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Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) is a rare genetic disorder. In a subset of FIPA families AIP germline mutations have been reported, but in most FIPA cases the exact genetic defect remains unknown. The present study aimed to determine the genetic basis of FIPA in a Brazilian family. Three siblings presented with isolated prolactin genes. Further mutation screening was performed using whole-exome sequencing and all likely causative mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing. In silico analysis and secreting pituitary adenoma diagnosed through clinical, biochemical and imaging testing. Sanger sequencing was used to genotype candidate prolactinoma-mutated additional predictive algorithms were applied to prioritize likely pathogenic variants. No mutations in the coding and flanking intronic regions in the MEN1, AIP and PRLR genes were detected. Whole-exome sequencing of three affected siblings revealed novel, predicted damaging, heterozygous variants in three different genes: RXRG, REXO4 and TH. In conclusion, the RXRG and TH possibly pathogenic variants may be associated with isolated prolactinoma in the studied family. The possible contribution of these genes to additional FIPA families should be explored.

Raffinose oligosaccharides (RO) are the factors primarily responsible for flatulence upon ingestion of soybean-derived products. ROs are hydrolyzed by alpha-galactosidases that cleave alpha-1,6-linkages of alpha-galactoside residues. The objectives of this study were the purification and characterization of extracellular alpha-galactosidase from Debaryomyces hansenii UFV-1. The enzyme purified by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatographies presented an Mr value of 60 kDa and the N-terminal amino acid sequence YENGLNLVPQMGWN. The Km values for hydrolysis of pNP alphaGal, melibiose, stachyose, and raffinose were 0.30, 2.01, 9.66, and 16 mM, respectively. The alpha-galactosidase presented absolute specificity for galactose in the alpha-position, hydrolyzing pNPGal, stachyose, raffinose, melibiose, and polymers. The enzyme was noncompetitively inhibited by galactose (Ki = 2.7 mM) and melibiose (Ki = 1.2 mM). Enzyme treatments of soy milk for 4 h at 60 degrees C reduced the amounts of stachyose and raffinose by 100%.

Eleven filamentous fungi were screened for xylitol production in batch cultures. Production was generally low under the growth conditions used in this study. Penicillium crustosum presented the highest production, 0.52 g L-1 from 11.50 g L-1 of D-xylose, representing consumption of 76% of the original D-xylose.Foram avaliados onze fungos filamentosos para a produção de xilitol em batelada. A produção foi baixa nas condições de cultivo utilizadas. A máxima, 0,52 g L-1 de xilitol a partir de 11,50 g L-1 de xilose, foi obtida com Penicillium crustosum, com consumo de 76% da xilose inicial.

Penicillium griseoroseum was grown in bioreactors on mineral medium supplemented with yeast extract and sucrose. The influence of inoculum and carbon source concentrations, aeration and pH on pectin lyase (PL) production, as well as the capacity of P. griseoroseum to produce PL when grown on sugar cane syrup as carbon source were evaluated. Inoculum concentration did not influence PL production. Production was higher in non-aerated than in aerated medium. The best results were obtained using 60 mM sucrose at pH 6.3-7.2. Production using cane syrup 25% (v/v), without yeast extract supplement, was equal to that obtained under the conditions cited above.Penicillium griseoroseum foi cultivado em biorreatores em meio mineral suplementado com extrato de levedura e sacarose. As influências das concentrações do inóculo e da fonte de carbono, da aeração e do pH do meio de cultivo sobre a produção de pectina liase (PL), bem como a capacidade de P. griseoroseum em produzir PL quando cultivado em caldo de cana diluído foram avaliadas. A concentração do inóculo não influenciou significativamente a produção de PL. O cultivo do fungo em biorreatores não aerados favoreceu a produção da PL em detrimento aos biorreatores com injeção de ar. Maior produção de PL foi obtida com o cultivo de P. griseoroseum em meio com pH 6,3 - 7,2, adicionado de 60 mM de sacarose. Quando cultivado em caldo de cana diluído, 25% (v/v), sem suplementação com extrato de levedura, a atividade máxima de PL alcançada foi igual as das condições citadas acima.

Debaryomyces hansenii cells cultivated on galactose produced extracellular and intracellular alpha-galactosidases, which showed 54.5 and 54.8 kDa molecular mass (MALDI-TOF), 60 and 61 kDa (SDS-PAGE) and 5.15 and 4.15 pI values, respectively. The extracellular and intracellular deglycosylated forms presented 36 and 40 kDa molecular mass, with 40 and 34% carbohydrate content, respectively. The N-terminal sequences of the alpha-galactosidases were identical. Intracellular alpha-galactosidase showed smaller thermostability when compared to the extracellular enzyme. D. hansenii UFV-1 extracellular alpha-galactosidase presented higher kcat than the intracellular enzyme (7.16 vs 3.29 s-1, respectively) for the p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside substrate. The Km for hydrolysis of pNPalphaGal, melibiose, stachyose, and raffinose were 0.32, 2.12, 10.8, and 32.8 mM, respectively. The intracellular enzyme was a competitively inhibited by galactose (Ki = 0.70 mM), and it was inactivated by Cu(II) and Ag(I). Enzyme incubation with soy milk for 6 h at 55 degrees C reduced stachyose and raffinose amounts by 100 and 73%, respectively.

