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The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the relationship between environmental, social and financial performance. In particular, based on the literature, we hypothesise the existence of a 'sand cone' model of sustainability that implies cumulative and sequential effects among the three performance dimensions. The hypothesis is tested using the fixed effects model on a longitudinal dataset of secondary data covering the period 2010–2019. The dataset includes 661 companies operating in the manufacturing industry and located in Europe, North America and Asia. The findings show that environmental, social and financial performance do not conflict but cumulate. The sequence of performance improvements that outlines a 'sand cone' starts with environmental sustainability and ends with financial performance, while social performance fully mediates the relationship between the two. Any other sequence is not confirmed by the data. These results are however valid only in Western countries (i.e. Europe and North America). Based on these findings, this research informs managers that the three pillars of sustainability have a cumulative effect, but only if a specific implementation sequence is followed. However, managers should be aware that these cumulative effects need some time to show up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several studies have found that individuals with a partner were less physically active than those without. To better understand the reasons for this association, we examine whether the existence of a relationship or the current presence of a partner influences physical activity (PA). Methods: We use data from the most recent German Time Use Survey 2012/13 to examine leisure-time PA. All leisure-time activities reported in the time diaries are classified according to their metabolic equivalent of task (MET) to calculate the mean MET scores. First, we use ordinary least square regressions and logistic regressions to examine the effects of living together with a partner or not on mean daily MET scores and on exercise. Second, we apply person-day fixed effects models to estimate the impact of current partner presence on current PA levels. Results: Having a partner is negatively associated with exercising but is not correlated with mean leisure-time MET scores for both women and men. For those with a partner, current MET levels are substantially lower when the partner is present than when the partner is absent. When partners spend leisure-time activities apart, their MET levels are higher than those of individuals without a partner. Conclusions: The results suggest that it is not the mere existence of a romantic relationship but the current copresence with a partner that affects PA behavior. Therefore, interventions to increase PA may be promising if they can encourage couples to be active together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of rural credit cooperatives is closely linked to regional economic development in China's vast rural areas. This study aims to investigate how rural credit cooperatives in China can enhance their stability and achieve high-quality development using panel data from 87 county rural credit cooperatives in Shaanxi Province from 2008 to 2016. The Cov-AHP is employed to build an evaluation system and the effect of inclusive finance on the risk-taking capacity of rural credit cooperatives is analysed using a fixed effects model. Results demonstrate that inclusive finance can improve the risk-taking capacity of rural credit cooperatives and enhance their stability. This effect is more significant for rural credit cooperatives with a larger share of corporate shares, although property rights reform and the launch of community banks may weaken this effect. This study recommends vigorously promoting the development of inclusive finance, improving the operational mode of rural commercial banks, strengthening the corporate governance system of rural credit cooperatives, and enhancing the level of financial services for agriculture, rural areas, and farmers. These implications are important for promoting the further reform of rural credit cooperatives, especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent sluggish economic growth in developed countries has become a cause for concern regarding the long-term sustainability of the global economy. Continuous declines in the total fertility rate (TFR) constitute an essential factor in stagnant economic growth in developed countries. In this paper, we utilize fixed and random effect models to examine the relationships of TFR with putative TFR determinants in G7 countries from 1980 to 2020. Our findings support the societal response hypothesis wherein the relationship between TFR and female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) is posited to be stable and positive. Furthermore, the present study confirms a positive relationship of crude marriage rate (CMR) and market childcare availability (MktCC) with TFR. A negative relationship between the ageing population (AGE) and TFR was observed, consistent with broad concerns regarding the impending economic impacts of population ageing in developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model-based clustering analysis of functional data often has normality assumption. This article considers clustering non Gaussian functional data. We propose a novel non Gaussian functional mixed-effects model without the prior information and clustering number. We use transformation functions to accommodate non Gaussian functional data. Smoothing spline ANOVA and cubic B-spline approximate unknown fixed effects and random effects, respectively. A penalized likelihood is used to estimate unknown parameters, and the consistency and asymptotic normality is provided after that. We take simulations for different measurement error distribution assumptions and adopt the air quality of Italian city data. Both simulation and actual data analysis show that the proposed method performs well and has a better clustering effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore and evaluate the development trends and differential changes in the prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders among the earthquake survivors in exposure groups (highly hard-hit areas) and control groups (general disaster areas) from 2015 to 2019, as well as to investigate the potential influencing factors. Data was obtained from the Sichuan Health Information System and the Sichuan Health Yearbook, the prevalence of the exposure group and the control group were calculated, the difference between the two groups was evaluated using the prevalence rate ratio, and a fixed effect model was developed to investigate the potential influencing factors of the prevalence. The prevalence by gender and age in the exposure group was always greater than those in the control group (RR>1), although the disparity between the two proceeded to diminish with time. The urbanization rate (β = 0.0448, P < 0.05) and disaster area levels (β = 0.0104, P < 0.05) were risk factors for the prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders. The study only collected data at the group level following the Wenchuan earthquake. Consequently, the findings are only applicable at the group level. Furthermore, diagnostic criteria for various types of mental and behavioral disorders diseases were not provided. The earthquake has a significant long-term impact on mental health. It is necessary to continuously monitor the mental health of Wenchuan earthquake survivors and take appropriate post-disaster intervention measures. • Studying mental health in regional adult survivors post-Wenchuan, 2015-2019, through bio-social lens. • Mental and behavioral disorder prevalence gap between exposure and control groups narrows annually. • The urbanization rate is the risk factor of the prevalence rate of mental and behavioral disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the nexus between livelihood goals (LGs) and livelihood strategy (LS) selection preferences. We construct a measurement of three livelihood goals (survival, security, and self-respect goals) by combining qualitative and quantitative analysis and classify livelihood strategies into three groups (agricultural, non-agricultural, and diversification) based on household income sources. The multinomial logit model with fixed effects empirically estimates the relationship between livelihood goal indices and livelihood strategy selection with panel data (2010–2018) from the China Family Panel Studies surveys (CFPS). The results show that households with survival goals are more likely to choose the agricultural and diversification strategies and less likely to select the non-agricultural strategy. Households with security and self-respect goals are more likely to choose the non-agricultural strategy and are less likely to select the agricultural strategy. Families with a higher self-respect goal level are more flexible in livelihood strategy selection. The livelihood strategy selection preference is consistent in different regions of rural China when households pursue survival and security maximization. From the low-level survival goal to the high-level self-respect goal, consistent with a gradual transition from a low-income agricultural strategy to the high-income non-agricultural strategy; the diversification strategy is the transformed livelihood strategy in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural mechanization is a crucial indicator of modernization in agriculture. It improves productivity and underpins the evolution of a modern state. This study scrutinizes the enduring effects of government subsidies on farm machinery acquisition, income growth, and capital accumulation in rural households. It is based on