplements. The quantity of supplements offer of 0.5 kg/animal/day for the SE, SEP and SPE, except the MM offered ad libitum. There was significant effect of genetic group on productive performance of animals, crossbred steers and that had better performance. The average daily and total gain weight, were higher in animals that consumed SE in relation to SM and SPE. The SE, allows animal performance superior to MS and SPE for grazing cattle in integrated crop and livestock during the rainy season. The rearing of crossbred steers (Holstein x Nelore) in integrated crop and livestock during the rainy presents better performance compared to recreate Nelore.

The integrated systems are management practices that maximize the area use through the integration of crops with forest species. Impacts on the microbial biomass in an integrated crop-livestock-forest (iCLF) system are evaluated. The latter consists of simple, double and triple rows of eucalyptus and soil with soybean/pasture alternation with a native forest for comparison. Soil was collected at a depth of 0-0.05 m during the rainy and dry periods (March and October/2010). Evaluated microbiological indexes were biomass carbon, basal respiration, metabolic and microbial quotients, activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes and ?-glucosidase. General means of biomass microbial carbon and microbial quotients were higher during the dry period, whereas variables basal respiration and metabolic quotients were higher during the rainy period, and in both cases activities in iCLF soil with single eucalyptus rows. Enzyme activities were more stable in integrated crop-livestock-forest soil between the two periods and slightly higher than the other systems. As a rule, iCLF systems had a positive impact on the microbiology of soil.

The least limiting water range (LLWR) is widely used as an agronomic indicator of soil physical quality, however few studies have reported its spatial variability, mainly in integrated crop-livestock systems (ICL). This study aimed to evaluate the spatial dependence of LLWR and its limits that establish the minimum physical and water restrictions for plant growth in an Oxisol under ICL systems. In addition, to verify correlations between LLWR limits and soil attributes that are commonly used to evaluate the soil compaction state. A georeferenced sampling mesh of 12 ha and 170 randomly distributed points was installed at an experimental station, which specifically studies five ICL systems and a no-tillage system with soybean and maize successions. The soil was sampled in 0.00–0.10 and 0.10–0.20 m layers for determinations of porosity, penetration resistance (PR), bulk density and LLWR. The results showed that LLWR presented spatial dependence and adjusted to the exponential model of semivariance, was positively correlated to macroporosity and total porosity and negatively correlated to bulk density, PR and microporosity. Among the parameters that compose it, the PR curve presented spatial dependence and explained the main changes in soil caused by management systems.

SISTEMAS INTEGRADOS DE PRODUÇÃO AGROPECUÁRIA NO NORTE DE MATO GROSSO E AS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS DO SOLO Áreas com sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPA) vêm aumentando consideravelmente nos últimos anos no Brasil. Com isso, estudos relativos à qualidade física do solo têm sido essenciais na orientação do melhor manejo a ser adotado evitando prejuízos com a degradação física do solo. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar as propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo sob sistemas integrados de produção no norte de Mato Grosso após quatro anos de implantação. O experimento foi instalado em janeiro de 2009 na Unidade de Referência Tecnológica (URT) da EMBRAPA Agrossilvipastoril na Fazenda Gamada, município de Nova Canaã do Norte, MT. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (CLFI) nos seguintes arranjos florestais: Eucalipto em linha simples, linha dupla e linha tripla (Eucalipto I, II e III respectivamente), Teca em linha tripla e Pau-balsa em linha tripla. Amostras de solo com estrutura preservada foram coletadas na direção transversal das espécies florestais, para avaliação da densidade do solo, resistência do solo à penetração e porosidade do solo. Foi observada maior densidade do solo nos sistemas com Teca e Pau-balsa. A resistência à penetração do solo foi maior no sistema com teca em linha tripla. A densidade de árvores assim como os arranjos florestais influem sobre as propriedades físicas do solo. Os sistemas integrados de produção com componente florestal eucalipto proporcionaram menor degradação física do solo após quatro anos de implantação. Independentemente dos sistemas analisados, os valores das propriedades físicas, em geral, indicaram que o uso agrícola do solo associado ao histórico de uso da área experimental provocou aumento do efeito restritivo ao desenvolvimento radicular das culturas.Palavras-chave: densidade do solo, eucalyptus, física do solo, ILPF, Ochroma pyramidale, Tectona grandis. ABSTRACT:The areas with integrated agricultural production systems have increased considerably in recent years in Brazil. Thus, soil physical quality studies are essential in guiding the best management to be adopted, avoiding damages with the soil physical degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of a Red Yellow Latosol under integrated production systems in the north of Mato Grosso after four years of implementation. The experiment was installed in January 2009 at the Technological Reference Unit (URT) of EMBRAPA Agrossilvipastoril at Fazenda Gamada, municipality of Nova Canaã do Norte, MT. The treatments consisted of five systems of crop-livestock-forestry integration (ICLF) in the following forestry arrangements: Eucalyptus in single line, double line and triple line (Eucalyptus I, II and III respectively), Teak in triple line and Pau-balsa in triple line. Soil samples with preserved structure were collected in the transverse direction of the forest species, to evaluate bulk density, soil resistance to penetration and soil porosity. There was higher bulk density in the ICLF systems with Teak and Pau-balsa. The penetration resistance of the soil was higher in the system with Teak in triple line. The trees density as well the forestry arrangements influence the soil physical properties. The integrated production systems with forest component Eucalyptus provided less physical degradation of the soil after four years of implantation. Regardless of the analyzed systems, the values of the physical properties in general indicated that the agricultural use of the soil associated with the history of the experimental area caused an increase of the restrictive effect to the root development of the cultures.Keywords: bulk density, eucalyptus, soil physics, ICLF, Ochroma pyramidale, Tectona grandis.

