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The relative fixity of a digraph Γ is defined as the ratio between the largest number of vertices fixed by a nontrivial automorphism of Γ and the number of vertices of Γ . We characterize the vertex-primitive digraphs whose relative fixity is at least 1 3 , and we show that there are only finitely many vertex-primitive digraphs of bounded out-valency and relative fixity exceeding a positive constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In appraising human actions, an important consideration is whether they are free. If they are compelled, this may be excusatory; if controlled by someone other than the agent, this may mitigate; and if selfishly motivated, this may invalidate excuses. Moral appraisals of action by non‐philosophers do not normally consider whether it can be free under determinism. Metaphysical inquiry about action, by contrast, seems incomplete if it does not consider this. Are there two free will problems, one normative and one metaphysical? If so, they share such terms as ‘could’ and ‘could not’, and thoughtful non‐philosophers question their own normative assumptions once they understand the metaphysical problem determinism poses for the philosophy of action. This paper distinguishes metaphysical from action‐theoretic elements of the free will problem but also connects the metaphysical issues with normative questions about responsibility; it critically appraises some major metaphysical arguments concerning free action; and—to the extent possible in a single paper—it provides a positive account of free action neutral toward determinism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this qualitative study, we draw on theory and practice in relation to the concepts of fixity and fluidity in language education (i.e. the simultaneity of bounded, named languages; and the need to transcend language boundaries). We use data from focus group interviews to investigate the entangled ideological dilemmas facing four teachers in a Language Introduction Programme in an upper secondary school in Sweden, as they enacted literacy pedagogies (fluidity) against the backdrop of high stakes standardised tests, age-out limits, and residency criteria (fixity) for youth from refugee backgrounds. We asked: What ideological dilemmas do language teachers in an introductory programme perceive relative to the language needs of youth from refugee backgrounds as they strive to implement promising practices? Our thematic analysis revealed three dilemmatic themes concerning 'what' to teach, 'what' resource materials to use, and 'how' to implement literacy pedagogies. From the lessons learned in our findings, we conclude with six thoughts for future consideration as teachers attempt to reconcile seemingly disparate perspectives on language teaching and learning in their local contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Moving away from the tradition of treating multilingualism as a problem and language as an autonomous system, current theoretical approaches have shifted from monolingual principles toward translingual perspectives to investigate the relationship between language policy and ideology. In this text, I take on such a position to explore how multilinguals’ attitudes toward their languages are shaped by ideologies that highlight both the fixity and fluidity of contemporary communicative practices. In order to do so, I analyze data taken from a larger study that problematized online translingual practices of individuals from post-colonial countries through the use of questionnaires and interviews. Drawing on the notions of translanguaging, languagised worlds and Bakhtin’s concept of centripetal and centrifugal forces, I argue that in order to better account for the impact of language policies in multilinguals’ lives, scholars should turn their attention to the implications of fixed and fluid notions of language for the negotiation of competing language ideologies.

The article portrays, first, the basic human requirements of physical and virtual spaces. Second, the article attempts to examine the relationships among the several basic human requirements of physical space, as well as the relationships between the requirements of physical space and those of virtual space. Third, the article suggests that the basic spatial requirements of individuals be examined in light of human spatial pulses, which include each person's fixed origin, a movement, and a fixed destination, with implications for people, their activities, and places. Discussions begin with the basic human requirements of physical space, fixity and mobility, and the human needs, which they present. This is followed by assessments of the relationships between these requirements, turning next to virtual space, attempting to expose the two human basic requirements of virtual space, access and connectivity, and the relationships between these two basic requirements. This is followed by an assessment of the relationships between the human requirements of physical and virtual spaces, and their implications for human activity. Finally, a joint interpretation of human spatial requirements and their activities, through the notion of human spatial impulses, is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Thélème is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There has been presented a vast variety of theories upon the clarification of the Nature and Concept of the Condition, to which the acceptance of each has a direct effect on Ordinances as well as the Effects of the Condition. As one of the most prominent Works, there has been a Theory built by Seyed Mohammad Kazem Tabatabaei Yazdi and introduced as "The making & fixity".The purpose of this article is focused on the explanation and expansion of this Theory, the differences, criticisms and works that are accepted in terms of the Jurisprudence and Law. Finally, it is clear the Nature of Condition merely implies the making and Dictum the individuals tend to make to counterfeit them and the Religious Justifications certify their Validity. The aforementioned making takes on a different forms and in accordance with it the rights of the Person in whose favor a Condition is made against the Person who is responsible to perform a Condition are executed on the basis of the correct conditions and the status of the independent transaction over the corrupt condition

