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Objective: This study aimed to determine the correlation between pain perception and knowledge, attitude, and diet diversity in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: A total of 103 patients (15-40 yrs.; 67 females, 36 males) undergoing orthodontic treatment with a 0.022-inch slot (MBT prescription) in both arches were recruited. Information on pain perception, knowledge, attitude, and diet diversity scores was collected through validated questionnaires using visual analogue scale and close-ended questions at one time point. The correlation between variables was analyzed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Of the patients, 48.5% were aged 15 to 19 years old, with 65% females and 73.8% of Chinese ethnicity. Approximately 90% of the orthodontic patients perceived low levels of pain from orthodontic treatment, and 98% had a positive attitude toward orthodontic treatment. The patients had a good level of knowledge (Mean: 6±0.65). Approximately 49.5% of patients reported having moderate diet diversity. No significant correlation was found between pain perception and knowledge, or pain perception and diet diversity (r=0.062, p=0.534). However, a significant weak negative correlation (r=-0.289, p<0.05) between pain perception and attitude was observed. Conclusion: Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment presented with overall low pain perception, a positive attitude, and good knowledge about their treatment with moderate diet diversity. Informing the patient in advance about different orthodontic procedures encourages a positive attitude and facilitates patient cooperation. An interprofessional approach involving nutritionists can provide a holistic patient approach during orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This longitudinal prospective study aimed to assess orthodontic patients' immune system response to metal ion release in saliva. Methods: Thirty adult patients (18–35 years) were equally divided into three groups: groups at the end (G1) and beginning (G2) of multibracket appliances (MBA) treatment and a non-treated control group (G3). Participants were evaluated at four timepoints within 21 days, with saliva samples being analyzed for metal ion concentrations and blood for the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Results: There were no significant differences between groups or timepoints for saliva. LTT analyses revealed hypersensitivity in one-third of all patients and 50% of G2 for nickel, with three developing sensitizations after MBA insertion. All nickel-sensitized patients exhibited varying elevated saliva nickel concentrations. The most nickel-sensitized patients had low ion saliva loads. In borderline nickel-sensitization cases, saliva ion concentrations were up to 20 times higher than the reference. Hypersensitivity to palladium, gold, and mercury was also observed. Conclusions: These findings indicate that increased MBA ion release was not inherently linked to the immune response (Type-IV sensitization), as reactions occurred even with ion levels below thresholds. This underlines the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the immune response to metal ion release in orthodontic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the correlation between pain perception and knowledge, attitude, and diet diversity in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: A total of 103 patients (15-40 yrs.; 67 females, 36 males) undergoing orthodontic treatment with a 0.022-inch slot (MBT prescription) in both arches were recruited. Information on pain perception, knowledge, attitude, and diet diversity scores was collected through validated questionnaires using visual analogue scale and close-ended questions at one time point. The correlation between variables was analyzed using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Of the patients, 48.5% were aged 15 to 19 years old, with 65% females and 73.8% of Chinese ethnicity. Approximately 90% of the orthodontic patients perceived low levels of pain from orthodontic treatment, and 98% had a positive attitude toward orthodontic treatment. The patients had a good level of knowledge (Mean: 6±0.65). Approximately 49.5% of patients reported having moderate diet diversity. No significant correlation was found between pain perception and knowledge, or pain perception and diet diversity (r=0.062, p=0.534). However, a significant weak negative correlation (r=-0.289, p

Introduction: During Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging in the head and neck region of patients who are undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, the different components of fixed orthodontic appliances can produce various metal artifacts which may degrade the diagnostic image quality in the region of interest. Therefore, the metal artifact reduction software (MARS) system can be used in most CBCT units to reduce the amount of artifacts generated from various fixed orthodontic appliance components including skeletal anchorage devices. Aims and Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of MARS system of a CBCT unit in reducing the amount of artifacts generated by various fixed orthodontic appliance components during CBCT imaging. Materials and Methods: Four dental arch shaped phantoms that were fabricated along with different fixed orthodontic appliance components (metal bracket, molar band, transpalatal arch, mini-implant) underwent CBCT scanning without and with the MARS setting option. After using the MARS system of a CBCT unit, the reduction in the amount of artifacts that were generated by various fixed orthodontic appliance component was calculated by using Google Colab software that utilized Python code and OpenCV system to generate a binary mask image. The resulting mask image highlights the areas where artifacts are detected, allowing for further analysis or visual inspection. The contours found within the mask image represent the boundaries of the artifact regions. Results: After calculating the percentage decrease in artifact area for each component of fixed orthodontic appliance, oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to compare the percentage decrease in artifact area for each component of fixed orthodontic appliances. *P-values are calculated using one-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05). The percentage decrease in artifact area for different components of fixed orthodontic appliance ranged from 39.67% to 48.58%. The stainless steel bracket showed the significant artifact area reduction with a mean percentage decrease of 48.58% as compared to other components. Conclusion: The effect of MARS system in reducing the amount of metal artifacts generated varied according to the component type of fixed orthodontic appliance and, MARS system was more efficient for stainless steel brackets as compared to other components. CBCT imaging of head and neck region can be carried out without taking off the orthodontic appliances by applying MARS system which can significantly decrease the artifact area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective One of the most imprortant factors in achieving ideal teeth positions is the precision of the slot dimensions of orthodontic brackets into the archwires are inserted.This study aimed to assess the accuracy of the dimensions of orthodontic bracket slots and molar buccal tube apertures and to compare them with the specifications provided by the manufacturers. Method A total of sixty brackets and ten molar buccal tubes with varying slot heights were examined using a scanning electron microscope from the mesial side. The dimensions and morphology of these bracket slots and buccal tubes apertures were assessed using the AutoCAD Software. A one-sample t-test was conducted to compare the measurements with the values provided by the manufacturer. Results The findings of the present study indicated that the height of the measured bracket slots and buccal tube apertures dimensions were significantly larger than the actual dimensions and exhibiting divergent walls. On the other hand, the depth of the brackets slots showed significantly smaller values than the actual one. Conclusion A need for careful consideration when selecting a commercially accessible brand for everyday use is essential as certain materials may not meet acceptable standards.