Propôs-se, neste trabalho, determinar alterações nos atributos físicos do solo como resultado da implantação de sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (iLPF) e identificar aqueles adequados para detecção na mudança da qualidade física do solo (QFS). Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m em Nova Canãa do Norte, MT, e em Cachoeira Dourada, GO, em áreas sob iLPF com 1 (iLPF1) ou 3 (iLPF3) linhas de eucalipto e em áreas de pastagem recuperada e degradada. No iLPF1 as amostragens foram feitas na linha de árvores e a 2,5; 5,0 e 10,0 m dessa linha. No iLPF3, em Nova Canãa, as amostragens foram feitas na linha central e a 3,0; 6,0; 9,0 e 12,0 m dessa linha e, em Cachoeira Dourada, na linha central e a 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 e 9,0 m dessa linha, com cinco repetições. Os sistemas iLPF promoveram melhoria na QFS em relação à pastagem degradada. Em Nova Canãa o iLPF1 propiciou melhor recuperação da QFS em relação à pastagem degradada, do que o iLPF3. A QFS nos sistemas iLPF variou com a posição de amostragem em relação à linha de árvores. A densidade e o arranjo poroso do solo na camada 0,10-0,20 m foram os principais responsáveis por discriminarem os sistemas integrados da pastagem degradada.

Periodic assessment of the genetic progress made in recurrent selection programs is essential for assessing the evolution of the programs and identifying the main factors that have contributed to this progress. This study aimed to estimate genetic progress in grain yield, plant height and days-to-flowering achieved in the CNA6 population of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), after four cycles of recurrent selection; and evaluate the genetic potential of this population to generate superior inbred lines after each selection cycle. The experimental data were obtained from progeny yield trials of each recurrent selection cycle. These trials were carried out in two or three locations per cycle, and consisted of S0:2 progenies and at least three checks. Federer?s augmented block design, with one replication on location (the environment), was adopted. Results revealed genetic progress for grain yield and plant height, with total genetic gains of 375.87 kg ha−1 and -3.90 cm, respectively, during the four selection cycles. The annual relative gain observed for grain yield was 1.54 %. The genetic potential of the population was analysed by the expected proportion of superior inbred lines. The standard adopted as the limit for obtaining superior inbred lines was the average of the checks for each trait. The genetic potential for grain yield and plant height increased during the study period. For days-to-flowering, no genetic gain occurred; however, the genetic potential of the population to generate superior inbred lines for this trait was maintained after the selection cycles.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e econômico de animais consumindo quatro suplementos diferenciados pelos níveis crescentes de grão de milheto em substituição ao grão de milho, assim como analisar as características nutricionais do pasto de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em sistema de integração lavoura e pecuária. Foram utilizados 64 novilhos, não castrados, sendo 32 mestiços (Holandês x Nelore) e 32 da raça Nelore, com média de idade de 20 meses e o peso corporal médio inicial de 388 ± 26kg. A área experimental constituiu-se de quatro piquetes de 4,68ha, formados com B. brizantha cv. Marandu. A massa de forragem total e a massa de forragem potencialmente digestível foram de 5,24t/ha e 3,39t/ha, respectivamente. O experimento foi estruturado segundo um esquema fatorial (2x4) distribuído em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, onde foram avaliados dois grupos genéticos e quatro diferentes níveis de grão de milheto em substituição ao grão de milho na formulação dos suplementos (0%; 33%; 66% e 100%). A quantidade ofertada de suplemento foi de 4,0kg/animal/dia. Houve efeito de grupo genético sobre o ganho produtivo dos animais, sendo que novilhos Nelore apresentaram melhor desempenho. O ganho de peso médio diário, ganho de peso total e peso corporal final, reduziram linearmente com a substituição do alimento energético grão de milho por grão de milheto nos suplementos. A inclusão de 33% de grão de milheto em suplementos concentrados promove redução nos dias necessários para a obtenção de animais de peso corporal de 450kg. The objective was to evaluate the performance and economic development of animals receiving four supplements differentiated by the levels of grain of millet as replacement for corn grain, as well as assess nutritional characteristics of pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in integrated crop and livestock. Used 64 steers, uncastrated, 32 crossbred (Holstein x Nelore) and 32 Nelore, with 20 months average age and 388 ± 26kg initial body weight. The experiment consisted of four paddocks of 4.68 ha, formed by B. brizantha cv. Marandu. The availability of dry matter and potentially digestible dry matter was 5.24t/ha and 3.39t/ha, respectively. The work was designed as a factorial arrangement (2x4) in a completely randomized design to evaluate two genetic groups and four different levels of grain instead of millet to maize grain in the formulation of supplements (0%; 33%; 66% e 100%). The quantity supplied of 4.0kg/animal/day. A significant effect of genetic group on productive performance of animals, and that Nelore steers have better performance. The average daily weight gain, total weight gain and final body weight decreased linearly with the inclusion of millet in supplements. The replacement of 33% of the corn grain millet concentrated supplements promotes reduction in the days required to obtain animal body weight of 450kg.