This article suggests that a partial contradiction between mobility and immobility was true for prepandemic physical mobility only and that, currently, the distinction between mobile and immobile individuals has turned fully relational. Fixity constitutes a voluntary condition, whereas immobility is perceived as an imposed one. The major dimensions for physical immobility are restraints for work and travel. Digital–virtual immobility can be measured via network capital, which includes access to networks and communications, leading to location-free information. Mobile communications are now globally ubiquitous, so that absolute digital immobility is currently almost nonexistent, thus turning digital (im)mobility into a continuum. Coronavirus lockdowns restricted individuals' physical mobility for commuting and other travel while turning physical immobility into a medical benefit, whereas being physically mobile involved risk. Lockdowns further involved "immobile mobility," with people being highly engaged in digital mobilities while being simultaneously situated in physical immobility. Once physical mobility is fully restored, individuals might prefer some partial and rather voluntary physical immobilities because of coronavirus habitual changes, for both work and travel, coupled with semi-imposed physical immobilities by employers. Thus, physical immobility might gain also a positive connotation, side by side with digital (im)mobility still being a continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results in this article are based on the classification of finite simple groups that act with fixity 3. Motivated by the theory of Riemann surfaces, we investigate which ones of these groups act faithfully on a compact Riemann surface of genus at least 2 in such a way that all non-trivial elements have at most three fixed points on each non-regular orbit and at most four fixed points in total. In each case, we give detailed information about the possible branching data of the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assume that, even with a time machine, Tim does not have the ability to travel to the past and kill Grandfather. Why would that be? And what are the implications for traditional debates about freedom? We argue that there are at least two satisfactory explanations for why Tim cannot kill Grandfather. First, if an agent's behavior at time t is causally dependent on fact F, then the agent cannot perform an action (at t) that would require F to have not obtained. Second, if an agent's behavior at time t is causally dependent on fact F, then the agent cannot perform an action (at t) that would prevent F from obtaining. These two explanations have distinct upshots for more traditional debates over freedom. The first implies that causal determinism is incompatible with the ability to do otherwise and also raises questions about the traditional arguments for the incompatibility of divine foreknowledge and the ability to do otherwise; the second does neither. However, both explanations imply that the Molinist account of divine providence renders agents unable to do otherwise, at least in certain circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of financial integration initiated by developed countries has been accompanied by a flexible exchange rate regime which is based on market supply and demand. A regime considered as being more acceptable for developed countries in a liberal context. However, developing countries, with their own economic structures, often find it difficult to choose an optimal exchange rate regime for their economies. Although many countries are floating their exchange rate regimes, touting its superiority over other exchange rate regimes, fixed exchange rates are still a resilient regime that can economically compete with flexibility. In this context, this study being presented has taken the liberty to econometrically study through panel data, the evaluation of the macroeconomic effects of exchange rate regimes on a set of emerging and developing countries through the periods of 2000-2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative fixity of a permutation group is the maximum proportion of the points fixed by a non-trivial element of the group, and the relative fixity of a graph is the relative fixity of its automorphism group, viewed as a permutation group on the vertex-set of the graph. We prove in this paper that the relative fixity of connected 2-arc-transitive graphs of a fixed valence tends to 0 as the number of vertices grows to infinity. We prove the same result for the class of arc-transitive graphs of a fixed prime valence, and more generally, for any class of arc-transitive locally-L graphs, where L is a fixed quasiprimitive graph-restrictive permutation group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For all their apparent differences, the colonial and nationalist discourses of the twentieth century shared a vision of the world as an aggregate of discrete bundles of land and people, hermetic units sealed off from one another and defined by their particularities. Whether they spoke in terms of nations or empires, regions or civilizations, they worked to produce the reality they described – one of bounded territories and populations, each one neatly delineated and differentiated from the next. In so doing, they created truncated histories, narrowed-down narratives shorn of wider connections. In the following pages, we will address the implications of such schemes for Middle Eastern studies, and propose an alternative, diasporic vision of this field. A consideration of the population movements that have marked the modern history of the “Middle East” can open up new avenues and approaches for research, and put into question the implicit stress upon fixity and enclosure which still underpins scholarship on the region.