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maxillary protraction effect of facemask therapy with and without skeletal anchorage in growing Class III patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Materials and Methods: Thirty patients (aged 9–13 years) with UCLP having a GOSLON score 3 were selected for this prospective clinical study. The patients were allocated into two groups using computer generated random number table. Group I (facemask therapy along with two I shaped miniplates, FM + MP) and Group II (facemask mask along with tooth‐anchored appliance, FM). Skeletal and dental parameters were evaluated on pre‐ and post‐treatment lateral cephalograms and pharyngeal airway on cone‐beam computed tomography systems (CBCT) for assessment of the treatment changes. Results: Both methods proved to be effective with statistically significant improvements in skeletal and dental parameters (p <.05). Skeletal parameters (e.g., SNA, convexity‐point A, ANB) with the FM + MP group showed greater change compared to those with FM group (SNA, 2.56°; convexity‐point A, 1.22°; ANB, 0.35°). Significant proclination of maxillary incisors was observed in the FM group as compared to FM + MP group (U1 to NA, 5.4°; 3.37 mm). A statistically significant increase in pharyngeal airway volume was noted in both groups (p <.05). Conclusion: While both therapies are effective in protracting the maxilla in growing patients with UCLP, the FM + MP allows for a greater skeletal correction, minimizing the dental side effects seen with FM therapy alone. Thus, FM + MP appears to be a promising adjunct in reducing the severity of Class III skeletal correction needed in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: One of the most imprortant factors in achieving ideal teeth positions is the precision of the slot dimensions of orthodontic brackets into the archwires are inserted.This study aimed to assess the accuracy of the dimensions of orthodontic bracket slots and molar buccal tube apertures and to compare them with the specifications provided by the manufacturers. Method: A total of sixty brackets and ten molar buccal tubes with varying slot heights were examined using a scanning electron microscope from the mesial side. The dimensions and morphology of these bracket slots and buccal tubes apertures were assessed using the AutoCAD Software. A one-sample t-test was conducted to compare the measurements with the values provided by the manufacturer. Results: The findings of the present study indicated that the height of the measured bracket slots and buccal tube apertures dimensions were significantly larger than the actual dimensions and exhibiting divergent walls. On the other hand, the depth of the brackets slots showed significantly smaller values than the actual one. Conclusion: A need for careful consideration when selecting a commercially accessible brand for everyday use is essential as certain materials may not meet acceptable standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diyala Journal of Medicine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The present study aimed to design a questionnaire entitled "The Impact of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances on the Daily Life of the Patients", followed by the assessment of its reliability and validity.Materials and Methods: A questionnaire entitled “The Impact of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances on the Daily Life of the Patients” was developed in eight domains. The questionnaire was distributed among 10 patients with fixed orthodontic appliances and was modified based on their views for the evaluation of face validity. Subsequently, it was redistributed among 30 patients within a 10-day interval to assess test-retest reliability. Finally, the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) and the questionnaire developed in the present study were completed by 300 patients whose orthodontic appliances were in place for at least six months. They were treated in the Department of Orthodontics in the School of Dentistry at Babol University of Medical Sciences. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) through Pearson coefficient and independent sample t-test.Results: The test-retest reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and obtained at 0.817. According to the results of the intra-class correlation coefficient, the responses of 10 people to the questionnaire were consistent before and after a 10-day interval, and the agreement between responses to the two questionnaires was determined at 64%. The respondents were most and least dissatisfied with functional limitation (3.37 of 5) and ​​physical impact (1.59 out of 5), respectively.Conclusion: The questionnaire designed in this study had acceptable validity and reliability. This questionnaire assessed the impact of the fixed orthodontic appliances on eight domains of aesthetics and social impact, functional limitations, nutrition, oral hygiene, maintenance effect, physical impact, time constraints, and travel cost.

Abstract Background Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances have higher plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of a light emitting diode (LED) toothbrush with a manual toothbrush in reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances, and to investigate the effect of the LED toothbrush on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm in vitro. Methods Twenty-four orthodontic patients were recruited and randomly assigned into 2 groups: (1) started with manual and (2) started with LED toothbrushes. After a 28-day usage and 28-day wash-out period, the patients switched to the other intervention. The plaque and gingival indices were determined at baseline and 28 days after each intervention. The patients’ compliance and satisfaction scores were collected using questionnaires. For the in vitro experiments, S. mutans biofilm was divided into 5 groups (n = 6) with 15-, 30-, 60-, or 120-sec LED exposure, and without LED exposure as a control group. Results There was no significant difference in the gingival index between the manual and LED toothbrush groups. The manual toothbrush was significantly more effective in reducing the plaque index in the proximal area on the bracket side (P = 0.031). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in other areas around the brackets or on the non-bracket side. After LED exposure in vitro, the percentages of bacterial viability after LED exposure for 15–120 s were significantly lower compared with the control (P = 0.006). Conclusion Clinically, the LED toothbrush was not more effective in reducing dental plaque or gingival inflammation than the manual toothbrush in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. However, the blue light from the LED toothbrush significantly reduced the number of S. mutans in biofilm when it was exposed to the light for at least 15 s in vitro. Clinical Trial Registration Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20210510004). Registered 10/05/2021.