policies about targeted poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. Research findings indicate that government subsidies have significantly increased the per capita net income of rural households. However, in the post-poverty alleviation era, for households that already possess agricultural machinery, the benefits brought by government subsidies in the early stages of the policy cycle tend to diminish over time. From 2016 to 2020, government subsidies continued to enhance the value of agricultural machinery in rural households. Their impact on ownership rates first slightly declined and then increased again. The promotional effect in 2020 was not significantly better than in 2016. When China is fighting against poverty, it is essential to encourage rural households to use their income and government subsidies to accumulate production capital. A long-term mechanism has been established to protect the achievements of poverty alleviation, promote agricultural mechanization and rural modernization, and support rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is a pervasive skin disease characterized by inflammation of sebaceous units surrounding hair follicles. It results from the complex interplay between skin physiology and the intricate cutaneous microbiome. Current acne treatments, while effective, have major limitations, prompting a shift towards microbiome‐based therapeutic approaches. This study aims to determine the relationship between acne and the cutaneous microbiome, assess the effects of current treatments on the cutaneous microbiome and explore the implications for developing new therapies. A systematic review was performed using PubMed and SCOPUS databases within the last 10 years. Methodological quality was assessed independently by two authors. The search retrieved 1830 records, of which 26 articles met the inclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis of alpha diversity change was assessed using fixed and randomized effect models per therapeutic group. Eight studies pertain to the role of the cutaneous microbiome in acne, identifying C. acnes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis as key contributors through overproliferation, commensalism or dysbiosis. Eleven studies discuss current acne treatments, including doxycycline (1), topical benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (4), isotretinoin (2), sulfacetamide‐sulfur (SSA) (2) and aminolevulinic acid‐photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) (2), identified as modulating the cutaneous microbiome as a mechanism of efficacy in acne treatment. Seven studies discuss new treatments with topical probiotics, plant derivatives and protein derivatives, which contribute to acne clearance via modulation of dysbiosis, inflammatory markers and diversity indexes. A meta‐analysis of the effects of existing therapeutics on the cutaneous microbiome identified benzoyl peroxide as the only treatment to facilitate significant change in diversity. Despite the heterogeneity of study types and microbiome classifications limiting the analysis, this review underscores the complexity of microbial involvement in acne pathogenesis. It delineates the effects of acne therapeutics on microbial diversity, abundance and composition, emphasizing the necessity for personalized approaches in acne management based on microbiome modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anemia in pregnancy has been associated with a number of adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight (LBW) or preterm birth (PTB). However, the evidence from primary studies on anemia in pregnancy with LBW and PTB is contentious. Moreover, a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize these findings have not been conducted for Ethiopia. This study aimed to synthesize the best available evidence and quantify the strength and direction of the association of anemia in Ethiopia. Methods: This review examined women with singleton pregnancies with low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB). We retrieved studies from PubMed, Wiley, Cochrane databases, and Google Scholar from inception to February 2, 2024. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines anemia in pregnancy as a low blood haemoglobin (Hgb) concentration below 11 g/dl or a hematocrit level of < 33%. When the newborn's weight was below 2500 g, LBW was considered. Preterm birth refers to the birth of a baby before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Meta-analysis was conducted using fixed and random effects models. The degree of heterogeneity, publication bias, and quality of the evidence of studies was assessed. Results: There were 35 and 8 studies, with 14,319 and 3,265 respondents included in the meta-analysis for LBW and PTB, respectively. Neonates born to women who had normal Hgb levels were less likely to be LBW [pooled odds ratio (POR) = 0.22, 95% CI: (0.17, 0.28); I2 = 80%] (low-quality evidence). Neonates born to women with normal Hgb levels had a lower risk of PTB [POR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.28; I2 = 19%] (very low-quality evidence). The effect size estimate remained significant after sub-group analysis based on study design and province, except in two retrospective cohort studies for LBW. Conclusion: The findings suggest major implications for strengthening the implementation of nutrition policies to prevent anemia during pregnancy in Ethiopia. Further research is warranted to assess interventions that are effective in combating maternal anemia to reduce rates of LBW and PTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental issues have gradually become a key concern for society. The public has been paying increasing attention to corporate environmental disclosure and performance. With the "go global" trend, more and more enterprises are looking to overseas markets for new technologies and resources. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are facing more challenges than domestic enterprises. To remain competitive and sustainable, enterprises from developing countries need to gain a foothold in developed countries. We explore how MNEs' internationalization impacts environmental disclosure, specifically focusing on the role of green investors as stakeholders. We draw evidence from Chinese-listed MNEs, with a total of 4,709 panel data observations. For the main analysis, we use a fixed effect model. The findings suggest that a higher level of internationalization can improve both the willingness and quality of environmental disclosure for MNEs, and this relationship is further strengthened by green investors. A heterogeneity analysis reveals that the positive effect of internationalization on environmental disclosure is mainly present in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and developed host countries. We find that external pressure from host countries motivates MNEs to increase environmental disclosure willingness and quality. This study provides valuable insights for MNEs from emerging economies on how to achieve legitimacy and a positive reputation in overseas markets through environmental disclosure strategies. This study proposes the importance of green investors on environmental disclosure issues from a stakeholder perspective and provides new theoretical insights for environmental policy reform in developing countries such as China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To rationally allocate land resources, the government has formulated biased land resource supply policies. However, this policy will promote the fluctuation of regional housing prices, thereby affecting regional innovation efficiency. To elucidate the intrinsic logical relationship among these factors, this study investigates the influence of biased land resource supply policies on housing prices and innovation across 31 Chinese provinces over a 16-year period. It places particular emphasis on probing into the spatial disparities in this impact. The innovation of this paper lies in the development of a theoretical analysis model, which creatively utilizes the regional land supply status as an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity problem. At the same time, a double robustness test was conducted by substituting the explanatory variables and employing the fixed effects model. The results of the TSLS regression indicate: (1) The land resource supply policy, which prioritizes the central and western regions, has resulted in an increase in housing prices across the majority of regions in China, with the eastern region experiencing a more rapid rise compared to the central and western regions. (2) The accelerated growth of housing prices in the eastern region is likely to exert a more pronounced inhibitory effect on innovation compared to the central and western regions. In summary, China's land resource supply policy, which favors the central and western regions, has exacerbated the rise in housing prices in the eastern region, and rising housing prices will inhibit the innovation efficiency of the region. Hence, it is imperative for the government to continuously optimize and adjust land resource supply policies, ensuring their alignment with population migration patterns, stabilizing the real estate market, while also considering the innovation efficiency of regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural modernization can only be attained through the high-quality development of agriculture, which is made possible by the deep integration of the digital economy with traditional agriculture. From the perspective of the entire agricultural industry chain, this paper offers a theoretical and empirical examination of the digital economy's role in enabling high-quality agricultural development. The fixed effects model, convergence test, threshold model, and spatial error