Spanish proverbs are general prescriptive principles, since they systematically induce a directive act. Guardians of a natural logic, they admit exceptions and are therefore flexible didactic norms. Nevertheless, they remain rules of life, which are exceptional because they prove to be potentially irrelevant for communication. Indeed, not only the fixity of their form may resist the natural evolution of languages and the speaker’s intentionality, but their meaning can be ambiguous in synchrony or diachrony.

Is it possible that in the middle of the twentieth-century, craft in France died? There is evidence that suggests it was at least on the brink of extinction, especially in the wake of its implication in fascist propaganda during World War II. A file of newspaper clippings collected during the 1960s and 1970s by curator Georges Henri Rivière at the Musée National des Arts and Traditions Populaires report on the impending disappearance of craft practices in the French countryside. A close reading of these articles reveals how discourse on regional craft was representative of a larger misperception of rural lifestyles as being overcome by modernization, when in fact the two existed simultaneously and even reciprocally. A shift away from these perceptions and towards the creative potential of craft is represented in a series of exhibitions organized at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris during the 1970s and 1980s; however, the curatorial, critical, and public reception as documented in the museum archives expose the challenges of locating craft within an artistic context. Drawing on comparative, transnational, and postcolonial methodologies, this article explores how these two archival sources frame the tensions between tradition and modernity within the category of craft in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attack on the world Trade Center, New York in 2001 literally shook the world. This attack brought about major changes in security laws across the globe. One major category of people affected by the new laws were the migrants. Politicians across the globe established connections between terrorism and immigration; this further alienated and marginalized the immigrants. In short one may say that the incident of 9/11 essentially altered the face of migration across the world. This paper looks at the challenges faced by the immigrants through the writings of Tabish Khair's How to Fight Islamist Terror from the Missionary Position and Amitava Kumar's A Foreigner Carrying in the Crook of His Arm a Tiny Bomb. Delving into concepts of identity, the paper reads how both the writers describe the manner in which concepts of absoluteness and fixity interrogate immigrant identity. Similarly, they show how governments in delegitimizing immigrant identity help to legitimize it. In its entirety, the paper delves into the idea of the challenges and the helplessness of the immigrants in the post 9/11 era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Thélème is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the most important aspects of the long-term digital-image preservation strategy is maintaining data fixity, i.e., assuring the integrity and authenticity of original data. This article aims to highlight the limitations of the approaches used to maintain the fixity of digital images in the digital preservation process and to offer perceptual hashing as a way to alleviate some of the limitations of current approaches, as well as discuss some non-technical implications of the described problems. This paper is exploratory, and while it includes a simple experiment description, it only outlines the problem and testing environment for a possible solution that could be elaborated on in further research. The most commonly used fixity maintaining techniques are immutability of data and file checksums/cryptographic hashes. On the other hand, planning for long-term preservation necessitates the need to migrate data into new future formats to maintain availability and sustainability, and the concept of the file itself should not be assumed to remain forever, which calls for other tools to ascertain the fixity of digital images. The problem goes beyond one that is exclusively technical: bitstream content is not ready for human perception, and the digital preservation strategy should include all the necessary technical steps to assure the availability of stored images to human eyes. This shifts the perspective on what should be considered the digital image in digital preservation. It is not the file, but a perceptible object, or, more specifically—instructions to create one. Therefore, it calls for additional tools to maintain fixity, such as perceptual hashing, transformation logging, and others.

Assume that, even with a time machine, Tim does not have the ability to travel to the past and kill Grandfather. Why would that be? And what are the implications for traditional debates about freedom? We argue that there are at least two satisfactory explanations for why Tim cannot kill Grandfather. First, if an agent’s behavior at time t is causally dependent on fact F, then the agent cannot perform an action (at t) that would require F to have not obtained. Second, if an agent’s behavior at time t is causally dependent on fact F, then the agent cannot perform an action (at t) that would prevent F from obtaining. These two explanations have distinct upshots for more traditional debates over freedom. The first implies that causal determinism is incompatible with the ability to do otherwise and also raises questions about the traditional arguments for the incompatibility of divine foreknowledge and the ability to do otherwise; the second does neither. However, both explanations imply that the Molinist account of divine providence renders agents unable to do otherwise, at least in certain circumstances.