Crossbite refers to abnormal labiolingual and buccolingual relations between the opposing teeth. This results in the imbalanced facial appearance of the patient causing varied degrees of distress based on the individual's values and self-esteem. The management of skeletal class III malocclusion with anterior and posterior crossbite can be challenging. This case report describes a case of skeletal class III malocclusion complicated with an anterior, and unilateral posterior crossbite, and severe crowding which was managed satisfactorily with a fixed orthodontic appliance. The proper clinical examination, diagnosis, problem list, and formulation of the treatment plan are of utmost importance for the proper management of the case. The diagnosis can be done through proper history, clinical examination, an orthopantomogram, and a lateral cephalogram. The patient's grin was transformed from a non-consonant to a consonant smile, and the profile was transformed from slightly concave to straight.

The formation of white spot lesions, or enamel demineralization, around fixed orthodontic attachments is a common complication after the end of fixed orthodontic treatment. This article is a contemporary review of measures for the prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Preventive programs must be included for all orthodontic patients by educating and oral hygiene motivation for using topical fluoride agents, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate agents, high-fluoride toothpaste, fluoride mouthwashes, gels and varnishes during and after the orthodontic treatment so as antimicrobial agents and resin infiltration. Reducing the risk of WSL formation by using these methods and early treatment with the appropriate technique is recommended to obtain healthier and more aesthetic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Naissi is the property of Clinic of Stomatology Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances have higher plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of a light emitting diode (LED) toothbrush with a manual toothbrush in reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances, and to investigate the effect of the LED toothbrush on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm in vitro. Methods: Twenty-four orthodontic patients were recruited and randomly assigned into 2 groups: (1) started with manual and (2) started with LED toothbrushes. After a 28-day usage and 28-day wash-out period, the patients switched to the other intervention. The plaque and gingival indices were determined at baseline and 28 days after each intervention. The patients' compliance and satisfaction scores were collected using questionnaires. For the in vitro experiments, S. mutans biofilm was divided into 5 groups (n = 6) with 15-, 30-, 60-, or 120-sec LED exposure, and without LED exposure as a control group. Results: There was no significant difference in the gingival index between the manual and LED toothbrush groups. The manual toothbrush was significantly more effective in reducing the plaque index in the proximal area on the bracket side (P = 0.031). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in other areas around the brackets or on the non-bracket side. After LED exposure in vitro, the percentages of bacterial viability after LED exposure for 15–120 s were significantly lower compared with the control (P = 0.006). Conclusion: Clinically, the LED toothbrush was not more effective in reducing dental plaque or gingival inflammation than the manual toothbrush in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. However, the blue light from the LED toothbrush significantly reduced the number of S. mutans in biofilm when it was exposed to the light for at least 15 s in vitro. Clinical Trial Registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20210510004). Registered 10/05/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the primary worries of orthodontic patients, aside from the final results, is the total period of treatment. A superior comprehension of orthodontic treatment period just as variable influencing the treatment length is valuable for productive patient guiding and improved clinical performance. The aim of the study was analysis of factors influencing the length of treatment of finished cases treated with fixed orthodontic appliance at the dental teaching hospital in the College of Dentistry/ University of Baghdad. Materials and Methods: Eighty case sheets belonging to 80 finished orthodontic cases (forty finished with a single operator and forty finished with multi-operators) were selected from the archive of the orthodontic department to collect six parameters, namely duration of treatment, number of supervisors, number of visits, type of malocclusion, treatment method, presence or absence of crossbite. Chi-square test was used to test group differences and to study the association between the duration of treatment and the types of malocclusion with the indication for dental extraction in both groups. Results: The results showed highly significant group difference regarding all parameters except the presence or absence of crossbite. On the other hand, no significant association was found between the type of malocclusion and duration of treatment with the indication of extraction in both groups. Conclusions: The number of supervisors with their different opinions in treating and managing orthodontic cases and the type of malocclusion may be the main contributing factor affecting the treatment duration of the finished orthodontic cases.

Background: Orthodontics is that branch of dentistry specialty dealing with diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malocclusion aiming to enhance oral health, dental function, and esthetics. The presence of a fixed orthodontic appliance within the oral cavity can alter the microbial balance and so the composition of dental plaque. However, the presence of a fixed appliance alters the physiological characteristics of the oral cavity, causing impaired hygiene, a raise in dental plaque collection, and a delay in the spontaneous physiological processes of tooth cleaning that result in pathogenic bacteria colonization, which causes gingival inflammation, periodontal support degradation, and enamel surface alterations. Objective: The study’s objectives were isolated, identification, and molecular detection of microbes associated with orthodontic appliance patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 88 study samples (68 case; 20 control), 29 males and 59 females, aged 14–35 years, underwent fixed orthodontics during the initial stage of treatment. The samples were cultured on enrichment media and selective media, including mitis-salivarius agar, Mitis-Salivarius Bacitracin agar, Lactobacillus MRS agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar, and Mannitol agar. They cultured in aerobic and anaerobic (10% CO2) conditions. Results: The positive samples were then purified and identified using morphological and biochemical tests. Among the microbial species gram-positive bacteria accounted for 82.3%, gram-negative bacteria 16.2%, and fungi 1.5%. Our results show that on one hand, gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus mutans make higher percentage (48.5%) compared to other types. On the other hand, the Escherichia coli with 11.7% is the highest percentage of gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: Bacteria colonization of orthodontic patients was found to be remarkably high compared to that of controls. Finally, the most common bacteria are S. mutans identify using PCR utilizing Sm.479.F/R primer combination.