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Background and Aims: Ensuring the long-term stability of orthodontic treatments and preventing tooth relapse remains a significant challenge in orthodontics, often addressed through the extended use of retainers. Given the pivotal role of retainers' physical and mechanical properties in this regard, this study aimed to investigate the tensile strength, flexural strength, and deflection of three distinct types of fixed orthodontic retainers. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, each group comprised 12 samples of twisted, flat, and coaxial retainer wires, each measuring 8 mm in length. These samples were affixed onto the polyethylene blocks using cyanoacrylate adhesive and subsequently subjected to compressive loads using a universal testing machine. The maximum bending strength and deflection rate were recorded from stress-strain diagrams. To evaluate the tensile strength, the identical samples underwent tensile loading. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing SPSS software, employing analysis of variance tests to compare data between groups. Results: Significant differences were observed in the bending strength (P=0.004), deflection (P<0.001), and tensile strength (P<0.001) among the investigated retainer wires. The flat retainer wire exhibited the highest bending strength, averaging 822.876±136.07 MPa, while the coaxial retainer wire showed the lowest, with an average of 673.65±73.35 MPa. Regarding deflection, the flat retainer wire displayed the highest average at 4.04±0.6 mm, surpassing the other two types of retainers. However, the tensile strength of the twisted retainer wires, averaging 699.7±83.46 MPa, exceeded that of both the flat and coaxial retainer wires. Conclusion: The flat retainer wires demonstrated the highest bending and deflection strength, while the twisted retainer wires exhibited the highest tensile strength. Overall, the bending strength, deflection, and tensile strength of the 3-strand twisted and flat retainer wires outperformed those of the 5-strand coaxial retainer wires, increased flexural and tensile strengths imply a higher resistance of the wires to the forces induced by harder and more viscous foodstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Currently, anterior‐only (AO), posterior‐only, and combined anterior–posterior spinal fusions are common strategies for treating cervical kyphosis in patients with neurofibromatosis‐1 NF‐1. Nevertheless, the choice of surgical strategy remains a topic of controversy. The aim of our study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of anterior decompression and spinal reconstruction for the treatment of cervical kyphosis in patients with NF‐1. Methods Twelve patients with NF‐1‐associated cervical kyphotic deformity were reviewed retrospectively between January 2010 and April 2020. All patients underwent AO correction and reconstruction. The X‐ray was followed up in all these patients to assess the preoperative and postoperative local kyphosis angle (LKA), the global kyphosis angle (GKA), the sagittal vertical axis, and the T1 slope. The visual analog scale score, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, and neck disability index (NDI) score were used to evaluate the improvement inclinical symptoms. The results of the difference in improvement from preoperatively to the final follow‐up assessment were assessed using a paired t‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test. Results The LKA and GKA decreased from the preoperative average of 64.42 (range, 38–86) and 35.50 (range, 10–81) to an average of 16.83 (range, −2 to 46) and 4.25 (range, −22 to 39) postoperatively, respectively. The average correction rates of the LKA and GKA were 76.11% and 111.97%, respectively. All patients had achieved satisfactory relief of neurological symptoms (p

Abstract: Aim: Bond failure can compromise the clinical efficacy and duration of orthodontic treatment. A decemented bracket can lengthen the course of treatment by about 0.6 months. This study aimed to compare the adhesive remnant index (ARI) and shear bond strength of different metal bracket bases on artificially aged human teeth. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro , prospective, cross-sectional study, thirty-six human premolars were cemented with three types of metal bracket base designs: Group 1 had a laser-structured base, Group 2 had a mesh base, and Group 3 had a base with retention grooves. All groups were bonded with Transbond XT light-curing resin. Shear strength testing was performed, and the ARI was evaluated. The parametric one-factor analysis of variance test and Tukey's post hoc test were used for the comparison of shear bond strength, and the effect size was also evaluated with eta squared. In addition, the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the ARI of the three groups on an ordinal scale. All statistics were set at a significance of P < 0.05. Results: The ARI scores did not exhibit any statistically significant differences (P = 0.163). Nevertheless, the three groups exhibited statistically significant differences in shear bond strength, with an effect size of 69% (P < 0.001). The mesh base bracket had the lowest average (9.9 ± 2.6 MPa) (P < 0.001), while the laser-structured base bracket had the greatest average (19.1 ± 3.0 MPa) (P = 0.006). Conclusion: The variation in shear bond strength was influenced by 69% due to the type of the metal bracket base used. Laser-structured and mesh-based brackets had the highest and lowest shear strength, respectively. All bases left a similar ARI on the tooth enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To compare self‐reported pain levels across various treatment phases using passive self‐ligating (Damon) and conventional (Victory) standardized fixed appliance systems. Materials and Methods: Adolescents (12–17 years old) with crowding and displaced teeth, planned for non‐extraction treatment, were recruited from four orthodontic clinics. They were randomized into stratified blocks (1:1 ratio) using concealed allocation to receive Damon Q™ (34 boys, 28 girls) or Victory™ (39 boys, 31 girls). Pain and analgesic intake were assessed on seven different occasions with validated self‐report questionnaires using a 10‐grade scale. Results: Of the 132 patients included, six were lost to follow up. Clinically relevant mean pain scores (≥4) were registered in both groups after bonding upper and lower arches and after insertion of 0.019 × 0.025 stainless steel archwire. The highest mean scores were reported on day two after bonding the upper arch (Damon 5.96, Victory 7.18, P =.011). In both groups, at least 40% reported taking analgesics during various treatment phases. The Damon group reported a lower intake of analgesics on days one and two (P =.042 and.037) after treatment initiation. In the entire sample, boys reported significantly higher mean pain scores than girls on the second and third days after bonding (P =.008 and.026, respectively). Conclusions: Lower pain levels were reported from the Damon group after bonding. In general, boys