Prompted by Frye’s classification of literary works the present paper embarks on an investigation of the ice motif and its manifestations in a mythological and literary context. It is based on a restricted corpus, yet the survey made proves the recurrent meaning of ice to be a symbol of death and its various other connotations – inherently associated with the primal meaning revealing it in different aspects in the works to be analyzed.

Memory is a potency which makes man to be able to fix and to deposit those data which are being grasped through senses, and to use them whenever are needed. That is why our data remain unchanged and we can clearly remember our past. For Mulla Sadra the memory is unchanged because it is an abstract entity. Based upon his theory, all corporeal entities are constantly moving. Therefore if the memory is corporeal, it has to be subject to the change. But neuroscientists do not consider all motions as change. So for them the motions at the level of subatomic or atomic world do not make any change in the biological world. Even if it is considered to be a change by transcendent theosophy, but for neuroscientists only those changes at the level of neuron sells can change the memory, thus they attribute the fixity of the memory to the fixity of coding the genes and accordingly coding the neurons, and if any kind of confusion occurs in this function, we will lose our memory. Therefore for them the memory is corporeal, and in spite of being so, in normal conditions no change occurs in its deposited data. Thus to prove the abstractness of the memory we have to utilize other reasons.

This study investigated EFL learners' formulaic competence achievements, and the extent to which the factors of non-compositionality, mutual information, socio-cultural specificity and frequency in formulaic sequences predict receptive-productive formulaic knowledge. Underrepresentation of formulaic competence construct in the existing phraseological measures motivated us to develop a receptive-productive test battery adapting Kecskes’(2007) formulaic language model. The battery was conducted on 63 upper-intermediate Iranian adult EFL learners from three different instructional settings. The majority of participants showed an underdeveloped competence. Particularly they demonstrated poor productive knowledge in writing an argumentative essay, as documented by repeated measures ANAOV and formulaic-language error-analysis. There was also a significant variation in their mastery of different types of formulaic sequences. To explain this variation, we designed a tri-dimensional cline of formulaicity on which the target formulaic sequences could be located on the basis of their quantitatively evaluated variables of formulaicity. Regression analysis revealed that non-compositionality and frequency factors in formulaic sequences affect their learnability more than mutual information and socio-cultural specificity do, which means that semantic opacity and conventionality in formulaic sequences influence their mastery more than fixity and pragmatic idiomaticity. The findings suggest an interplay between psycholinguistic reality of formulaic sequences (i.e. automaticity aspect) and their linguistic and socio-cultural realities, which offers pedagogical implications for EFL classes .

Motivated by the theory of Riemann surfaces and specifically the significance of Weierstrass points, we study finite simple groups from a permutation action point of view. We classify all possibilities for finite simple groups acting faithfully on a compact Riemann surface of genus at least 2 in such a way that all non-trivial elements have at most two fixed points on each non-regular orbit and at most four fixed points in total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on identity narratives that were collected annually over a four-year period from two heritage language learners of Japanese at a U.K. university. This paper observes how 'fixity' (discreteness, static and fixed identities) and 'fluidity' (hybridity; creative and flexible identities) co-exist with each other in learners' conceptualization of themselves and their cultural affiliations. The findings of this study indicate a high degree of complexity and flux within the identities of these learners, enabling them to shift between fixed and fluid conceptualizations of themselves. One student deliberates the association between her nationality and personal identity, while also expressing fixed views on what it means to be Japanese on other occasions. The other student uses 'fixed' categories such as 'foreigner' in a fluid way to construct the self-image(s) that suit his varied purposes. The article concludes with research and pedagogical implications for conducting research on the identity of heritage language learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on identity narratives that were collected annually over a four-year period from two heritage language learners of Japanese at a U.K. university. This paper observes how 'fixity' (discreteness, static and fixed identities) and 'fluidity' (hybridity; creative and flexible identities) co-exist with each other in learners' conceptualization of themselves and their cultural affiliations. The findings of this study indicate a high degree of complexity and flux within the identities of these learners, enabling them to shift between fixed and fluid conceptualizations of themselves. One student deliberates the association between her nationality and personal identity, while also expressing fixed views on what it means to be Japanese on other occasions. The other student uses 'fixed' categories such as 'foreigner' in a fluid way to construct the self-image(s) that suit his varied purposes. The article concludes with research and pedagogical implications for conducting research on the identity of heritage language learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychotherapeut is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Smart materials are much discussed in the current research scenario. The shape memory effect is one of the most fascinating occurrences in smart materials, both in terms of the phenomenon and its applications. Many metal alloys and polymers exhibit the shape memory effect (SME). Shape memory properties of elastomers, such as rubbers, polyurethanes, and other elastomers, are discussed in depth in this paper. The theory, factors impacting, and key uses of SME elastomers are all covered in this article. SME has been observed in a variety of elastomers and composites. Shape fixity and recovery rate are normally analysed through thermomechanical cycle studies to understand the effectiveness of SMEs. Polymer properties such as chain length, and the inclusion of fillers, such as clays, nanoparticles, and second phase polymers, will have a direct influence on the shape memory effect. The article discusses these aspects in a simple and concise manner.