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of ten proinflammatory cytokines in GCF of participants with raised body mass index (BMI) compared to nonobese subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the cross-sectional cohort, subjects were shortlisted through the purposive sampling method with the same age and gender and similar characteristics (cohort). For inclusion and exclusion, predefined criteria were followed. In all included participants obese and non-obese collection of GCF was made from mandibular canine to canine. Identification of inflammatory mediators (MPO and CRP) leptin, adiponectin, and resistin (pg/mL). Bone remodeling biomarkers RANKL (pg/mL) and tissue remodeling biomarkers MMP8, MMP9, TIMP1, and MMP8/TIMP1, MMP9/TIMP1 ratio were collected and blinded by the investigator. Normal distribution of data i.e., age, BMI, the flow rate of GCF, indices plaque and gingival, and uWMS were compared using a t-test. Non-normality biomarker data were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U-test. To assess the relationship between the concentration of GCF biomarkers and plaque and gingival indices Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used. RESULTS: The total number of participants included was 44. In the obese and non-obese groups, the male/female ratio was the same i.e., (n=11 each). The mean age of participants in the obese group was 25.7±1.55 years, whereas the non-obese group was 26.1±1.29 years. In obese the mean BMI was 33.6±2.1 kg/m2 whereas in non-obese 22.9±1.9 kg/m2 (p<0.02). Among the levels of biomarkers adiponectin (p<0.006) and leptin (p<0.028) demonstrated a significant difference between obese and non-obese participants. Also, a significant difference was noted between obese and non-obese in tissue remodeling biomarker MMP9 (p<0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A surge in the level of the biomarkers, i.e., MMP9, leptin, and adiponectin in the gingival crevicular fluid is found in obese undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of fixed orthodontic appliances (FOAs) on the transfer accuracy of full-arch impressions by five intraoral scanners (IOSs): CS3600, Primescan, Trios 4, Medit i500, Emerald S, and one conventional alginate impression (CAI). Materials and methods: To compare the data with the actual model situation, an established reference aid–based method was applied. A test model with human teeth was used and modified for each testing group, resulting in five different settings: natural teeth (group A), metal brackets without/with wire (groups B/C), ceramic brackets without/with wire (groups D/E). A total of 300 (n = 12 × 5 × 5) scan datasets of IOSs were analyzed using a 3D software (GOM Inspect) and 60 (n = 12 × 5) plaster casts of CAI were measured with a coordinate measurement machine. The deviations between the reference aid and the impressions were determined. Results: For all groups with brackets (B to E), IOSs showed a higher transfer accuracy compared to CAI, even for long-span distances. However, some significant differences between the IOSs were observed (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, IOSs can be recommended for impressions with and without FOAs, even if CAI showed the smallest average deviations in settings without FOAs. Clinical relevance: IOSs are widely used in orthodontics and the current study demonstrated that their use enables fast impression taking even in settings with fixed orthodontic appliances. In addition, for these settings, the transfer accuracy is higher than with conventional alginate impressions. Nevertheless, a re-investigation in a clinical setting should be performed to verify the current in vitro findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of orthodontic appliances can increase plaque deposits and affect the periodontal status of the patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of patient using fixed orthodontic appliances. This study comprised 20 patients (age range, 18-36 years) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment at the College of Dentistry, Jazan university, Saudi Arabia. The oral examinations were conducted using a dental mirror, tweezer, and a William's graduated probe. The following parameters were assessed in each patient: plaque index, gingival bleeding index, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth, and bone loss. All parameters were scored on the buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal surfaces of all teeth involved for the attachment of the fixed appliances. The duration of treatment varied from 6 to 60 months (mean, 30.1 months). The mean plaque index was 89.4% (range, 62%-100%), and the mean bleeding index was 64.2%. The CAL ranged from 1.6 to 4. The mean probing depth was approximately 2.9 mm (range, 1.6 to 4.8 mm). The majority of the patients (90%; 18/20) presented with Stage II periodontitis, while the remaining 2 patients demonstrated Stage I periodontitis; likewise, the majority of the patients (75%; 15/20) were diagnosed with Grade B periodontitis, while the remaining 5 patients had Grade C disease. The patients undergoing treatment with fixed appliances presented with poor periodontal health. Hence, it is important to monitor these patients regularly in order to achieve successful treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prospective clinical study aim was to analyze the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis lozenges on salivary microbiome of subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Saliva samples were collected prior to consumption and 14th-day post probiotic lozenges consumption (n=40, age 18–23). Oral hygiene index-score (OHI-S) and papilla bleeding index (PBI) were recorded. The salivary microbiome was profiled by next-generation sequencing using the V3-V4 region of 16S-rRNA. Microbial composition, diversity and taxonomic biomarkers were analysed in comparison to probiotic intervention and the clinical characteristics of the cohort using standard bioinformatics tools. The diversity and bacterial community structures did not change significantly in salivary microbiome of periodontally healthy subjects during short-term probiotic intervention. Probiotic consumption correlated with reduction of OHI and PBI scores (50% reduction of scores, P<0.001). The reduction of clinical indices was evident in conjunction with significantly reduced abundance of oral pathogens, such as Porphyromonas pasteri, Treponema sp., Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Kingella oralis and Propionibacterium acnes. Short-term probiotic intervention helped maintaining good oral health in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Although overall oral microbiome structure remained largely unchanged, a significant alteration in the abundance of health and disease-associated species highlighted the beneficial effect of probiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This prospective clinical study aim was to analyze the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis lozenges on salivary microbiome of subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances.Methods Saliva samples were collected prior to consumption and 14th-day post probiotic lozenges consumption (n=40, age 18–23). Oral hygiene index-score (OHI-S) and papilla bleeding index (PBI) were recorded. The salivary microbiome was profiled by next-generation sequencing using the V3-V4 region of 16S-rRNA. Microbial composition, diversity and taxonomic biomarkers were analysed in comparison to probiotic intervention and the clinical characteristics of the cohort using standard bioinformatics tools.Results The diversity and bacterial community structures did not change significantly in salivary microbiome of periodontally healthy subjects during short-term probiotic intervention. Probiotic consumption correlated with reduction of OHI and PBI scores (50% reduction of scores, P