reported higher pain than girls did. Clinicians and adolescents need to be aware that clinically relevant pain levels can be expected not only after bonding but also in later phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Currently, anterior‐only (AO), posterior‐only, and combined anterior–posterior spinal fusions are common strategies for treating cervical kyphosis in patients with neurofibromatosis‐1 NF‐1. Nevertheless, the choice of surgical strategy remains a topic of controversy. The aim of our study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of anterior decompression and spinal reconstruction for the treatment of cervical kyphosis in patients with NF‐1. Methods: Twelve patients with NF‐1‐associated cervical kyphotic deformity were reviewed retrospectively between January 2010 and April 2020. All patients underwent AO correction and reconstruction. The X‐ray was followed up in all these patients to assess the preoperative and postoperative local kyphosis angle (LKA), the global kyphosis angle (GKA), the sagittal vertical axis, and the T1 slope. The visual analog scale score, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, and neck disability index (NDI) score were used to evaluate the improvement inclinical symptoms. The results of the difference in improvement from preoperatively to the final follow‐up assessment were assessed using a paired t‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test. Results: The LKA and GKA decreased from the preoperative average of 64.42 (range, 38–86) and 35.50 (range, 10–81) to an average of 16.83 (range, −2 to 46) and 4.25 (range, −22 to 39) postoperatively, respectively. The average correction rates of the LKA and GKA were 76.11% and 111.97%, respectively. All patients had achieved satisfactory relief of neurological symptoms (p < 0.01). JOA scores were improved from 10.42 (range, 8–16) preoperatively to 15.25 (range, 11–18) at final follow‐up (p < 0.01). NDI scores were decreased from an average of 23.25 (range, 16–34) preoperatively to an average of 7.08 (range, 3–15) at the final follow‐up (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Anterior‐only correction and reconstruction is a safe and effective method for correcting cervical kyphosis in NF‐1 patients. In fixed cervical kyphosis cases, preoperative skull traction should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the median event-free survival and relative complication rates of monolithic and minimally layered full-arch zirconia prostheses, as well as to identify risk factors for prosthesis complications. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 129 subjects (173 prostheses) were included in the chart review and 56 subjects (75 prostheses) participated in a clinical follow-up visit. All subjects had either single- or dual-arch monolithic or minimally layered zirconia implant-supported prostheses. Data related to patient, implant, and prosthesis factors were extracted from charts. The subgroup that presented for a clinical visit were asked to complete a satisfaction questionnaire. For this subgroup, the following clinical measures were assessed: routine intraoral examination, number of occluding units, cantilever length on each side of the prosthesis (right and left), prosthesis height, occlusal scheme, and oral hygiene methods. Periapical radiographs were obtained when the last radiographs of the patient were taken more than 12 months prior. Results: The follow-up period ranged from 12 months to 7.1 years (mean: 1.9 years). Observed complications included implant loss, peri-implantitis, mucositis, purulence, sinus tract formation, oroantral communication, implant fracture, titanium base debonding, ceramic chipping, prosthetic screw fracture or loosening, damage to opposing teeth, and clicking sounds. There was an insufficient number of complications to evaluate the effect of covariates on the risk of specific complications, such as titanium base debonding (eight events), ceramic chipping (nine events), and peri-implantitis (eight events). The unadjusted event-free median survival time was 5.8 years. The proportion of all prostheses with at least one complication was 30%. There were no observed prosthesis losses during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Monolithic and minimally layered zirconia full-arch implant-supported prostheses demonstrate an acceptable median event-free survival time. Event-free survival times were increased and the number of complications was reduced in prostheses with five to eight implants and conventional (as opposed to zygomatic) implants. There was a reduced hazard of complications with a regular recall regimen. Patient satisfaction with these prostheses was high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background External apical root resorption (EARR) is a frequently observed adverse event in patients undergoing fixed appliance therapy. Assessing the patients’ risk during treatment is important, as certain factors are assumed to be associated with an increased likelihood of occurrence. However, their predictive value remains limited, making evidence-based clinical decision-making challenging for orthodontists. To address this issue, the Dutch Association of Orthodontists (NvVO) developed a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for EARR in accordance with the AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II) in 2018. The aim of this study is to get insight into the actual utilization and the practical implementation of the guideline among orthodontists. The hypothesis to be tested was that after its introduction, clinical practice for EARR has changed towards the recommendations in the CPG. Objective To investigate the use of the 2018 clinical practice guidelines for EARR among orthodontists 3 years after its introduction. Methods A questionnaire using a 7-point Likert scale was developed concerning four domains of EARR described in the guideline. The questionnaire was piloted, finalised, and then distributed digitally among Dutch orthodontists. REDCap was used for data collection, starting with an invitation email in June 2021, followed by two reminders. Effect was tested by the Mann–Whitney U test, and the influence of demographic variables was analysed. Results Questionnaires were sent out to all 275 and completed by 133 (response rate 48%); N = 59 females and N = 73 males were included; 81% had their training in the Netherlands, 89% had ≥ 6 years of work experience, and 89% worked in private orthodontic practice. One hundred thirty orthodontists (98.5%) reported changes in clinical practice. The biggest positive change in clinical behaviour regarding EARR occurred if EARR was diagnosed during treatment. Sex, clinical experience, country of specialist training, and working environment of the respondents did not affect clinical practices regarding EARR. Conclusions This questionnaire demonstrated that, 3 years after introduction of the guideline, orthodontists improved their self-reported clinical practices to a more standardised management of root resorption. None of the demographic predictors had a significant effect on the results.