model were implemented based on the panel data of 13 cities in Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2021 to validate the role of the digital economy in enabling high-quality agricultural development. The findings indicated that first, for every 1% increased in the level of digital economy development, the level of high-quality agricultural development increased by approximately 0.183%. Second, the high-quality development of agriculture had the characteristics of absolute convergence and conditional convergence, and there was a non-linear character in the role of the digital economy in the high-quality agricultural development. Third, for every 1% increase in the development level of digital inclusive finance, the level of high-quality agricultural development in surrounding areas with similar economic levels will be improved by about 0.188%.In this regard, Jiangsu Province should grasp the opportunity of the era of digital economic development, continue to strengthen the construction of digital economic development in backward areas, and attach great importance to inter-regional exchanges and cooperation in the construction of digital agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis work aims to study off-policy evaluation (OPE) under scenarios where two key reinforcement learning (RL) assumptions – temporal stationarity and individual homogeneity are both violated. To handle the “double inhomogeneities”, we propose a class of latent factor models for the reward and transition functions, under which we develop a general OPE framework that consists of both model-based and model-free approaches. To our knowledge, this is the first paper that develops statistically sound OPE methods in offline RL with double inhomogeneities. It contributes to a deeper understanding of OPE in environments, where standard RL assumptions are not met, and provides several practical approaches in these settings. We establish the theoretical properties of the proposed value estimators and empirically show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Finally, we illustrate our method on a data set from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care. An R implementation of the proposed procedure is available at https://github.com/ZeyuBian/2FEOPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement of water and sanitation conditions may reduce infant mortality, particularly in countries like India where open defecation is highly prevalent. We conducted a quasi-experimental study to investigate the association between the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)—a national sanitation program initiated in 2014—and infant (IMR) and under five mortality rates (U5MR) in India. We analyzed data from thirty-five Indian states and 640 districts spanning 10 years (2011–2020), with IMR and U5MR per thousand live births as the outcomes. Our main exposure was the district-level annual percentage of households that received a constructed toilet under SBM. We mapped changes in IMR and U5MR and toilet access at the district level over time. We fit two-way fixed effects regression models controlling for sociodemographic, wealth, and healthcare-related confounders at the district-level to estimate the association between toilets constructed and child mortality. Toilet access and child mortality have a historically robust inverse association in India. Toilets constructed increased dramatically across India following the implementation of SBM in 2014. Results from panel data regression models show that districts with > 30% toilets constructed under SBM corresponds with 5.3 lower IMR (p < 0.05), and 6.8 lower U5MR (p < 0.05). Placebo, falsification tests and robustness checks support our main findings. The post-SBM period in India exhibited accelerated reductions in infant and child mortality compared to the pre-SBM years. Based on our regression estimates, the provision of toilets at-scale may have contributed to averting approximately 60,000–70,000 infant deaths annually. Our findings show that the implementation of transformative sanitation programs can deliver population health benefits in low- and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is a serious complication during thyroid reoperation. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is one of the means to reduce RLN paralysis. However, the role of IONM during thyroidectomy is still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess whether the IONM could reduce the incidence of RLN injury during thyroid reoperation. Methods: We performed a systematic review to identify studies in English language which were published between January 1, 2004, and March 25, 2023 from PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, comparing the use of IONM and Visualization Alone (VA) during thyroid reoperation. The RLN injury rate was calculated in relation to the number of nerves at risk. All data were analyzed using Review Manger (version 5.3) software. The Cochran Q test (I2 test) was used to test for heterogeneity. Odds ratios were estimated by fixed effects model or random effects model, according to the heterogeneity level. Results: Eleven studies (3655 at-risk nerves) met criteria for inclusion. Data presented as odds ratio(OR) and their 95% confidence intervals(CI). Incidence of overall, temporary, and permanent RLN injury in IONM group were, respectively, 4.67%, 4.17%, and 2.39%, whereas for the VA group, they were 8.30%, 6.27%, and 2.88%. The summary OR of overall, temporary, and permanent RLN injury compared using IONM and VA were, respectively, 0.68 (95%CI 0.4-1.14, p=0.14), 0.82 (95%CI 0.39-1.72, p=0.60), and 0.62 (95%CI 0.4-0.96, p=0.03). Conclusions: The presented data showed benefits of reducing permanent RLN injury by using IONM, but without statistical significance for temporary RLN injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation can lead to wage inequalities through different channels. This paper explores this relationship, focusing on the direct and spillover (indirect) effects of these channels on personal wage inequalities in Brazilian regions. Product and process innovation are measured by patents and the acquisition of foreign technology through imports of capital goods respectively. Based on data that covers 482 regions from 2003 to 2014, we use the Spatial Durbin Model with spatial fixed effects to control spatial dependence and heterogeneity across regions. The results point to a positive association between our measures of innovation and wage inequalities. However, as we found a non‐linear relationship between imports of capital goods and wage inequality, an increase in imports of capital goods may reduce wage inequality. Other variables may also cause inequality to fall, such as the share of the population with a higher education degree and social skills. Drivers behind an increase in inequality are female participation in the workforce and the level of GDP per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To undertake a one-stage meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials comparing individualized dosing of follitropin delta vs. other forms of follitropin (alpha and beta) for live birth (LB) rates (LBR) and safety parameters in women undergoing ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization treatment. Systematic review with individual patient data meta-analysis. Not applicable. Women undergoing ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization treatment. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Web of Science to identify eligible phase 3 trials between January 1, 2000, and February 1, 2023. All analyses were based on individual participant data. We used a general linear mixed effects logistic regression model using fixed effects for treatment drugs interacting with log (AMH) level, age, and random effects for country and trial to compare the primary efficacy and safety outcomes of LB and early ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and/or the need for OHSS preventative measures, with ovarian stimulation parameters and neonatal outcomes also assessed. PROSPERO registration: CRD42023399711. Three trials met inclusion criteria and included 2,685 women undertaking 2,682 cycles between October 2013 and May 2020, with LB follow-up through to February 1, 2023. For women with an elevated AMH level (≥15 pmol/L), there was high-quality evidence that the use of individualized dosing of follitropin delta was associated with an increased LB rate (adjusted odds ratio [adj OR] 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14, 2.36). Safety outcomes were also improved with a reduced risk of both early OHSS and/or the need for preventative interventions (adj OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15, 0.49) and early moderate or severe OHSS (adj OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.16, 0.58). These improvements in outcomes were obtained with a lower total dose of gonadotropin (−48.7 μg, 95% CI −53.7, −43.8) and no adjustments in the daily dose. In contrast, similar LB rates (adj OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.63, 1.17) and safety outcomes (adj OR 1.92, 95% CI 0.76, 4.87) were observed for women with an AMH level of <15 pmol/L. There were no clinically meaningful differences in neonatal outcomes. Using follitropin delta in an AMH level and weight-based algorithm rather than conventional licensed dosing of follitropin alpha or beta for ovarian stimulation in women is associated with improved LB rates and safety outcomes for women with elevated AMH levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When accounting for the social–ecological impact of an ecological restoration program, both objective environmental contexts and people's subjective perceptions are required. While this kind of environmental impact assessment