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate gingival tissue adaption induced by orthodontic tooth movement, in terms of clinical crown height (i.e., attachment loss), and thickness of the keratinized gingiva at the margin level., Methods: Pre- and post-treatment intraoral models/scans of 100 orthodontically treated patients (50 treated with clear aligners and 50 treated with fixed appliance) were acquired. Models were digitally scanned. Each couple of pre- and post-treatment scans were superimposed using the Compare© software (Medit spa, Seoul, Republic of Korea) taking the same reference landmarks in all cases, that were the palatal rugae for the upper arch, and the labial median frenulum for the lower arch. Only teeth that had undergone vestibulo-palatal (or vice versa) movement, greater than 1 mm were included in the analyses. The change from pre-treatment to post-treatment, in the clinical crown height and thickness of the keratinized gingiva at the margin level were digitally measured and compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests, and unpaired t-tests with significance set at p<0.05., Results: There was a statistically significant change in clinical crown height and gingival thickness in both groups. However, a clinically relevant attachment loss was found only within the fixed appliance group. Whereas, regarding the change in gingival thickness, there was no clinically relevant changes between the two groups., Conclusions: Orthodontic tooth movement with fixed appliance is associated to a clinically relevant attachment loss. Clear aligners seem to be associated with a more discrete attachment loss than the one observed with fixed appliances., Clinical Relevance: Orthodontists should pay attention and monitoring the clinical crown height (i.e., attachment loss) during orthodontic movement, mostly when using fixed appliances., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective:The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effect of molar bands in malocclusion patients with fixed orthodontic appliances and compare it with patients who are not undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods:The present retrospective study was carried out on a total number of 30 subjects, who visited Departments of Periodontics and Orthodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, Potheri. The subjects chosen were patients diagnosed with malocclusion. Group I(ortho treated) includes those who were about to undergo fixed orthodontic therapy and those who have not opted for the same were allocated under group II(control). Clinical parameters (PI, GI, BOP, PPD, CAL) were recorded, pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected for assessment of bacterial load of (P.gingivalis,. T. Denticola, T.forsythia) red complex bacteria and subjected to Real time PCR assay. Clinical and microbiological data were collected at baseline, 1 month, 3 month and 6 month intervals from both groups and results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results:A significant increase of all clinical parameters including PI, GI, BOP, PPD & CAL along with red complex bacterial level were seen in patients with molar bands over the recommended time intervals when compared to those left untreated. Conclusion:Proper oral hygiene practices and routine periodontal check-up are inevitable during active orthodontic treatment as well as in the presence of malalignment. Since more periodontal disease risk was expressed during fixed orthodontic therapy more attention towards oral hygiene maintenance during active treatment period is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decalcification and gingivitis caused by plaque accumulation around brackets are common iatrogenic effects of fixed appliances. The influence of conventional versus self-ligating bracket design on microbial colonisation is unknown. To assess the levels of microbial colonisation associated with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Three databases were searched for publications from 2009 to 2021. Randomised controlled trials comparing levels of microbial colonisation before and during treatment with conventional and self-ligating brackets were assessed independently and in duplicate. Data were extracted independently by two authors from the studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias assessments were made using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Checklist. A total of 11 randomised controlled trials were included in this systematic review. Six of the studies were found to be at low risk of bias and five presented with some concerns. The studies were considered moderate to high quality. Five trials reported no statistically significant difference in microbial colonisation between bracket types. The remaining studies showed mixed results, with some reporting increased colonisation of conventional brackets and others increased colonisation of self-ligating brackets. The heterogeneity of study methods and outcomes precluded meta-analysis. Of the 11 studies included in this systematic review, five found no differences in colonisation between conventional and self-ligating brackets. The remaining studies showed mixed results. The evidence is inconclusive regarding the association between bracket design and levels of microbial colonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed orthodontic appliances corrupt plaque removal, proper oral hygiene, and gingival health so periodontal evaluation is important to be checked in every appointment. The aim of the present study was to assess gingival health among patients with a fixed orthodontic appliance. A clinical comparative study conducted on 25 patients with an aged ranged from 15 to 25 years. Clinical parameters included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at base line before starting orthodontic treatment and after 1 month of treatment. A double paired t-test was applied to the data collected for statistical analysis. The mean value of PI (1.11), GI (1.155), and BOP (0.600) scores was increased after placement of fixed orthodontic appliance, but with no statistically significant difference with base line for PI (P-value = 0.596), GI (P-value = 0.355), and BOP (P-value = 0.256), respectively. Regarding age group, mean PI (1.46), GI (1.22), and BOP (0.875) were increased with increasing age, patients who age’s ≥20 showed statistical significant difference for gingival and plaque means P-value = 0.006 and P-value = 0.03) for ≥20, respectively. The finding of this study had shown that patients with fixed orthodontic appliances had non-significant increase in the mean value of plaque, gingival, and BOP indices scores. All mean scores were increased with increasing age, but with non-significantly for BOP only.

Aim: This study aims at determining the amount of enamel decalcification in terms of microhardness. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients requiring treatment by extraction method for Class I malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion were selected for the study. Twenty patients were randomly divided into control group and experimental group. In the control group (n = 40), extraction of permanent first premolars was done on day 1 of bonding to assess the Vickers hardness number (VHN) of enamel surface, and in the experimental group (n = 40), extraction of the contralateral premolars was done on the 28th day after bonding to assess the VHN of enamel surface. The values are tabulated and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: There is significant surface enamel dissolution of enamel crystals in the experimental group compared to the control group, and a statistically significant difference in VHN is evident between the control and experimental groups. The surface enamel dissolution (VHN) is not significant difference noted between mandibular and maxillary premolars of the control and experimental groups. Conclusion: The present study has demonstrated a higher level of surface enamel dissolution in the experimental group. There is a marked difference in the VHN between the control and experimental groups, which is statistically significant. The scanning electron microscopy study also confirms the presence of surface enamel demineralization following orthodontic bonding.