This paper examines the quantitative and qualitative situation of the current fixed and mobile Internet and its expected future. It provides a detailed insight into the past, present, and future of the Internet along with the development of technology and the problems that have arisen in accessing and using broadband Internet. First, the number of users and penetration rate of the Internet, the various types of services in different countries, the ranking of countries in terms of the mean and median download and upload Internet data speeds, Internet data volume, and number and location of data centers in the world are presented. The second task introduces and details twelve performance evaluation metrics for broadband Internet access. Third, different wired and wireless Internet technologies are introduced and compared based on data rate, coverage, type of infrastructure, and their advantages and disadvantages. Based on the technical and functional criteria, in the fourth work, two popular wired and wireless Internet platforms, one based on optical fiber and the other based on the 5G cellular network, are compared in the world in general and Australia in particular. Moreover, this paper has a look at Starlink as the latest satellite Internet candidate, especially for rural and remote areas. The fifth task outlines the latest technologies and emerging broadband Internet-based services and applications in the spotlight. Sixthly, it focuses on three problems in the future Internet in the world, namely the digital divide due to the different qualities of available Internet and new Internet-based services and applications of emerging technologies, the impact of the Internet on social interactions, and hacking and insecurity on the Internet. Finally, some solutions to these problems are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: External apical root resorption (EARR) is a frequently observed adverse event in patients undergoing fixed appliance therapy. Assessing the patients' risk during treatment is important, as certain factors are assumed to be associated with an increased likelihood of occurrence. However, their predictive value remains limited, making evidence-based clinical decision-making challenging for orthodontists. To address this issue, the Dutch Association of Orthodontists (NvVO) developed a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for EARR in accordance with the AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II) in 2018. The aim of this study is to get insight into the actual utilization and the practical implementation of the guideline among orthodontists. The hypothesis to be tested was that after its introduction, clinical practice for EARR has changed towards the recommendations in the CPG. Objective: To investigate the use of the 2018 clinical practice guidelines for EARR among orthodontists 3 years after its introduction. Methods: A questionnaire using a 7-point Likert scale was developed concerning four domains of EARR described in the guideline. The questionnaire was piloted, finalised, and then distributed digitally among Dutch orthodontists. REDCap was used for data collection, starting with an invitation email in June 2021, followed by two reminders. Effect was tested by the Mann–Whitney U test, and the influence of demographic variables was analysed. Results: Questionnaires were sent out to all 275 and completed by 133 (response rate 48%); N = 59 females and N = 73 males were included; 81% had their training in the Netherlands, 89% had ≥ 6 years of work experience, and 89% worked in private orthodontic practice. One hundred thirty orthodontists (98.5%) reported changes in clinical practice. The biggest positive change in clinical behaviour regarding EARR occurred if EARR was diagnosed during treatment. Sex, clinical experience, country of specialist training, and working environment of the respondents did not affect clinical practices regarding EARR. Conclusions: This questionnaire demonstrated that, 3 years after introduction of the guideline, orthodontists improved their self-reported clinical practices to a more standardised management of root resorption. None of the demographic predictors had a significant effect on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess inter- and intrarater reliability and agreement for measurements of root lengths using multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. Furthermore, to determine whether using MPR from different CBCT machines was a reliable and reproducible method for assessment of root length during orthodontic treatment of adolescents. Materials and methods: A total of 40 CBCT examinations obtained before, during and after orthodontic treatment of 14 adolescents, with fixed appliances from a multicentre randomised controlled trial, were used. All roots from the incisors to the first molars were measured by two independent raters and in accordance with a protocol preceded by a multi-step calibration. Reliability was assessed by intra class correlation (ICC). Agreement was assessed by measurement error according to the Dahlberg formula and Bland–Altman plot. Results: The number of repeated measurements varied from 436 to 474 for the different timepoints. Good to excellent inter- and intrarater reliability for different tooth groups and timepoints were shown. Measurement error for inter- and intrarater agreement varied between 0.41 mm and 0.77 mm. The Bland–Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement varied between +1.43 mm and −2.01 mm for different tooth groups and timepoints. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that CBCT using MPR from different machines is a reproducible method for measuring root length during different phases of orthodontic treatment. When interpreting root shortening measurements in CBCT using MPR for clinical or research purposes, values below 2 mm should be approached with caution, as they may contain measurement errors.