Abstract: This paper develops a theoretical argument for how place attachments are forged and become dynamically linked to increasingly common mobility practices. First, we argue that mobilities, rather than negating the importance of place, shift our understanding of place and the habitual ways we relate to and bond with places as distinct from a conception of place attachment premised on fixity and stability. Second, we document how the body of research on place attachment has both reinforced and contested 'sedentaristic' assumptions criticized within the so-called 'mobilities turn' in the social sciences. Third, we present a conceptual framework, built around different modes of interrelation between fixity and flow, as a way to re-theorize, link and balance the various studies of place attachment that have grappled with mobility. Finally, we sketch out the main research implications of this framework for advancing our understanding of place attachment in a mobile world. Highlights • Mobility complicates sedentaristic assumptions in place attachment research. • Aspects of fixity and flow shape place attachments related to mobility. • The fixity-flow framework emphasizes place attachments as dynamic and fluid. • The fixity-flow framework reconceptualizes mobility-related place attachment research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many idiomatic expressions specific to the French language have been translated into Arabic in favour of the contact between these two languages. However, these expressions cannot be easily located in Arabic since they receive a new texture, while taking advantage of this idiom’s linguistic material. However, in order to stay faithful to the target language, these expressions should respect a few particular settings that are not fully respected, which makes recognizing them even harder. The semantic aspect added to the contextual reference allows us to identify this kind of calque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pre-contact times, the Gummingurru Aboriginal stone arrangement site on Queensland’s Darling Downs was a complex locale of motif creation and constant maintenance, social alliance formation, male initiation and cultural education. Since European settlement, the arrangements have undergone a raft of changes, yet the site remains a place of constant narration based around regular recreation of motifs, alliance-making and sharing of cultural experiences. As a consequence, the site was and is constantly changing. How do we, as archaeologists, represent such a site, ensuring the rigour required of archaeological place characterisation and yet avoid the ‘fixity’ that comes with conventional archaeological place recording? In this paper, we demonstrate some of the opportunities available to archaeologists to document both the tangible and the intangible elements of an ever-changing, constantly evolving site like Gummingurru. We evaluate different counter-mapping strategies, and technologies ranging from computer-based maps and programs, to 2D and 3D animations. The aim is to explore the relevance of these approaches for archaeology and heritage place representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we consider the material dimensions of schooling as constitutive of the possibilities inherent in 'fixing' education. We begin by mapping out the problem of 'fixing education,' pointing to the necrophilic tendencies of contemporary education-a desire to kill what otherwise might be life-giving. In this sense, to 'fix' education is to make otherwise fluid processes-of-living static. We next point to the material realities of this move to fix. After establishing the material consequences of perpetually fixing schools, we provide a brief overview of two critical perspectives that might be shown as attempts to 'unfix' education: critical pedagogy and unschooling. Though both offer critiques of normative education, these approaches are also bound by their failure to fully engage with the material dimensions of schooling. As such, both critical pedagogy and unschooling inadvertently cut off key possibilities for human flourishing within educational environments. In their rush to 'unfix'-to counter the necrophilic tendencies of contemporary education-these approaches exclude or otherwise foreclose upon resistive challenges to the normative order that extend from the margins. In response, we turn to the possibilities for unschooling within the materially public spaces of schools. These are the spaces where fixity fails-possibility extends from unschooling in schools, from unfixing the process of fixing education. We end by considering the possibilities inherent in Community Service Learning as a valuable means to engage in a radically public, and unfixed, educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the British bibliographer Donald F. McKenzie’s “sociology of texts,” this article explores the material form of early Chinese manuscripts and its impact on the production, circulation, reading habits, and