Aim: This study aims at determining the amount of enamel decalcification in terms of microhardness. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients requiring treatment by extraction method for Class I malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion were selected for the study. Twenty patients were randomly divided into control group and experimental group. In the control group (n = 40), extraction of permanent first premolars was done on day 1 of bonding to assess the Vickers hardness number (VHN) of enamel surface, and in the experimental group (n = 40), extraction of the contralateral premolars was done on the 28th day after bonding to assess the VHN of enamel surface. The values are tabulated and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: There is significant surface enamel dissolution of enamel crystals in the experimental group compared to the control group, and a statistically significant difference in VHN is evident between the control and experimental groups. The surface enamel dissolution (VHN) is not significant difference noted between mandibular and maxillary premolars of the control and experimental groups. Conclusion: The present study has demonstrated a higher level of surface enamel dissolution in the experimental group. There is a marked difference in the VHN between the control and experimental groups, which is statistically significant. The scanning electron microscopy study also confirms the presence of surface enamel demineralization following orthodontic bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Patients who had gone through orthodontic treatment experienced pain and discomfort which could be the highest-ranking reason for treatment disturbance or early termination. Thus, this review aimed to assess the efficacy of analgesics on the relief of pain in orthodontic treatment. Methods A computerized literature search was conducted in the databases of EMBASE (via OVID, 1974 to 2019 Week 50), MEDLINE (via OVID, 1946 to Dec 2019), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (December 2019). The Cochrane Collaboration’s Review Manager 5.3 software was applied in the present study. And methodological quality was evaluated by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Results We identified twelve publications including 587 patients in 19 randomized controlled trials. The results showed that the mean difference of naproxen in visual analogue scale (VAS) were − 1.45 (95% CI -2.72, − 0.19; P = .02), − 2.11 (95% CI -3.96, − 0.26; P = .03) and − 1.90 (95% CI -3.33, − 0.47; P = .009) in 2 h, 6 h and 24 h respectively. As for ibuprofen, the standard mean differences were − 1.10 (95% CI -1.49, − 0.71), − 1.63(95% CI -2.32, − 0.95) and − 1.34 (95% CI -2.12, − 0.55) at 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h, with the overall P values all

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several methods are commonly used to decrease orthodontic pain, but versatile tools and standardized protocols are still lacking. Objective: In response to the need for alternatives to conventional analgesic methods, this study evaluates the analgesic effects of auriculotherapy (AT) during the first three months of fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: A sample of 36 subjects was selected, with patients randomly allocated into two homogeneous groups, Study Group (SG) and Control Group (CG), depending on the application/non-application of AT. Patients rated their pain scores monthly from 0 to 10, on visual analogue scales (VAS) at the time of bonding (T0) and again at two appliance adjustments (T1 and T2). At each of these treatment phases, VAS was applied in six different time moments (TM): immediately before, immediately after, after 4 hours, after 8 hours, after 24 hours, and after 72h hours. Descriptive statistical analysis, a Student’s t-test, and a Chi-square test were applied to the collected data (statistical significance for p< 0.05). Results: SG patients reported lower pain levels than CG patients, both at T0, T1 and T2. Moreover, average pain intensity values were lower in the SG for all TM analyzed, with the t-test significant (p< 0.05) for most TMs. Conclusion: AT was effective in the pain treatment of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Further studies are needed with a sham control group to confirm the validity of these results.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus brevis CD2 on the prevention of early traumatic oral lesions induced by a fixed orthodontic appliance. Settings and Sample Population: Twenty orthodontic patients (14‐57 yo) were recruited from a private clinic. Subjects and Methods: In a phase 2, double‐blind clinical trial, all patients were randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to a 21‐day course of soluble tablets containing L brevis CD2 (4 billion colony‐forming units after breakfast, lunch and dinner) or placebo, starting at the day of orthodontic appliance placement. The primary outcomes were days with oral lesions and lesion‐related pain [ranging between 0 (no pain) and 10 (maximum pain)]. Oral health‐related quality of life was measured using OHIP‐14 before and after treatments. Results: All patients completed the study. Ten were treated with L brevis (28.1 ± 13.3 yo, 70% women), and 10 received placebo (27.5 ± 9.1 yo, 60% women). The oral lesions lasted significantly less time (P =.018) in patients treated with L brevis (2.5 ± 1.0 days) than with placebo (4.9 ± 3.0 days). Pain score was significantly lower (P =.039) when L brevis was used [median (min‐max): 0 (0‐4) vs. 3 (0‐5)]. OHIP‐14 scores were not significantly different between treatments. Conclusions: Lactobacillus brevis CD2 reduced almost 50% the persistence of traumatic oral lesions in patients with fixed orthodontics. Yet, there was no improvement in quality of life compared to placebo, suggesting that such differences in persistency and pain related to oral lesions may be considered clinically irrelevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To examine: (I) the current evidence of the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on the development of halitosis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, and (II) the influence of different orthodontic bracket systems on halitosis. Material and methods Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) were searched prior to March 15, 2018. The review was systematically conducted and reported according to the Cochrane Handbook and the PRISMA statement. Only Randomised Clinical Trials (RCTs) were considered. Selected full-text papers were independently assessed by four investigators and any disagreements were resolved by consensus. The Cochrane Handbook was used to grade the risk of bias and the quality of evidence was rated according to GRADE. Results Out of 363 identified studies, three RCTs on halitosis and fixed orthodontic appliances met the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias in the three studies was rated as high and the quality of evidence was rated as very low. Conclusions/clinical implications There is a lack of scientific evidence that subjects with fixed orthodontic appliances develop halitosis during treatment. Additional well-conducted RCTs with extended periods of assessment are needed as well as consensus concerning cut-off values for the diagnosis of halitosis.