Photovoltaic shading devices (PVSDs) have the dual function of providing shade and generating electricity, which can reduce building energy consumption and improve indoor daylighting levels. This study adopts a parametric performance design method and establishes a one-click simulation process by using the Grasshopper platform and Ladybugtools. The research focuses on the effect of dynamic PVSDs on daylighting and energy consumption in an office building in Qingdao. The optimal configuration of PVSDs for each month under three dynamic strategies (rotation, sliding, and hybrid) is determined here. Additionally, different control strategies and fixed PVSDs are compared to clarify the impact of various control strategies on daylighting and energy consumption. The findings reveal that, compared to no shading, dynamic PVSDs in the rotation strategy, sliding strategy, and hybrid strategy can achieve energy savings of 32.13%, 47.22%, and 50.38%, respectively. They can also increase the annual average UDI by 1.39%, 2.8%, and 3.1%, respectively. Dynamic PVSDs can significantly reduce the energy consumption of office buildings in Qingdao while improving indoor daylighting levels. A flexible control strategy that adapts to climate change can significantly improve building performance. This research can provide theoretical, methodological, and data support for the application of the PVSD in cold-climate regions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Many orthodontic patients request dental bleaching during orthodontic treatment to achieve a faster aesthetic resolution, however, no attention has been paid to the inflammatory processes that can occur when both therapies are indicated together. So, this clinical trial evaluated the inflammatory parameters and color alterations associated with dental bleaching in patients wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance. Methods Thirty individuals aged between 18 and 40 years were equally and randomly allocated into three groups: FOA (fixed orthodontic appliance), BLE (dental bleaching), and FOA + BLE (fixed orthodontic appliance + dental bleaching). The orthodontic appliances and the bleaching procedures were performed in the maxillary premolars and molars. For dental bleaching a 35% hydrogen peroxide was used. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and nitric oxide (NO-) levels were evaluated at different time-points. Color evaluation was performed using an Easyshade spectrophotometer at baseline (FOA, FOA + BLE, BLE), one month after (FOA + BLE) and 21 days after appliance removing (FOA + BLE and FOA groups), in each tooth bleached. The ANOVA and Tukey’s tests, with a significance level of 5%, were used for statistical analysis. Results The GCF volume in the FOA + BLE and FOA groups significantly increased at the time points evaluated (p 0.05). On the other hand, NO- levels significantly decreased during dental bleaching with or without fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA + BLE and BLE groups; p 0.05). Significant changes in color were observed in the FOA + BLE and BLE groups compared to in the FOA group (p

We argue that in analyzing panel-data econometric models, researchers rely excessively on statistical criteria to determine model specification, treating it primarily as a matter of statistical inference. This inferential emphasis is most obvious in the common practice of using statistical tests (e.g., the Hausman test) to choose between fixed- and random-effects specifications, often ignoring the assumptions underpinning these tests. For instance, the Hausman test depends on the true within-panel (longitudinal) and between-panel (cross-sectional) parameters being equal. This assumption is often not justified, because longitudinal and cross-sectional variances and covariances may manifest different underpinning mechanisms. In addition to different mechanisms often resulting in different variables determining within and between effects, within and between variables may also have different meanings. To help researchers make theoretically informed choices, we formulate five questions that can guide researchers to think of model specification in a theoretically rigorous way. We examine these issues with examples from both general management and operations management research. Importantly, we argue that addressing the questions regarding model specification must involve primarily theoretical and contextual judgment, not statistical tests.

Purpose: To survey dentists in Germany regarding their preferred cementation regimen for fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) fabricated from various restorative materials. Materials and Methods: An online survey was developed for completion by dentists in Germany between 08/2019 and 02/2020. The questionnaire gathered information about the cementation regimen (conventional, including the acid-base cements zinc-oxide phosphate or any glass-ionomer cement; self-adhesive; adhesive; don't know) that the participant would preferably select for the insertion of single- or multi-unit FDPs fabricated from various restorative materials. Data were also collected on demographic and personal characteristics. Results: A total of 721 dentists completed the survey, and the data from 688 questionnaires were included in the analysis. Conventional cementation was the option of choice for restorations fabricated from alloy/porcelain-fused- to-metal among 91.0% of the participants and for restorations fabricated from polycrystalline ceramics among 42.9% of the participants. Adhesive cementation was preferred for restorations fabricated from feldspathic/leucite-reinforced glass ceramics (77.9%), lithium-disilicate glass ceramics (67.5%), zirconia-reinforced lithium-silicate glass ceramics (42.0%), and CAD/CAM resin composites (63.8%). Uncertainties regarding the appropriate cementation protocol for restorations fabricated from CAD/CAM resin composites were reported by 15% of the participants. More than 20% of the participants selected a technique that is less or not at all recommended for the cementation of restorations fabricated from zirconia-reinforced lithium-silicate glass ceramic and CAD/CAM resin composites. Conclusion: The results of the survey suggest that dentists in Germany select the cementation regime depending on the restorative material. Some of the participating dentists selected cementation regimens that are less or not at all recommended for restorations fabricated from zirconia-reinforced lithium-silicate glass ceramic and CAD/CAM resin composites, or were not sure about the appropriate cementation protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperative None Orthogonal Multiple Access (C-NOMA) is a promising approach for 5G and beyond communication networks. Users will benefit from the full bandwidth of the channel without time constraints. NOMA’s features are incomplete without efficient power allocation that ensures power distribution among users fairly. Integrating power management (allocation) with Cooperative-NOMA (C-NOMA) may improve the system metrics. In addition, a physical layer security (PLS) is added to make the process of sending and receiving safe, and the system works in an integrated manner, preventing any interrupting or eavesdropping inside or outside the network. This paper demonstrates the user and channel performance of C-NOMA with Amplify-and-forward (AF) and Decode-and-forward (DF) approaches. The analysis is performed by varying the power allocation techniques to derive the best system configurations. The simulation results confirmed the analytic findings and showed that the proposed system outperforms orthogonal multiple access (OMA), conventional NOMA, and conventional cooperative NOMA, enhancing the performance metrics in terms of throughput, sum rate, and outage probability. The bit-error-rate (BER) of the far user can be identical to that of the near user if power allocation is properly set. All techniques excelled except for the fixed power allocation, which had the same BER. The Channel capacity and outage probability were also considered. A slight variation in the channel capacity in all the experiments for different numbers of users was found. The generalized power allocation for AF and DF models had the optimum channel capacity close to 14 bps/Hz. Moreover, far users always had a higher outage probability than near users and channels, and generalized power allocation was the highest outage probability technique when the transmit power was close to (4 dB).