lacks a comprehensive perspective. We use the difference-in-differences model to evaluate the effect of the greenness of the landscape after ecological migration in the Qilian Mountains in China; and analysis of variance and fixed effects models are used to evaluate the effects of such ecological restoration programs on local people's perceptions. The results show that the ecological migration program in the Qilian Mountains has been successful at not only significantly improving remotely sensed greenness at the landscape scale, but also at enhancing immigrants' environmental perceptions. These findings demonstrate the environmental impacts of ecological migration from a social–ecological perspective, and can provide methodological implications for landscape planning to support a better understanding of ecological restoration programs in the drylands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speed of urbanization in China has been unprecedented, and its driving force has been given much attention in the field. Previous literature analyzes the driving factors of China's urbanization from various aspects, including the economy, population, transportation, housing, and other market factors. However, this study explored the influence of power factors on urbanization from a new perspective of city leaders. Based on the panel data from 285 Chinese cities from 2006 to 2017, a fixed effects model was used to analyze the influence of city leaders' power hierarchy and promotion pressure on the speed of land and population urbanization. The main conclusions are as follows: First, the power hierarchy of party secretaries has a significant positive impact on land urbanization speed. Party secretaries with a higher position hierarchy can promote land urbanization speed. Second, the promotion pressure of party secretaries exerts a significant impact on land urbanization speed. An inverted "U" relationship has been observed between the age of party secretaries and the speed of land urbanization. The speed reaches its maximum when party secretaries are approximately 56 years old. Furthermore, party secretaries' tenure has a positive and significant impact on land urbanization speed. Third, the power hierarchy and promotion pressure of party secretaries have no significant impact on the population's urbanization speed. In addition, this research finds that land finance acts as a mediating factor in the influence of party secretaries' power hierarchy and promotion pressure on land urbanization speed. The conclusions can provide suggestions for improving official evaluation mechanisms and expanding financing for urban construction to promote the development of new human-centered urbanization in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research shows that firms and jobs are more important for understanding gender wage inequalities than individual-level and occupational-level attributes. I investigate how two mechanisms derived from relational inequality theory, opportunity hoarding and exploitation, affect within-firm gender wage gaps. First, men might exclude women from high-paying firms or jobs (i.e. opportunity hoarding), resulting in gender wage inequalities. Second, male managers might use their relational power to redistribute wages from females to males (exploitation). Increasing the number of female managers might stop this exploitation. While previous literature focused on the effect of female managers on the gender wage gap, I contribute to the literature by also considering the impact of female managers on males' wages theoretically and empirically. Using German linked employer-employee data and fixed-effect regressions at the firm and job levels, I find evidence for opportunity hoarding at both the firm and the job levels. For the exploitation mechanism, female managers increase females' wages and lower males' wages, suggesting the existence of the exploitation mechanism. Further analyses show that the increases in females' wages are proportional to the decreases in males' wages. Thus, I find evidence for female managers redistributing males' wages to females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aims to investigate whether and how the development of the digital economy can reduce air pollutant emissions in China. Specifically, using a fixed effect model and an empirical test that exploits pollutant emissions in 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2020, we explore the impact of digital economy development on air pollution through three mechanisms: public attention to environmental pollution, production efficiency, and environmental governance efficiency. Additionally, we provide heterogeneity analysis based on regions, industrial structure, and years of schooling. Findings are crucial for policymakers and environmentalists concerned about economic development's effects on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to verify the association between smartphone/tablet exposure and physical activity and sleep in children from 5 to 10 years old. Data Source: This study followed the guidelines of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and included studies that met eligibility criteria based on the "PECO" strategy: participants (children from 5 to 10 years old), exposure (smartphone and tablet use), and outcome (physical activity and sleep). Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: The inclusion criteria were observational studies published in indexed scientific journals and written in Portuguese, English, and Spanish that verified the association of exposure to smartphones/tablets with physical activity and sleep in children aged 5 to 10 years of both sexes. Studies were considered eligible only if they met the previous criteria. Data Extraction: The search was conducted in January 2023 on databases from electronic journals without the restriction of the period. To meta-analyze were extracted and grouped using models of fixed and random effects, the coefficients Odds Ratio (OR), Beta (β), Standard Error (SE), and Confidence Intervals of 95% (95%CI). Data Synthesis: 2396 potentially relevant papers were identified, and 17 met the inclusion criteria. Results: It can be verified that there was an inverse association between smartphones with physical activity and sleep. Studies indicate that for every additional hour of smartphone and tablet use, sleep can be expected to decrease by an average of 11 minutes (β = − 0.11; 95%CI = −0.13; −0.09). Children using smartphones and tablets were 1.79 times (OR = 1.79; 95%CI = 1.72-1.86) more likely to have shorter sleep duration and 1.53 times (OR = 1.53; 95%CI = 1.41-1.65) more likely to have worse sleep quality. Children with shorter smartphone and tablet usage were 1.19 times more likely to be active (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.03-1.37). Conclusion: Children of 5 to 10 years who are more often exposed to smartphones and tablets are prone to have worse quality and quantity of sleep, as well as less practice of physical activity. Health promotion actions can be encouraged based on the results, aiming to reduce the use time of these devices and improve children's health and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impact of labor market institutions (LMIs) on regional patents is studied. • I argue that the supply-side approach is fallacious for Europe. • Stronger wage-setting institutions can foster innovation in Europe. • Wage-setting institutions offset the negative impact of employment protection legislation (EPL) on innovation. • Positive spillover effects are identified between European regions. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the relationship between labor market institutions (LMIs) and patents in 177 NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 European regions. Fixed effects models, ordinary least squares (OLS), the generalized method of moments estimation of the fixed effects (FE-GMM), multilevel modeling (MLM), and spatial models are employed. Patents are negatively correlated with EPL and union density and positively associated with wage bargaining coverage and centralization. As a result, a uniform wage that is higher than the competitive wage can enable the Schumpeterian creative destruction process, forcing firms to invest in innovation to remain in the market. Spatial analysis emphasizes that regional proximity promotes the flow of knowledge and increases the chance of innovation. Interactions also matter. Increased bargaining power and coordination, in particular, may outweigh the negative consequences of isolated EPL reforms. Thus, policies that strengthen wage-setting institutions are required in Europe to boost innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the impact of the digital economy on urban green development and its fluctuations, the entropy method is employed to measure the degrees of the digital economy and green development in 284 cities of China during 2013 to 2019. A panel fixed-effect model is established for the exploration of how the digital economy affects urban green development. The results indicate: (1) Throughout the research period, notable variations were observed in digital economy and green development levels among cities, both of which demonstrated an upward trajectory overall. After undergoing several robustness tests, it is evident that the digital economy plays a significant role in advancing urban green development. (2) The impact of the digital economy on urban green development varies due to differences in urban resource endowments and geographical locations. In non-resource-based cities and the eastern regions, the positive influence of the digital economy on urban green development is more pronounced and significant. (3) The effect of the digital economy on urban green development does not follow straight-line characteristics. When the digital economy level attains a specific threshold, its positive impact will notably intensify. The results aid in shaping specific policies for different regions, promoting digital economic growth, and facilitating the urban green transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Headache and facial pain are common symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, given the numerous etiologies that can cause these symptoms, the impact of sinus surgery is not well characterized. Methods: A systematic review was performed by searching the literature from inception through June 6, 2023. English‐language articles reporting outcomes for facial pain/pressure or headache following endoscopic sinus surgery were selected for inclusion. Meta‐analyses were performed using random and fixed effect models on continuous measures (mean), mean difference (Δ), and proportions (%). Results: A total of 26 articles reporting on 2839 patients were selected for inclusion. The mean patient age was 44.0 ± 3.9 (range 16.0–84.0), with an average symptom duration of 5.3 ± 2.8 years. Among these patients, 56.