Background: Human saliva has got many important functions like lubrication of the oral tissues, making oral functions like speech, mastication and deglutition possible and also protecting teeth and oral mucosal surfaces in different ways. Dental Caries is one of the common complications in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Subjects with impaired saliva flow rate often show high caries incidence. A low flow rate combined with a low or moderate buffer effect clearly indicates poor salivary resistance against microbial attack. Aim: To investigate the changes in stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity in patients undergoing therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: Salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity of 20 patients who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment at Department of Orthodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai were examined using GC saliva check buffer kit. The procedure was carried out during the initiation of orthodontic treatment and subsequently, one month and six months after the placement of appliance. Results: Results showed there was a significant increase in the salivary flow rate one month and six months after placement of fixed appliance while pH and buffering capacity showed no significant changes. Conclusion: Salivary flow rate increases significantly during fixed orthodontic treatment. Salivary pH and buffering capacity showed no significant changes suggesting that they are not sole factors for demineralization in orthodontic patients.

Background: Patients with fixed orthodontic encounter problems in cleaning their teeth and mouths. Dental plaque tends to accumulate on wires, brackets, and surfaces between bonding materials and brackets. Plaque accumulation increases the risks of decalcification, caries, and gingivitis. Chitosan extract is a potential antibacterial agent and inhibitor of dental plaque formation. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of chitosan-containing dentifrice in decreasing plaque accumulation in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study which involved 32 samples (randomly allocated to the control and chitosan groups, after the power of the study was considered) from patients with orthodontic appliances undergoing the last stage of fixed active orthodontic treatment. Plaque accumulation before and after dentifrice use was measured using a plaque index according to O'leary, before and after using toothpaste within 5 days. The patients were instructed to brushing with chitosan-containing dentifrice and chitosan-free dentifrice as a control. Washout period that needed between brushing with chitosan-containing dentifrice and chitosan-free dentifrice as a control was 7 days. Each mouthwash used routinely for 5 days with the same duration and intensity. The data obtained was then analyzed with one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc least significant difference. The level of significance was set as 0.05. Results: Plaque accumulation before and after dentifrice use significantly differed (P < 05) between the control and chitosan groups. The average reductions in plaque accumulation were greater in the chitosan group and control group brushing using chitosan-containing dentifrice. Conclusion: Dentifrice-containing chitosan more effectively reduces dental plaque accumulation in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances than dentifrice without chitosan.

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in dental status during fixed orthodontic treatment. A total of 60 patients with diagnosed malocclusion were included. Subjects were divided in 3 groups (20 subjects in each group). The first group was treated with dental cream GC Tooth Mousse, and the second group with Fluorogal - solution with a low concentration of fluoride (0.05% F). Control group comprised 20 patients. All subjects received precise instructions for oral hygiene and exclusion of dietary intake before fixed orthodontic appliance was placed and during each control. In our study clinical oral health status (DMFT-index) was registered before and at the end of the orthodontic treatment. The subjects treated with dental cream GC Tooth Mousse at the end of the orthodontic treatment had increased DMFT-index 5.85 in comparison to the beginning of the treatment, where the average value of the index was 5.25 (however, the difference was not statistically significant). A statistically significant difference between medium values of the DMFT-index before and after the orthodontic treatment was detected in the control group. The results of this study show that DMFT-index increased in a group of dental patients undergoing orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances. The patients must follow good instructions, motivation, and control of oral hygiene during the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Quality of life (QoL) measurements have been employed in medicine and dentistry to assess the effect of diseases and treatment on individuals' lives. Aim: To assess the effect of the initial 12 months of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy on the families of Brazilian adolescents. Design: A cohort of 11‐ to 12‐year‐old adolescents and their parents/guardians participated. Treatment group (TG) consisted of 101 parents/guardians of adolescents who began fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. They completed four sets of the Family Impact Scale (FIS) at baseline, 1 month, 6 months and 12 months after the bonding of fixed appliances. Control group (CG) was composed of 175 parents/guardians of adolescents, who did not begin treatment, answering four sets of the FIS at the same intervals. The subscales of FIS were parental/family activity (PA), parental emotions (PE), family conflict (FC) and financial burden (FB). Statistical analysis was performed. Results: The interaction of group (treatment) with time allowed one to observe significant changes in the PA (P <.001), PE (P <.001), FC (P <.001) and overall FIS score (P <.001), demonstrating an improvement in the subscale and overall QoL of families of adolescents. Conclusions: The effect of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy on the families of adolescents was highly beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed orthodontic appliance is used by patients with malocclusion. The prevalence of malocclusion in Indonesia reached 80%. Malocclusion patient treated with fixed orthodontic appliances that cannot maintain oral hygiene can lead to dental plaque accumulation in the orthodontic appliance. The dental plaque accumulation may cause gingivitis or gingival enlargement. gingivectomy can be an option to treat gingival enlargement. Post gingivectomy treatment, the wound healing in the gingiva will take place. Within this process, collagen is required to form a new connective tissue. Collagen is a highly thrombogenic biomaterial and it has an ability to maintain hemostasis. Collagen plays an important role in wound healing especially in remodeling phase. Chitosan contains chitin which is a non-toxic and biocompatible material. In the healing process, collagen induces platelet adhesion and aggregation as well as activation of intrinsic factor of blood coagulation. Chitosan plays a role in the formation of granular tissues with angiogenesis. In this process, chitosan works by stimulating growth factor and cytokine that involved in angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation. Collagen and chitosan must be crosslinked to be biodegradable. The use