Background: Many orthodontic patients request dental bleaching during orthodontic treatment to achieve a faster aesthetic resolution, however, no attention has been paid to the inflammatory processes that can occur when both therapies are indicated together. So, this clinical trial evaluated the inflammatory parameters and color alterations associated with dental bleaching in patients wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance. Methods: Thirty individuals aged between 18 and 40 years were equally and randomly allocated into three groups: FOA (fixed orthodontic appliance), BLE (dental bleaching), and FOA + BLE (fixed orthodontic appliance + dental bleaching). The orthodontic appliances and the bleaching procedures were performed in the maxillary premolars and molars. For dental bleaching a 35% hydrogen peroxide was used. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and nitric oxide (NO-) levels were evaluated at different time-points. Color evaluation was performed using an Easyshade spectrophotometer at baseline (FOA, FOA + BLE, BLE), one month after (FOA + BLE) and 21 days after appliance removing (FOA + BLE and FOA groups), in each tooth bleached. The ANOVA and Tukey's tests, with a significance level of 5%, were used for statistical analysis. Results: The GCF volume in the FOA + BLE and FOA groups significantly increased at the time points evaluated (p < 0.001); however, this did not occur in the BLE group (p > 0.05). On the other hand, NO- levels significantly decreased during dental bleaching with or without fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA + BLE and BLE groups; p < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed in the FOA group (p > 0.05). Significant changes in color were observed in the FOA + BLE and BLE groups compared to in the FOA group (p < 0.01). However, the presence of fixed orthodontic appliance (FOA + BLE) negatively affected the bleaching efficacy compared to BLE group (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Dental bleaching did not increase the inflammatory parameters in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliance. However, in the presence of orthodontic appliances, the bleaching efficacy was lower than that of bleaching teeth without orthodontic appliances. Trial registration: RBR-3sqsh8 (first trial registration: 09/07/2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy has gained increasing importance in today's world and become a viable primary energy source in the recent decade. Solar radiation obtained by the solar surface is highly affected by its orientation, azimuth, and tilt angles. Therefore, in this study, the performances of the fixed-axis system, one-axis, and two-axis solar tracking systems are investigated to enable maximal solar radiation in solar systems to be installed in Antalya by using climatic and latitude data provided by NASA. Furthermore, the optimal tilt angles are determined by examining the values of angles for which the total solar radiation falling on the tilted surface is maximal. The case study and measurement data investigations are conducted for the four districts of Antalya. The obtained radiation values throughout the year for one-axis and two-axis solar tracking systems are compared to an annual fixed system for evaluating the existing solar potential in Antalya province. Besides all these, solar system cost analyses including the average payback period for residential, commercial, and large-scale solar systems based on LCOE are investigated. The proposed methodology can be implemented for performance and cost analysis of the solar potential in a certain location of Türkiye and extended to any place in the world.

Departments of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan A peritoneal loose body (PLB) is tissue completely separated from other intraperitoneal organs. It is rare and usually found incidentally during laparotomy, examination, or autopsy. PLBs are usually located free in the peritoneal cavity and not in the extraperitoneal space. They are thought to originate when epiploic appendices are released into the abdominal cavity after ischemic necrosis. We report a case of a giant PLB outside the peritoneal cavity, adjacent to the rectovesical excavation, that was identified preoperatively in an asymptomatic 83-year-old man undergoing evaluation for cholecystolithiasis. Computed tomography revealed a mass with well-defined margins in the rectovesical excavation. The mass (diameter, 60 mm) consisted of a calcified core and peripheral soft tissue and did not appear to invade adjacent organs. Although there were no symptoms or tumor growth over time, we scheduled a laparoscopic extraction for definitive diagnosis. On laparoscopic exploration, a white ovoid mass was found in the rectovesical excavation; there was no invasion of adjacent organs. We diagnosed a giant PLB. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Most PLBs are asymptomatic and do not require surgery, except when symptoms are present, when the PLB is large, or when malignancy is suspected. PLB is rarely extraperitoneal and is usually freely mobile; however, in our patient, it was fixed and outside the abdominal cavity, near the rectovesical fossa. Although it could not be diagnosed preoperatively as being extraperitoneal, imaging findings were typical of PLB; thus, it was possible to remove the mass laparoscopically without bowel resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Successful rehabilitation of a dentition having a poor prognosis with implant-supported fixed prosthesis is a multi-stage process involving an edentulous period before prosthetic rehabilitation of the patient. The period of transformation from natural teeth to fixed implant prosthesis is sometimes not accepted by the patients. This concept has been in clinical use since 1998. This treatment is cost-effective and time-saving in order to rehabilitate patients with an interim prosthesis in which 4 implants were placed two placed vertically in the anterior region and two placed up to an angle of 45 degrees in the posterior region. Purpose: To evaluate Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Dental practitioners about the "All on four" Concept of Dental implants practicing in Pimpri Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Methods: This quantitative-type descriptive survey was conducted between February to April 2022 in Pimpri Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra, India. A self-designed, pre-tested and validated questionnaire assessing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Dental practitioners about the "All on four" Concept of Dental implants. Data were collected and entered into a spreadsheet (Excel 2010: Microsoft office) and analyzed using SPSS software (version 19-SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Results: All 205 participants responded. When asked if dental practitioners considered the "All on four" concept a viable option 74.1% of practitioners (152) agreed while about 25.9% of practitioners (53) did not agree on the same Conclusion: Despite the presence of knowledge and attitude among dental practitioners the presence of practice among practitioners seems to be insufficient towards the "All on Four Implant" Concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Islamic Studiens Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Photovoltaic shading devices (PVSDs) have the dual function of providing shade and generating electricity, which can reduce building energy consumption and improve indoor daylighting levels. This study adopts a parametric performance design method and establishes a one-click simulation process by using the Grasshopper platform and Ladybugtools. The research focuses on the effect of dynamic PVSDs on daylighting and energy consumption in an office building in Qingdao. The optimal configuration of PVSDs for each month under three dynamic strategies (rotation, sliding, and hybrid) is determined here. Additionally, different control strategies and fixed PVSDs are compared to clarify the impact of various control strategies on daylighting and energy consumption. The findings reveal that, compared to no shading, dynamic PVSDs in the rotation strategy, sliding strategy, and hybrid strategy can achieve energy savings of 32.13%, 47.22%, and 50.38%, respectively. They can also increase the annual average UDI by 1.39%, 2.8%, and 3.1%, respectively. Dynamic PVSDs can significantly reduce the energy consumption of office buildings in Qingdao while improving indoor daylighting levels. A flexible control strategy that adapts to climate change can significantly improve building performance. This research can provide theoretical, methodological, and data support for the application of the PVSD in cold-climate regions in China.