A levedura Kluyveromyces marxianus, apesar de apresentar propriedades fisiológicas vantajosas para a produção heteróloga de proteínas, foi utilizada apenas poucas vezes como hospedeira na síntese dessa classe de moléculas. Em contrapartida, a sua congênere Kluyveromyces lactis possui mais de 40 sistemas de expressão desenvolvidos, inclusive comerciais. Além disso, não há literatura disponível sobre glicosilação de proteínas em K. marxianus. Levando-se isso em consideração, este trabalho visou a desenvolver sistemas para a expressão heteróloga da enzima glicose oxidase (GOX) de Aspergillus niger e de uma esterase termófila (EST) de Thermus thermophilus em K. marxianus. A linhagem K. lactis CBS 2359 foi utilizada como parâmetro de comparação em todos os sistemas de expressão construídos. Primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo fisiológico com a finalidade de selecionar, dentre três linhagens de K. marxianus pré-selecionadas a partir de informação da literatura, a que apresentasse as melhores características fisiológicas para se tornar uma hospedeira de expressão heteróloga. A linhagem selecionada foi a CBS 6556, baseando-se numa combinação das seguintes características: velocidade específica de crescimento, formação de metabólitos, rendimento de substrato em biomassa e secreção da enzima homóloga inulinase. Após, foram construídos dois sistemas de expressão epissomais. No primeiro, o gene era expresso sob controle do promotor PGK de S. cerevisiae e no segundo, sob controle de INU1 de K. marxianus. Um sistema integrativo foi utilizado, no qual a expressão era dirigida pelo promotor INU1. Estudos bioquímicos e de glicosilação foram realizados nas enzimas produzidas. Em relação aos sistemas para expressão de GOX, foram alcançados níveis de produção de 1722 U/gMS (unidades por grama de biomassa seca) em K. marxianus transformado com o sistema epissomal no qual a expressão era controlada pelo promotor INU1. As caracterizações bioquímicas da enzima mostraram que a molécula produzida apresentava propriedades semelhantes à enzima homóloga de A. niger. Além disso, os estudos de glicosilação mostraram uma menor tendência de hiperglicosilação de K. marxianus quando comparada com K. lactis. Já em relação à esterase, K. lactis apresentou maiores níveis de expressão (294 U/gMS), porém a enzima produzida em K. marxianus apresentou temperatura ótima de atividade (50 °C) ligeiramente superior à enzima produzida por sua congênere (45 °C), temperaturas abaixo da qual ocorre maior atividade da enzima homóloga (65 °C). Isso pode ser explicado pela glicosilação exercida por ambas espécies de leveduras sobre a proteína, ao contrário da homóloga, não glicosilada. Além disso, os produtos das leveduras apresentaram três padrões de glicosilação. Dessa forma, o trabalho desenvolvido alcançou seu objetivo de desenvolver esses sistemas de expressão, bem como de avaliar a síntese heteróloga de proteínas nessa levedura de destacado potencial. Os resultados obtidos devem servir à comunidade científica, no sentido de estimular e orientar futuros trabalhos que objetivem a síntese heteróloga de proteínas em microrganismos. In spite of the advantageous physiological properties of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus to produce heterologous proteins, this species has not been widely explored for the synthesis of these biomolecules. On the other hand, more than 40 heterologous expression systems, including commercial ones, were developed for Kluyveromyces lactis. Moreover, there is no available literature concerning heterologous protein glycosylation in K. marxianus. Taking these facts into account, this work aimed at developing systems for the heterologous production of Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (GOX) and of a thermophilic esterase (EST) from Thermus thermophilus in K. marxianus. The strain K. lactis CBS 2359 was utilized as a reference throughout the whole work. First, a physiological study was carried out in order to select one K. marxianus strain, out of three which had been chosen based on literature information, that exhibited the best physiological traits to be a heterologous expression host. The chosen strain was CBS 6556, based on a combination of the following properties: specific growth rate, metabolites formation, biomass yield on substrate, and secretion of the homologous enzyme inulinase. Subsequently, two episomal systems were constructed. In one of them, the heterologous gene was expressed under control of the S. cerevisiae PGK promoter, whereas in the other system, heterologous gene expression occurred under control of the K. marxianus INU1 promoter. An integrative expression system was also constructed, in which the KmINU1 promoter drove foreign gene expression. Both heterologous enzymes were characterized biochemically and also with respect to their glycosylation. The results attained with GOX led to an expression level of 1722 U/g DW (unit per gram of dry cell weight) in K. marxianus transformed with the episomal INU1-based system. The biochemical studies showed that the enzyme was very similar to the A. niger GOX. Furthermore, analysis of the glycosylation pattern showed a lower tendency of K. marxianus to hypermannosylate proteins, when compared to K. lactis. Higher levels of esterase (294 U/gDW) were obtained in K. lactis than in K. marxianus. However, the enzyme produced in the latter host presented a higher temperature for maximal activity ((50 °C), when compared to the former organism (45 °C). Both values are lower than the temperature for maximal activity of the homologous enzyme (65 °C), which can be explained by the glycans added by both yeast species to the peptide, resulting in a glycosylated protein, in contrast to the homologous esterase. Moreover, the yeast products presented three glycosylation patterns. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis reached its aims, which were to develop these expression systems and to characterize biochemically the heterologous enzymes expressed, which included an analysis of the glycosylation pattern. The results presented here will certainly be of interest and aid the scientific community working on the expression of heterologous proteins in microorganisms.