of chitosan crosslinked collagen may have potential ability in wound healing post gingivectomy in patients with fixed orthodontic appliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and gender difference of white spot lesions (WSLs) visually in a sample of Iraqi patients before and during fixed orthodontic therapy. Materials and Methods: Three groups of patients were examined clinically to detect the prevalence of WSLs according to visual scoring depending on the degree of demineralization. The study groups included patients after 6 and 12 months treatment with fixed orthodontic appliance while the control group was included patients before bonding. Chi-square test was used to detect the gender and group differences. Results: The total number of patients who developed WSLs was 71 patients in this study. About 20% of patients in the control group had WSLs, while there were 23% and 28% in the 6 and 12-months groups respectively. There were no significant group differences regarding the presence or absence of WSLs for total sample. Also there was no significant gender difference, although females developed WSLs more than the males. Conclusions: WSLs were detected in 71 patients (42%) with increased prevalence after 12 months of orthodontic appliance with no group or gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kieferorthopädie: die Zeitschrift für die Praxis is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Patients with fixed orthodontic encounter problems in cleaning their teeth and mouths. Dental plaque tends to accumulate on wires, brackets, and surfaces between bonding materials and brackets. Plaque accumulation increases the risks of decalcification, caries, and gingivitis. Chitosan extract is a potential antibacterial agent and inhibitor of dental plaque formation. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of chitosan-containing dentifrice in decreasing plaque accumulation in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study which involved 32 samples (randomly allocated to the control and chitosan groups, after the power of the study was considered) from patients with orthodontic appliances undergoing the last stage of fixed active orthodontic treatment. Plaque accumulation before and after dentifrice use was measured using a plaque index according to O'leary, before and after using toothpaste within 5 days. The patients were instructed to brushing with chitosan-containing dentifrice and chitosan-free dentifrice as a control. Washout period that needed between brushing with chitosan-containing dentifrice and chitosan-free dentifrice as a control was 7 days. Each mouthwash used routinely for 5 days with the same duration and intensity. The data obtained was then analyzed with one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc least significant difference. The level of significance was set as 0.05. Results: Plaque accumulation before and after dentifrice use significantly differed (P < 05) between the control and chitosan groups. The average reductions in plaque accumulation were greater in the chitosan group and control group brushing using chitosan-containing dentifrice. Conclusion: Dentifrice-containing chitosan more effectively reduces dental plaque accumulation in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances than dentifrice without chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human saliva has got many important functions like lubrication of the oral tissues, making oral functions like speech, mastication and deglutition possible and also protecting teeth and oral mucosal surfaces in different ways. Dental Caries is one of the common complications in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Subjects with impaired saliva flow rate often show high caries incidence. A low flow rate combined with a low or moderate buffer effect clearly indicates poor salivary resistance against microbial attack.Aim: To investigate the changes in stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity in patients undergoing therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances.Materials and Methods: Salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity of 20 patients who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment at Department of Orthodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai were examined using GC saliva check buffer kit. The procedure was carried out during the initiation of orthodontic treatment and subsequently, one month and six months after the placement of appliance.Results: Results showed there was a significant increase in the salivary flow rate one month and six months after placement of fixed appliance while pH and buffering capacity showed no significant changes.Conclusion: Salivary flow rate increases significantly during fixed orthodontic treatment. Salivary pH and buffering capacity showed no significant changes suggesting that they are not sole factors for demineralization in orthodontic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of nickel and chromium in GCF and hair of orthodontic patients. Nickel and chromium ion concentrations were measured in GCF and hair of 15 patients (9 females and 6 males, aged 16-28 years old) who had fixed orthodontic treatment using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The samples were taken before treatment (baseline) and four months later during treatment. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Pearson correlation test. GCF nickel level increased from 3.39 μg/g (baseline) to 9.00μg/g (4 months); chromium level increased from 1.88 μg/g (baseline) to 6.85 μg/g (4 months). Both of these increases were significant (paired t-test, P=0.000). Hair nickel level increased from 0.14 μg/g (baseline) to 0.42μg/g(4 months); chromium level increased from 0.09 μg/g (baseline) to 0.11 μg/g (4 months). Both of these increases were significant (paired t-test, P=0.000) There was no significant correlation between the increase of ion level in GCF with that in hair. After 4 months of treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances, GCF nickel and chromium levels might increase about 364% and 265%, respectively and hair nickel and chromium levels might increase about 122% and 300%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the difference (increase) of GCF nickel and chromium levels with the increase of hair nickel and chromium levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feiou Lin,1 Linjie Yao,2 Chandradev Bhikoo,1 Jing Guo3 1Department of Orthodontics, 2Department of Pedodontics, School of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 3Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China Objective: To assess the impact of wearing fixed orthodontic appliance (FOA) or clear-aligner, on daily performance in adult patients. Methods: The Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) index was assessed in 152 adults aged 25–35 years at baseline (T0), 6 months after bonding (T1), and 12 months after bonding (T2). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: CA group (participants treated with clear-aligner) and a control group (FOA group; participants treated with FOA). Baseline malocclusion severity was assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Results: There were no significant differences in sociodemographic variables and OIDP scores at baseline between the two groups. Significant changes in OIDP total and subscale scores were observed while wearing FOA: OIDP total score and subscale scores of eating, cleaning teeth, smiling, and social relation at T1 and T2 were significantly higher than at baseline (P