PurposeTo determine the proportion of treatment-experienced eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration successfully treated with every-4-week aflibercept that can be kept dry on fixed every-8-week aflibercept injections (maintenance).MethodsIn this retrospective chart review, we evaluated our cohort of patients treated with a treatment paradigm for CNV in AMD. Initially, patients were treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab and switched to every-4-week aflibercept when therapeutic responses were not durable or were suboptimal. Maintenance every-8-week therapy was initiated when the retina was completely dry on every-4-week aflibercept therapy. The primary outcome measure was recurrence of exudation on optical coherence tomography (OCT) during maintenance.ResultsThirty-six eyes of 31 consecutive patients with median age of 79 years (range, 65-89) were included. Maintenance was started after a median of 34 (range, 8-88) injections. Recurrence was observed in 20 eyes (55%). Of these, 11 eyes (31%) reactivated at 8 weeks. Median time to failure of maintenance schedule was 40 weeks by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Baseline demographic and anatomic characteristics were not associated with failure of maintenance schedule.ConclusionIn treatment-experienced eyes that respond completely to every-4-week aflibercept, maintenance therapy with every-8-week injections can only temporarily maintain anatomic success with the majority of eyes developing recurring activity. This regimen fails early in one third of eyes and has a median effective duration of 40 weeks. Aflibercept appears to be inadequate to maintain control of exudation in most eyes in at least half of eyes undergoing long-term therapy.

Aim: The aim of this review was to systematically assess and report the effectiveness of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in preventing plaque accumulation and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods: The review was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines and registered under PROSPERO database (CRD42020170776). Four electronic databases were systematically searched along with a complimentary manual search of orthodontic journals until June 2022. Only Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) reporting on antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of Chlorhexidine mouthwash compared with placebo or control in orthodontic patients were included. Risk of bias assessment was done using Cochrane ROB-2. Quantitative analysis (Random-Effects Model and Standard Mean Difference (SMD)) with 95 % confidence interval was used. Results: Six RCTs were included for qualitative analysis and four were included for quantitative analysis with a total of 211 participants. Out of six studies, 3 were judged to have a low risk of bias, two had some concerns and one of them had high risk of bias. Random effects meta-analysis performed for anti-plaque effect reported a significant reduction of -1.2 SMD for CHX at 4 to 6 weeks with low heterogeneity (I2-35%). The anti-gingivitis effect at 4 to 6 weeks was significant for CHX with a SMD of -1.03 and a moderate heterogeneity (I2-65%). Conclusion: On analyzing the available evidence a moderate level of certainty supports a short-term reduction in plaque accumulation and gingivitis in orthodontic patients subjected to rinsing with chlorhexidine oral rinse.

AMMI analysis of 21 malt barley genotypes evaluated at nine locations of north western plains zone revealed highly significant variation due to environments (61.8%), G x E interactions (19.5%) and genotypes (8.2%). Further, interaction effects were partitioned into seven interactions principal components. AMMI stability Value measures (ASV1 and ASV) had considered first two interaction principal components and based on 54.1% of total interaction variations had recommended (PL926, PL931, RD2849) and (BH1036, PL931, RD2849) malt barley genotypes respectively. Modified AMMI Stability Values measures (MASV1 and MASV) had exploited nearly 97.6% of total interaction variations, based on which BH1036, DWRB219, RD2849 and BH1036, DWRB219, PL926 malt barley genotypes were identified for stable yield performance. Geometric Mean (GM) based on BLUP effects of genotypes yield was in favour of DWRB219, BH1036 and DWRB221 while corresponding to Harmonic Mean of yield values, DWRB219, BH1036, DWRB221 genotypes would be of choice. Relative Performance of Genotypic Values (RPGV) favored DWRB219, BH1036 , DWRB221 barley genotypes and Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genotypic Value (HMRPGV) measure favoured DWRB219, BH1036, DWRB220 malt genotypes. Non parametric composite measure, NPi (1) , suggested that UPB1097, RD3029, DWRB218 were suitable, whereas DWRB219, RD3029, G4 genotypes would be preferable as per values NPi (2) while NPi (3) identified DWRB219, BH1036, DWRB160. The composite measure NPi (4) found DWRB219, BH1036, DWRB160 as genotypes of choice for this zone. Measures MASV, MASV1, Si 1, Si 3, Si 4, Si 5,Si 6 ,Si 7, Si 2, NPi (1), ASV and ASV1 accounted more in first principal component, whereas NPi (2), NPi (3), NPi (4), Average, GM, HM, Mean, PRVG, HMPRVG were major contributors for second principal component. Small cluster of standard deviation (Stdev) with CV, IPC4 and IPC7 were placed in second quadrant. Smallest cluster of IPC1 and IPC6 was also observed in this quadrant. Large cluster comprised of NPi (1), Si 2 ,Si 5 Si 2 ,Si 5 ,Si 6 with ASV and ASV1. Measures GM, HM, PRVG and HMPRVG considered random effects of genotypes grouped with average and placed in last quadrant while adjacent cluster of NPi (2), NPi (3), and NPi (4) observed in same quadrant. Close association among the AMMI analysis based measures had been observed with adaptability measures based on BLUP effects of malt barley genotypes in the present study based on the Biplot analysis while considering first two principal components.