Amsterdam; International audience; Changes in land use can result in either sources or sinks of atmospheric carbon (C), depending on management practices. In Brazil, significant changes in land use result from the conversion of native vegetation to pasture and agriculture, conversion of pasture to agriculture and, more recently, the conversion of pasture and agriculture to integrated crop-livestock systems (ICL). The ICL system proposes a diversity of activities that include the strategic incorporation of pastures to agriculture so as to benefit both. In agricultural areas, for example, the implementation of ICL requires the production of quality forage for animals between crops as well as the production of straw to facilitate the sustainability of the no-tillage (NT) management system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the modifications in soil C stocks resulting from the main processes involved in the changes of land use in Amazonia and Cerrado biomes. For comparison purposes, areas under native vegetation, pastures, crop succession and ID. under different edapho-climatic conditions in Amazonia and Cerrado biomes were evaluated. This study demonstrated that the conversion of native vegetation to pasture can cause the soil to function either as a source or a sink of atmospheric CO(2), depending on the land management applied. Non-degraded pasture under fertile soil showed a mean accumulation rate of 0.46 g ha(-1) year(-1). Carbon losses from pastures implemented in naturally low fertile soil ranged from 0.15 to 1.53 Mg ha(-1) year(-1), respectively, for non-degraded and degraded pasture. The conversion of native vegetation to agriculture in areas under the ICL system, even when cultivated under NT, resulted in C losses of 1.31 in six years and of 0.69 Mg ha(-1) in 21 years. The conversion of a non-degraded pasture to cropland (soybean/sorghum) released, in average, 1.44 Mg of C ha(-1)year(-1)to the atmosphere. The ICL system in agricultural areas has shown evidences that it always functions as a sink of C with accumulation rates ranging from 0.82 to 2.58 Mg ha(-1) year(-1). The ICL produces soil C accumulation and, as a consequence, reduces atmospheric CO(2) in areas formerly cultivated under crop succession. However, the magnitude of C accumulation in soil depends on factors such as the types of crops, the edapho-climatic conditions and the amount of time the area is under ICE

Currently, agricultural productivity and sustainable development are the desired bases for the creation of production systems. Farming for greater production and the efficient use of soil resources are at the core of modern systems. However, the way in which agricultural management and practices can change soil quality has become increasingly important. The aim of this study was to detect changes in soil biological properties caused by implementation of the integrated crop-livestock-forest system (iCLF) and to identify the properties suitable for detecting changes in soil biological quality. Soil samples were collected from the 0.00-0.10 m layer in Nova Canaã do Norte, MT, Brazil, and Cachoeira Dourada, GO, Brazil, in areas of the iCLF with 1 (iCLF1) or 3 (iCLF3) eucalyptus rows and in areas of recovered and degraded pasture. In Cachoeira Dourada, in the iCLF1, samples were taken in the tree row and at 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 m from this row. In Nova Canaã in the iCLF3, samples were taken in the center row and at 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, and 12.0 m from this row. In Cachoeira Dourada, samples were taken in the center row and at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 9.0 m from this row. All samples had five replicates. In Nova Canaã, the iCLF1 caused less disturbance in the microbial population than the degraded pasture, which was evidenced by the lower metabolic quotient and basal respiration. The sampling position in relation to the tree row had little effect on comparison of the iCLF with the degraded pasture in regard to soil biological properties. Carbon and N of the microbial biomass and the microbial quotient were the best properties for differentiating the iCLF from the degraded pasture. ICLFs have not yet led to improvements in soil biological quality in relation to the degraded pasture.