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 52.3–60.6) were male and 77.0% (95% CI: 56.6–92.3) had nasal polyposis (NP). Patients with and without NP reported substantial reductions in both 22‐item sino‐nasal outcome test facial pain/pressure (with NP: −1.4 [95% CI: −1.6 to −1.2; relative reduction 59.1%]; without NP: −1.5 [95% CI: −1.9 to −1.1; relative reduction 60.9%]) and visual analogue scale (VAS) headache (with NP: −2.5 [95% CI: −2.8 to −2.1; relative reduction 67.2%]; without NP: −2.8 [95% CI: −4.7 to −1.0; relative reduction 42.7%]). Symptom reductions were greater in the without NP versus with NP group; VAS facial pain/pressure: Δ0.4 (95% CI: 0.2–0.6; p = 0.0006) and VAS headache: Δ0.4 (95% CI: 0.1–0.7; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CRS patients, regardless of polyp status, benefit from significant reductions in facial pain/pressure and headache following surgical therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the 5th of March 2013, the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) issued warnings regarding elevated pollution levels. Air pollution were reported in various regions of England, thereby influencing consumer behavior significantly. In response to the inconveniences and health threats posed by air pollution, individuals may alter their behavior to contribute to environmental improvement and mitigate the risks of potential future disasters. This study employs a difference-in-difference model, incorporating a two-way fixed effect model, to explore the repercussions of air pollution on consumer behavior. The findings suggest severe air pollution increase reliance on public transportation, as well as heighten inclination towards walking and cycling for short journeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy has introduced new ideas and methods for the high-quality development of agriculture, becoming a driving force for enhancing agricultural production efficiency. This manuscript utilizes balanced panel data from 1,503 counties and employs the three-stage DEA-Malmquist method to measure agricultural total factor productivity (hereinafter referred to as ATFP). Fixed effect models and mediation models are used to explore the impact and mechanisms of digital rural development on ATFP. The research findings indicate that both ATFP and digital rural development are increasing, although regional disparities exist. The eastern region has higher levels of digital rural development and ATFP compared to the central and western regions. Analysis using fixed effect models and mediation models shows that digital rural development has a significant positive effect on ATFP during the sample period, with rural inclusive finance and human capital playing a mediating role. The impact of digital rural development on ATFP varies across regions. It is more prominent in main grain-producing and main grain-consuming areas, and less significant in balanced production and consumption areas. Geographically, the impact is stronger in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. When categorized by the type of agricultural production, the impact is significant in livestock areas, while relatively smaller in planting industry areas. Based on these findings, it is recommended that local areas tailor their approach to digital rural construction and formulate agricultural production policies that leverage regional strengths and address weaknesses. Additionally, promoting the development of rural inclusive finance, cultivating digital talent, improving talent introduction policies, and expanding the rural digital talent pool are suggested to build momentum for agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is a challenge to the sustainable development of all humanity. Innovation is the main driver of the world's development and a powerful response to economic development and environmental protection. In this paper, a bidirectional fixed effect model and spatial Durbin model are used to explore the impact mechanism, heterogeneity and spatial impact of the low-carbon effect of technological innovation based on panel data of 279 Chinese cities from 2010 to 2019. The findings indicate that (1) technological innovation significantly negatively impacts carbon intensity, while the impact of high-quality technological innovation is greater. After the robustness test with the instrumental variable method and DID method, the conclusion is still valid. (2) The low-carbon effect is stronger in cities where governments pay more attention to green development and in central China. (3) Technological innovation improves energy efficiency (direct mechanism) and optimizes energy and industrial structures (indirect mechanism), and the digital economy strengthens this effect. (4) Furthermore, innovation can negatively impact the carbon intensity of adjacent cities. This paper provides new evidence and perspectives on the impact of technological innovation on carbon emissions more precisely at the city level. Additionally, this study provides an essential reference for countries to cope with global climate change and formulate differentiated policies among regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functions of the stock market such as investment exit mechanism (IPO), interest incentive and capital allocation are beneficial for corporate to engage in innovation activities with higher risk and longer cycle, but IPO underpricing will hinder the realization of such functions. This paper uses the fixed effect model for empirical analysis and finds that the long-term innovation performance of corporate s with IPO underpricing is poor. Mechanism analysis shows that IPO underpricing corporates will have management myopia, lack of R&D enthusiasm that inhibit corporate innovation. Further analysis shows that the improvement of corporate information transparency and institutional investor field research can alleviate this negative impact can alleviate this negative impact. The conclusion of this paper aims to improve efficiency of the capital market, promote the effective pricing of the capital market, and provide certain reference significance for the relevant policies of the capital market to support the high-quality development of the real economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Did migrants make Paris a mecca for the arts and Vienna a beacon of classical music? Or was their rise a pure consequence of local actors? We use data on more than 22,000 historical individuals born between the years 1000 and 2000 to estimate the contribution of famous immigrants, emigrants and locals to the knowledge specialisations of European regions. We find that the probability that a region develops or keeps specialisation in an activity (based on the birth of famous physicists, painters, etc.) grows with both the presence of immigrants with knowledge about that activity and immigrants with knowledge in related activities. In contrast, we do not find robust evidence that the presence of locals with related knowledge explains entries and/or exits. We address some endogeneity concerns using fixed-effects models considering any location–period–activity-specific factors (e.g., the presence of a new university attracting scientists). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the terms‐of‐trade effects of economy‐specific shocks to productivity in developing economies using a panel vector autoregression model with interactive fixed effects and the "max‐share" approach. We find that the terms of trade after unanticipated changes in economy‐specific productivity mostly exhibit insignificant dynamics in the developing economies. However, we present evidence that they can significantly deteriorate in a particular set of developing countries, namely the ones with a high score on technological deepening and upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of two-way foreign direct investment (FDI) is a striking feature of the Belt and Road (B&R). Can two-way FDI promote green technology spillover (GTS) from the B&R countries? Does the technology gap moderate GTS? And what is the underlying mechanism? To this end, this paper systematically analyses the impact of two-way FDI on GTS based on panel data of 64 B&R countries from 2001 to 2020. Three significant findings were obtained: first, there is a dynamic effect between two-way FDI and GTS, and the technology gap always adjusts this relationship positively. Second, "Iron needs to be hard." Whether "going out" or "coming in," GTS is confined to a certain extent. The B&R countries must rely on their capabilities to build higher-quality, independently controllable key technology chains. Finally, the technology effect of two-way FDI always inhibits GTS, and the technology gap between the B&R countries and technology frontier countries is the "valley of death" which is difficult to cross but has to cross. These findings have targeted policy implications for the B&R countries to capture better GTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this research paper is to analyze the connection between ESG performance and financial performance within the real estate sector. By focusing on ESG ratings and pillar scores as proxies for ESG performance, the study investigates how these factors impact both profitability and market indicators. Design/methodology/approach: With data sourced from over 680 publicly listed real estate companies, the research employs a fixed effects regression model to analyze the findings. By utilizing this method, the study can assess the impact of governance, environmental and social factors on both the accounting and market performance of real estate companies. Findings: The outcomes of this study underscore a link between sustainability, particularly environmental aspects and financial performance. However, the study also reveals a contrasting result: governance factors are associated with adverse financial outcomes. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight the limitations as the results present a mixed picture with limited significant findings. Practical implications: Companies should prioritize improvements in environment to boost profitability, while they should carefully consider the costs and benefits associated with enhancing their governance structure. Originality/value: By focusing on this industry and adopting a global perspective, the study addresses a gap in the literature. The research's innovative approach to utilizing ESG ratings and pillar scores as proxies for ESG performance enhances its originality. Furthermore, the research's identification of the differing impacts of environmental and governance factors on financial outcomes add novel perspectives to the discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the long-term effect of initiating marijuana use in adolescence on several mental health outcomes later in life. We use the first two waves (1994–1996) and the fifth wave (2016–2018) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) and estimate instrumental variables models with school-level fixed effects, where the instrument is the respondents' perceptions about their friends' marijuana use. We find that marijuana use in adolescence is associated with a significant increase in anxiety approximately twenty years later. The increase in anxiety is only present among females and is stronger among females who used marijuana regularly as adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public agencies vary considerably in the extent to which they defer compensation until later in workers' careers and often heavily backload compensation even when frontloaded compensation would likely be more efficient. I use two-way fixed effects models and detailed longitudinal data on collective bargaining agreements, salaries, and fringe benefits in public school districts in California to test two common theories about the prevalence of deferred public sector compensation. I find no evidence that stronger unions bargain for more backloaded compensation on average. However, I find suggestive evidence that unions may prefer to bargain for more backloaded compensation when their members are more veteran. I find no support for the theory that administrators prefer to defer compensation when employee performance is more difficult to monitor. These results suggest that other explanations for the backloadedness of public sector compensation may hold more promise, though they also call for additional empirical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper researches the effects of capital controls on the financial system's stability, finding that such regulatory measures mitigate the risk of banking crises (a favourable outcome) while constraining economic growth (an adverse outcome). We deployed a dynamic panel logit model incorporating fixed effects to scrutinise data from diverse emerging and advanced economies from 2000 to 2022. Further, an impulse response function analysis was employed to gauge the aggregate impact of capital controls. We find that although capital controls can underpin economic stability, they can also trigger instability by inhibiting economic development. Notably, the benefits of diminishing the likelihood of a financial crisis tends to outweigh the negative ramifications for economic growth. Moreover, while the effects of capital controls manifest differently between emerging markets and developed economies, the influence of these controls persists across the spectrum of their intensity in both contexts. This is particularly salient for policymakers navigating the delicate interplay between capital movement regulations and the overarching objectives of economic expansion and financial stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed effects (FE) have emerged as a ubiquitous and powerful tool for eliminating unwanted variation in observational accounting studies. Unwanted variation is plentiful in accounting research because we often use rich data to test precise hypotheses derived from abstract theories. By eliminating unwanted variation, FE reduce concerns that omitted variables bias our estimates or weaken test power. FE are not costless, though, so their use should be carefully justified by theoretical and institutional considerations. FE also transform samples and variables in ways that are not immediately apparent, and in doing so affect how we should interpret regression results. This primer explains the mechanics of FE and provides practical guidance for the informed use, transparent reporting, and careful interpretation of FE models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Price levels of medical services may vary across regions with different income levels, which would raise concerns about the equal access to medical services. This study aimed to estimate the spatial price index of medical services to measure price levels across 31 provincial regions in China. Methods: Price data were collected from medical service price schedule in each region. Two methods based on the Purchasing Power Parities were used to estimate the spatial price index and measure price differences across regions. The two-way fixed effects models were used to examine the association between medical service price levels and income levels, and further investigate the impacts of price differences on utilization of medical services and medical expenditure. Results: The consistent estimation results were given by two methods. Medical service price level in the highest-price region was found to be 74% higher than the lowest. There was a significant negative correlation between price levels and income levels, as well as price levels and the utilization of outpatient services. Moreover, we also found a 1% increase in medical service price level was significantly associated with a 0.34% and 0.24% increase in the medical service expense per outpatient visit and per inpatient respectively. Conclusions: Regions in China had significant gaps in medical service price levels. Policymakers should pay more attention to regional price differences and take great measures such as enhancing financial protection to ensure the equal access to medical services and better achieve the universal health coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are known to reduce hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality in various heart failure (HF) populations, potentially through enhanced excretion of water and sodium. However, there are concerns regarding the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with their use. This meta-analysis aimed to unravel the effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on risk of AKI in a variety of patients with HF. Methods: This study conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov for studies published up to January 1, 2024. Data were analyzed using both random-effects or fixed-effects models to estimate the overall relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Our analysis included 25,172 patients with HF from 16 randomized controlled trials. Treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors led to a 28% reduction in the risk of AKI progression compared to placebo (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61–0.85, p<0.0001), without an increased risk of hypotension (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.87–1.70, p = 0.26) and hypovolemia (RR 2.26, 95% CI: 0.70–7.33, p = 0.17). Notably, SGLT-2 inhibitors significantly decreased AKI in specific subgroups, including patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.43–0.80, p = 0.0007), those treated with empagliflozin (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.88, p = 0.002) or dapagliflozin (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.57–0.98, p = 0.04), in studies with a follow-up of at least 1 year (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.82, p = 0.0001), and in patients aged 65 years or older (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61–0.85, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Use of SGLT-2 inhibitors did not increase the incidence of AKI regardless of the ejection fraction environment (chronic and acute), type of SGLT-2 inhibitors, or patient age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effect of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy on unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Methods: We retrieved all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effect of IVIG therapy on URSA in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials before April 30, 2023, according to the PRISMA statement. The therapeutic effect of IVIG was measured by live birth rates. Quality assessment was conducted independently by two reviewers, based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. For the meta-analysis, we used odds ratios (random effects model and fixed effects model). The between-study heterogeneity was assessed by the Q test. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots. Results: A total of 12 studies with 751 participants were included in this metaanalysis. There was no statistical significance [OR = 1.07, 95%CI (0.65, 1.75), P=0.80] between the IVIG group and the non-IVIG group, including low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus low-dose aspirin (LDA), intralipid, multivitamins, albumin, and normal saline. A subgroup analysis was conducted according to the different treatment regimens of the non-IVIG group. Compared to the placebo group, including multivitamins, albumin, and saline, the live birth rate of the IVIG group is superior, but there was no statistical significance [OR =1.43, 95%CI (0.99, 2.07), P=0.05]. Another subgroup analysis was performed according to URSA with positive for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). Results showed the live birth rate of IVIG on URSA with positive for aPLs is inferior to that of LMWH plus LDA [OR = 0.25, 95%CI (0.11, 0.55), P=0.0007]. Conclusions: IVIG didn't increase the live birth rate of URSA compared to placebo. Conversely, compared with the IVIG, the LMWH plus LDA treatment schedule can increase the live birth rate of URSA with positive for aPLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses matched data from the CSMAR database and the China City Statistical Yearbook through a fixed effects model to examine the impact of business credit environment on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) exports at the city level in China. Considering the possible endogenous problems, this paper chooses the number of scholars in Ming and Qing dynasties as the instrumental variable of urban commercial credit environment. The empirical results show that: Firstly, the improvement of urban business credit environment has a significant contribution to the export growth of enterprises; Secondly, the mechanism of the role of urban business credit environment on SMEs exports is mainly expressed through promoting R&D investment and enhancing market dynamics; Thirdly, the business credit environment is more obvious to state-owned enterprises, eastern regions and cities with less trade freedom. With the development of urban business credit environment, individuals or companies join the competition in the industry through new start-ups to stimulate corporate exports, and existing SMEs promote corporate exports through local preferential policies, increased investment in R&D, and optimized innovation policies as well as resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalence studies about family meals, including large and representative samples of children and adolescents on this topic, are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was twofold: first, to determine the prevalence of daily family meals in large and representative samples of school‐going children and adolescents from 43 countries, and second, to identify the sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure, immigrant status and parental labour market status inequalities associated with this prevalence. Using data from the 2017/2018 wave of the Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children study, a total of 179,991 participants from 43 countries were involved in this cross‐sectional study. Family meals were assessed by the following question: ‘How often do you and your family usually have meals together?’. Participants had five different response options: ‘every day’, ‘most days’, ‘about once a week’, ‘less often’, and ‘never’. The meta package was utilized for conducting a meta‐analysis of single proportions, specifically applying the metaprop function. The analysis involved pooling the data using a random‐effects model and presenting the outcomes through a forest plot generated using the inverse variance method. Moreover, we applied generalized linear mixed models to explore the relationships between the studied sociodemographic factors as fixed effects, country as a random effect and the status of daily family meals as an outcome. Overall, the prevalence of daily family meals was 49.12% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.00–53.25). A greater probability of having daily family meals was identified for children aged 10–12 years (61.55%; 95% CI: 57.44%–65.49%), boys (61.55%, 95% CI: 57.44%–65.49%), participants with high SES (64.66%, 95% CI: 60.65%–68.48%), participants with both parents at home (65.05%, 95% CI: 61.16%–68.74%) and those with both unemployed parents (61.55%, 95% CI: 57.44%–65.49%). In the present study, which included large representative samples of school‐going children and adolescents from 43 countries, more than half of the participants did not have daily family meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ibuprofen is one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drugs in children. However, its potential causal role in childhood asthma pathogenesis remains uncertain. In this systematic review, we assessed the association between ibuprofen administration in children and the risk of developing or exacerbating asthma. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to May 2022, with no language limits; searched relevant reviews; and performed citation searching. We included studies of any design that were primary empirical peer-reviewed publications, where ibuprofen use in children 0–18 years was reported. Screening was performed in duplicate by blinded review. In total, 24 studies met our criteria. Data were extracted according to PRISMA guidelines, and the risk of bias was assessed using RoB2 and NOS tools. Quantitative data were pooled using fixed effect models, and qualitative data were pooled using narrative synthesis. Primary outcomes were asthma or asthma-like symptoms. The results were grouped according to population (general, asthmatic, and ibuprofen-hypersensitive), comparator type (active and non-active) and follow-up duration (short- and long-term). Results: Comparing ibuprofen with active comparators, there was no evidence of a higher risk associated with ibuprofen over both the short and long term in either the general or asthmatic population. Comparing ibuprofen use with no active alternative over a short-term follow-up, ibuprofen may provide protection against asthma-like symptoms in the general population when used to ease symptoms of fever or bronchiolitis. In contrast, it may cause asthma exacerbation for those with pre-existing asthma. However, in both populations, there were no clear long-term follow-up effects. Conclusions: Ibuprofen use in children had no elevated risk relative to active comparators. However, use in children with asthma may lead to asthma exacerbation. The results are driven by a very small number of influential studies, and research in several key clinical contexts is limited to single studies. Both clinical trials and observational studies are needed to understand the potential role of ibuprofen in childhood asthma pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the most important carriers of human pathogens. Using the insecticides is one of the most important methods of combating this vector. But the genetic resistance created in Culex quinquefasciatus led to disruption in the fight against this pest. Consequently, it is necessary to know the level of resistance to fight this vector. Based on this, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of kdr resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticides in the world. Methods: This study was conducted by systematic review, and meta-analysis on the prevalence of kdr resistance and mortality rate in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticides in the world. All pertinent articles were extracted and analyzed in accordance with this information during an unrestricted search of the scientific databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, biooan.org, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar until the end of November 2023. Statistical analysis of data was done using fixed and random effects model in meta-analysis, I2 index, Cochran's test, and meta-regression by STATA version 17 software. Results: Seventy articles were included in the meta-analysis process. Based on the findings, the prevalence of Kdr in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticide was estimated at 63.1%. Moreover, the mortality rate against the insecticide deltamethrin was 46%, DDT 18.5%, permethrin 42.6%, malathion 54.4% and lambdacyhalothrin 53%. Conclusion: More than half of Cx. quinquefasciatus had Kdr. This vector was relatively resistant to DDT and permethrin insecticides and sensitive to malathion, deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin. In order to prevent the development of resistance to alternative insecticides, it is consequently critical to combat this vector with efficacious insecticides. Author summary: Using the insecticides is one of the most important methods of combating this vector. Based on this, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of kdr resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticides in the world. This study was conducted by systematic review, and meta-analysis on the prevalence of kdr resistance and mortality rate in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticides in the world. Based on the findings, the prevalence of Kdr in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticide was estimated at 63.1%. Moreover, the mortality