the relationship between literary and administrative texts in the Warring State, Qin and early Han periods. Because the material format of early Chinese texts was scrolls (“juan”) of bamboo or wooden strips, the basic unit for circulation is often “pian,” a unit smaller than a “book.” The fluidity of early China texts was the consequence of the material media and the ways of transmission (both oral and written copying) in early China. The article also argues that the canonization process in early China tried to control the accuracy of textual production and transmission, such as double checking the copies, the increasing notion of organization of a book, the use of table of contents and preface, and character count at the end of a text. The article finally calls for the integration of the studies on excavated literary manuscripts on one hand, and administrative, personal documents, and technical manuals on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper aims at foregrounding race and ethnicity discourse in Biblical Studies and beyond in order to undermine transhistorical and transcultural racism and ethnocentrism in religious discourse. It is my argument that matters of race and ethnicity should be approached as analytical categories in an interdisciplinary manner, albeit in a specific context, Hellenistic, Roman, Jewish, or Christian. In doing so, I first examine the works of Steve Fenton as well as Robert Miles and Malcolm Brown in order to look closely at race and ethnicity discourse in the ancient Mediterranean world, especially from a sociological perspective. Then, I indicate how Jonathan Hall and Shaye Cohen examine Hellenic and Jewish identity, respectively, with a focus on ethnic identity in the Greco-Roman world. Finally, I consider how Judith Lieu and Denise Buell analyze early Christian identity as a racial or ethnic discourse in the Jewish, Hellenistic, and Roman matrix. Hence, I contend that identity in general and racial-ethnic identity in particular are by no means stable and static in essentialist terms, but rather they are fluid along the ostensible axis of fixed identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Reversible plasticity shape memory (RPSM) polymers have been emerging as new smart materials with distinctions compared with conventional SMPs, such as easier shaping programming, stronger recovery stress, and higher recovery strain. For purposeful control of the structure, and therefore the physical and mechanical properties, a full understanding of the deformation habits of such materials under different conditions is essential. This perspective provides the context as to how the deformation temperature and fixing conditions influence the fixity and recovery behavior of RPSM polymers and what are the optimized conditions for RPSM. We hope that this will afford useful information for fabricating RPSM polymers with better memory properties and promote the technical development of new design methods of such materials for advanced applications © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1295-1299 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the explosive growth of mobilities research, much sociospatial theory continues to be rooted in a sedentarist perspective, failing to incorporate the insights of this burgeoning field. Mobilities research, in contrast, often considers a variety of sociospatial relations, yet stops short of coherent integration with other dimensions of sociospatiality. In this article, we examine the mobilities turn in light of Jessop, Brenner, and Jones's (2008) TPSN framework, which recognizes the polymorphic nature of sociospatial relations. We discuss the interrelationships between mobility and the four distinct sociospatialities identified by Jessop, Brenner, and Jones: territory (T), place (P), scale (S), and networks (N). Each of these sociospatialities is coimplicated with mobility: Territory concerns the malleable areal and bordered structure of the state and the uneven freedoms granted, and constraints imposed on, objects and bodies as they attempt to move through and across political jurisdictions; place emphasizes the embedded and performative nature of mobility and considers place-appropriate and place-transgressive activity; scale concerns movement associated with the tangled and politicized processes of scale production and examines how mobility is affected by the uneven scaling of power, resources, opportunity, and identity; networks address flows of bodies, objects, and knowledge across space, through specific channels. To illustrate the coimplicated relationships among mobility and territory, place, scale, and networks, we examine the practice of automobility, stressing the ontological contingency of mobility: Neither mobility nor fixity can be assumed. Mobility is, rather, a social, cultural, and political achievement, inherently power-laden and recursively bound up in the production of territory, place, scale, and networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]