Solar energy has gained increasing importance in today's world and become a viable primary energy source in the recent decade. Solar radiation obtained by the solar surface is highly affected by its orientation, azimuth, and tilt angles. Therefore, in this study, the performances of the fixed-axis system, one-axis, and two-axis solar tracking systems are investigated to enable maximal solar radiation in solar systems to be installed in Antalya by using climatic and latitude data provided by NASA. Furthermore, the optimal tilt angles are determined by examining the values of angles for which the total solar radiation falling on the tilted surface is maximal. The case study and measurement data investigations are conducted for the four districts of Antalya. The obtained radiation values throughout the year for one-axis and two-axis solar tracking systems are compared to an annual fixed system for evaluating the existing solar potential in Antalya province. Besides all these, solar system cost analyses including the average payback period for residential, commercial, and large-scale solar systems based on LCOE are investigated. The proposed methodology can be implemented for performance and cost analysis of the solar potential in a certain location of Türkiye and extended to any place in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: To investigate whether fixed functional therapy for mandibular advancement with the Forsus™ appliance would produce any changes in the cervical spine posture. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical exploratory study was conducted on 12 patients (six females and six males) with a mean age of 15 ± 1.3 years, having mandibular retrusion, Class II malocclusion, who were treated with the Forsus™ appliance. Lateral cephalogram was taken twice, once at the baseline (T1) before the commencement of the treatment and once following termination of fixed functional treatment (T2). Eleven measurements representing the vertical and the sagittal craniofacial proportions, and the head posture, were taken into account. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The variations between before and after treatment measurements were collated using paired t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant differences were noticed in the angle linking the horizontal lines of the head and the superior crest of the spinal column before and after the treatment, with P = 0.73. The cervical curvature angle also failed to show any significant difference with P = 0.14. Conclusion: Fixed functional therapy with the Forsus™ device resulted in dentoalveolar and soft tissue alterations alone but did not alter the cervical spine posture.

All smart parking management systems (SPMS) have incorporated the dynamic pricing into its features and capabilities. The collection of parking fees on a corresponding spot has been dependent on either its time- or space-value, with most SPMS utilizing temporal-based parking fee collection. However, little to no study has been conducted to assess or evaluate these pricing schemes according to its friendliness and economics towards both parkers and business operators. In this work, we evaluate two current temporal- and three proposed spatiotemporal-based dynamic parking pricing methods by computing their social optimum range and economic effects to both users and parking management entities. Our extensive analysis utilizing both empirical mobility traces and driver parking duration behavior provide important insights in the current pricing setups and present necessary adjustments in improving parking fee collection that contribute to societal benefits.

Purpose: This within-subject comparison tested the null hypothesis that there is no difference in patient satisfaction and oral health–related quality of life when an individual with an edentulous mandible is rehabilitated with a two-implant overdenture or a three-implant–supported fixed dental prosthesis. Materials and Methods: Twelve subjects with an edentulous mandible or failing dentition were rehabilitated with the use of endosseous dental implants. Three implants were placed, and were immediately loaded with a provisional fixed prosthesis with minimal cantilever. After healing for 4 months, two Locator attachments were inserted and an overdenture was trialed; then, after a further 4 months, a fixed prosthesis was placed on the three implants. The fixed prosthesis was fabricated using computer-assisted design, and a titanium framework was manufactured with a resin base and teeth. Patient satisfaction and oral health–related quality of life was assessed before treatment, after wearing the provisional, and after each treatment option using a seven-item visual analog scale and a modified version of the 49-item oral health impact profile. Results: Of the 12 subjects, 11 chose the fixed over the removable prosthesis. A statistically significant (P < .05) and positive effect on the overall score of both assessment tools was reported for both treatment modalities (when compared with pretreatment scores). Although no significant difference (P > .05) was found between the two options in overall scores of both surveys or in any of the seven domains of the modified oral health impact profile, the fixed prosthesis had a statistically higher score for stability, retention, and ease of chewing on a visual analog scale. Conclusion: Both treatment modalities provided a significant and similar improvement in patient satisfaction and oral health–related quality of life compared with a conventional complete mandibular removable dental prosthesis; however, a statistically significant higher score was reported for stability, retention, and ease of chewing for the fixed dental prostheses. Based on the 12 participants in this study, greater stability and ease of chewing with the fixed prosthesis likely influenced patient preference in most but not all subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the dimensions of the working parts of the cutting grinder of the combined aggregate, which make the soil soft before planting, are theoretically studied. Analyzing the work of a number of scientists who carried out scientific research in this area in the conditions of Uzbekistan on such machines that make the soil soft before planting, it was determined that research on this work was not carried out, as a result of this research, the topic was relevant to achieve high-efficiency yields from the sown areas. This machine used a pile drum for cutting crumbs, which gives a good effect only in zones with light soil. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, there are cases when kesak gets stuck in the drum-elevator range in more field areas and passes without crushing. That is, the intermediate distance at which the drum is located from the elevator start part is short, and the drum pegs cannot reach the crushing of the cuts due to the fact that they are fixed to it not fixed. Therefore, our main task was the creation of drum pegs as movable and the theoretical justification of its main parameters. When substantiating the parameters of the proposed working parts, based on its construction and based on the scientific work of most researchers, the operating parameters of the agragat elevator are substantiated using formulas in order to ensure the elution of the soil on agrotechnical demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To verify the effectiveness of anterior retropharyngeal release followed by posterior open reduction using long arm reduction screws combined with intra-articular fusion with a cage filled with the local autologous bone for treating fixed Type III atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF). Data from 6 children with fixed AARF were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent anterior retropharyngeal release followed by posterior open reduction using long-arm reduction screws combined with intra-articular fusion with a cage filled with local autologous bone. Outcomes were measured using the atlantodental interval value, the Japanese Orthopedic Association score and visual analog scale for neck pain. Patient age, sex, operation time, blood loss, and bone fusion time were recorded. Complications related to the operation were also recorded. All patients achieved complete reduction and solid bone fusion at follow-up. The atlantodental interval dropped to 2.1 ± 0.5 mm after the operation from a preoperative score of 15.3 ± 3.1 mm (P < 0.05). Japanese Orthopedic Association score significantly improved from a preoperative score of 15.3 ± 0.5 to 17 ± 0 at the final follow-up (P < 0.05). Visual analog scale for neck pain markedly decreased from preoperative 4.5 ± 1.0 to 0.2 ± 0.4 at the final follow-up (P < 0.05). No complication related to the surgical approach or instrumentation was observed. One-stage anterior retropharyngeal release followed by posterior open reduction combined with intra-articular cage fusion is effective in treating chronic fixed type III AARF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the prediction of global warming based on modern satellite data is defined by years. Climate models take into account the influence of changes in solar activity, as well as the influence of volcanic activity. If we take into account the total area of the planet, the change in the angle of the surface to the sun's rays, and the fact that half of the Earth is in shadow, the actual energy received on average per year outside the atmosphere decreases. Despite the fact that there are many characteristics of the weather (wind, precipitation, etc.), it is more appropriate to conduct research on the temperature change of the air in the first approximation of the climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the amount of solar radiation reaching a solar panel, and hence increase its performance, a tracking system might be used. A prototype of an efficient and portable solar tracking system, for home applications was constructed. The Arduino Uno Microcontroller is utilized to drive the proposed tacking system. The results of area under curve show that at certain circumstances, the open-loop tracking system is more efficient as compared with fixed one, while the closed-loop tracker is slightly efficient than open-loop tracker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two features of the century-old policy goal of promoting universal telephone service in the United States have been enduring. Policymakers have focused on (1) wireline telephone (and more recently, fixed-line broadband) services and (2) households. The widespread adoption of mobile telephones compels a fresh examination of this focus. We construct a new measure of universal connectivity which accounts for consumers’ choices of communications technologies and for their geographic mobility over the course of the day. This measure, in turn, compels a conceptual and empirical investigation of the determinants of mobile telephone diffusion within families. Our estimations of intra-household demand for mobile service permit us to develop simulations that estimate the economic impact of modernizing a key element of existing universal service policy (viz., the Lifeline Program) to reflect the goal of improving individual connectivity. We find that a policy expansion from a single subsidy per household to multiple subsidies per eligible household members would increase mobile subscriptions by 2.25 million and Lifeline costs by $250 million.

The adsorption of copper, iron and nickel ions from an aqueous solution using Makoro granite clay brick waste through batch and fixed – bed column modes was investigated. The adsorbent was characterised using X-Ray Fluorescence, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD results revealed crystalline peaks of Quartz (51.28 %) and mullite (23.40%) in fresh and loaded adsorbent with unnotable changes before and after adsorption. SEM images indicate the presence of micro pores and irregularly distributed surfaces. Batch kinetic maximum adsorption capacities for iron, copper, and nickel are 7.60, 6.70 and 6.20 mg g−1 media respectively with 60 min as the optimum time. The maximum adsorption capacities at adsorbent dosage of 5 g L−1 were 10.0, 7.60 and 7.20 mg L−1 for iron, copper and nickel ions. The corresponding adsorption capabilities from the fixed-bed column reactor were 2.23, 2.22 and 0.74 mg g−1 media respectively. The thermodynamics parameters of enthalpy change (ΔH) were 5.21, 9.32 and 5.22 kJ mol−1 respectively for Copper, iron and nickel ions and the corresponding entropy change (ΔS) were -0.04, -0.05 and -0.03 kJmol−1K−1respectively and the process being non-spontaneous and exothermic. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models yielded similar low coefficient of determination (R2) values (0.06 and 0.07) for copper and iron ions. Further investigations such as the use of real wastewater, competition of anions and further media characterisation and modifications are recommended.