rate against the insecticide deltamethrin was 46%, DDT 18.5%, permethrin 42.6%, malathion 54.4% and lambdacyhalothrin 53%. More than half of Cx. quinquefasciatus had Kdr. This vector was relatively resistant to DDT and permethrin insecticides and sensitive to malathion, deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to examine macro-determinants of the Not Engaged in Employment, Education, or Training Young People (NEET) in Central and Eastern European Countries. Data from 16 countries were collected from Eurostat –, UNESCO – and Word Bank Database 2013–2021 by using the panel data analysis method. Early school leaving rate, vocational education and training enrollment rate, unemployment rate, labour market regulation, gross domestic product, education expenditure and human development index were used for explaining the NEET in selected area. The relationship between variables was analyzed using the Panel Data Methods via Fixed-Effects Model. Therefore, according to the findings of Driscoll and Kraay Estimator – One-Way Fixed Effects Model, gross domestic product, labour market regulation, early school leaving rate, vocational education, and training enrollment rate variables have a high and statistically significant effect on NEET as the dependent variable, while unemployment rate and human development index have a marginal but significant effect on NEET. The findings of the present study showed associations between socio-economic and institutional conditions (labour market regulation) and the NEET rate at the country level and may indicate appropriate policy measures to promote a decrease in the NEET rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ensuring that the scale and hierarchical structure of health human resources are rational, and that medical services are efficient and fair, is an important task of practical significance. On this basis, examining the impact of health human resources on the level of medical services presents a new and formidable challenge. This study aims to delve into how the scale and hierarchical structure of health human resources in China's four major economic regions affect the fairness and efficiency of medical services, and to identify optimization strategies. Methods: This study utilizes provincial panel data from China's four major economic regions spanning the years 2009 to 2021. Initially, it provides a statistical description of the current state of health human resources and the level of medical services. Subsequently, it employs a fixed-effects model to analyze the impact of the scale and hierarchical structure of health human resources, as well as their interactive effects, on the fairness and efficiency of medical services, and discusses the interactive mechanisms between medical service fairness and medical service efficiency. Furthermore, after conducting a comprehensive evaluation of the level of medical services using the entropy weight method, it explores the regional heterogeneity and temporal dynamics in the influence of the scale and hierarchical structure of health human resources on the level of medical services. Finally, the study examines the scientific validity and rationality of the research findings through various robustness checks, including the substitution of research variables and models. Results: The study found that the scale of health human resources has a promoting effect on the equity of medical services (β ≤ 0.643, p ≤ 0.01), but exhibits an inhibitory effect on the efficiency of medical services (β ≥ -0.079, p ≤ 0.1); the hierarchical structure of health human resources shows a positive impact on both the equity and efficiency of medical services (βequity ≤ 0.160, p ≤ 0.01; βefficiency ≤ 0.341, p ≤ 0.05); at the same time, the results indicate that the interactive effect of the scale and hierarchical structure of health human resources promotes equity in medical services (β = 0.067, p ≤ 0.01), but restricts the efficiency of medical services (β ≥ -0.039, p ≤ 0.01); the mechanism by which health human resources affect the level of medical services in China's western and northeastern regions is more pronounced than in the central and eastern regions; after the implementation of the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline, the role of health human resources in the level of medical services has been strengthened; in the robustness tests, the model remains robust after replacing the core explanatory variables, with R2 maintained between 0.869 and 0.972, and the dynamic GMM model test shows a significant second-order lag in the level of medical services (βequity ≤ 0.149, p ≤ 0.01; βefficiency ≤ 0.461, p ≤ 0.01); the channel test results prove that managerial personnel and other technical personnel are key pathways in regulating the impact of medical staff on the level of medical services. Conclusion: This study provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of health human resources on the level of medical services, revealing that both the scale and hierarchical structure of health human resources significantly affect the equity and efficiency of medical services. Furthermore, the influence of health human resources on the level of medical services exhibits regional heterogeneity and temporal characteristics. Robustness tests ensure the scientific validity and robustness of the research conclusions. This provides effective references for optimizing the allocation of health human resources and improving the level of medical services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land consolidation has become an organized and widely implemented project in rural areas. However, research remains somewhat scarce on the contributing mechanism of land consolidation to farmer income in developing countries. Using provincial panel data from China, this study employs a fixed effects model to analyze the influence of high-standard farmland construction on farmer income and underlying mechanisms. Results suggest that the implementation of high-standard farmland construction can significantly augment farmer income. Reduction in agricultural production cost, improvement in agricultural management benefit and increase in non-farm income have led to the boost in income. The relationship between income and high-standard farmland construction exhibits regional disparities, with the most significant impacts concentrated in economically developed areas and low relief degree areas. Our findings suggest that it is imperative for the Chinese government to persistently promote the establishment of high-standard farmland, and further enhance its positive influence on advancing agricultural cost-effectiveness and expanding non-farm income channels for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sedentary behavior is linked to excess fat mass; however, this association may be inconclusive due to potential measurement errors in self-reported sedentary behavior. Objective: To assess the association between changes in sedentary behavior and fat mass in a Cohort of Health Workers (HWCS) from 2004 to 2010. Methods: A total of 1,285 adults participating in the Cohort of Health Workers were evaluated in 2004 and 2010. Fat mass (kg) was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. A self-administered questionnaire was used to estimate the sedentary behavior. Sedentary behavior was also estimated using accelerometry in a sample of 142 health workers. Accelerometry data were used to correct self-reported sedentary behavior using a generalized linear model, which included values for sleeping time, age, sex, sedentary behavior, glucose, and triglycerides. Concordance between both methods was assessed using a kappa and Bland–Altman analysis. Once sedentary behavior was corrected, the values were used to evaluate the association between changes in sedentary behavior and body fat mass using a fixed effect model in the cohort, adjusting for confounders. Results: Self-reported sedentary behavior was 2.8 ± 1.8 and 2.3 ± 1.6 h/day, and body fat mass was 24.9 ± 8.1 and 26.8 ± 8.5 kg in 2004 and 2010, respectively. After applying the correction model, the self-reported sedentary behavior was 7.6 ± 1.2 and 7.5 ± 1.2 h/day in 2004 and 2010, respectively. For every hour increase in corrected sedentary behavior, there was an observed increase of 0.847 (p > 0.001) kg in body fat mass during the 6.8 years in the Cohort of Health Workers from 2004 to 2010. Conversely, non-corrected self-reported sedentary behavior was associated with a non-significant reduction of 0.097 kg (p = 0.228) for every hour of sedentary behavior. Conclusions: Increased sedentary behavior was associated with increased body fat mass when corrected self-reported sedentary behavior was used. Implementing public health strategies to reduce sedentary behavior is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current context of economic development requires paying close attention to the energy industry. Since 2022, European countries has been facing specific problems due to energy crises against the background of the geopolitical conflict and the measures provided by European forums in order to reduce dependence on energy imports from Russia. In this context, we aim to define a new model of energy consumption and the function of energy sustainability at the European level, aspects that will lead to highlighting the position of the 27 European member states in the period 2005--2022 in terms of their energy sustainability. The methodology used is based on the study of literature, the consolidation of databases, econometric modelling, and procedures for testing the validity of modelling results. The results of the study are useful to European energy policy decision-makers in view of the necessary adjustments to achieve the objectives of the 2030 and 2050 Agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]