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The preferred retinal locus (PRL) is the position on the retina to which humans direct stimuli during fixation. In healthy normal eyes, it has been shown to be very stable across time and between different tasks. Previous measurements of the PRL have been made under monocular viewing conditions. The current study examines where the PRLs in the two eyes retinas are when subjects fixate binocularly and whether they shift when the demand for the eyes to converge is changed. Our apparatus allows us to see exactly where binocular stimuli fell on the two retinas during binocular fixation. Thus, our technique bypasses some of the issues involved in measuring binocular alignment with subjective techniques and previous objective techniques that use conventional eye trackers. These results show that PRLs shift slightly but systematically as the demand for convergence increases. The shifts cause under-convergence (also called exo fixation disparity) for near targets. They are not large enough to cause a break in binocular fusion. The fixation disparity we observed with increasing vergence demand is similar to fixation disparity observed in previous reports.

When looking at faces, humans invariably move their eyes to a consistent preferred first fixation location on the face. While most people have the preferred fixation location just below the eyes, a minority have it between the nose-tip and mouth. Not much is known about whether these long-term differences in the preferred fixation location are associated with distinct neural representations of faces. To study this, we used a gaze-contingent face adaptation aftereffect paradigm to test in two groups of observers, one with their mean preferred fixation location closer to the eyes (upper lookers) and the other closer to the mouth (lower lookers). In this task, participants were required to maintain their gaze at either their own groups mean preferred fixation location or that of the other group during adaptation and testing. The two possible fixation locations were 3.6° apart on the face. We measured the face adaptation aftereffects when the adaptation and testing happened while participants maintained fixation at either the same or different locations on the face. Both groups showed equally strong adaptation effects when the adaptation and testing happened at the same fixation location. Crucially, only the upper lookers showed a partial transfer of the FAE across the two fixation locations, when adaptation occurred at the eyes. Lower lookers showed no spatial transfer of the FAE irrespective of the adaptation position. Given the classic finding that neural tuning is increasingly position invariant as one moves higher in the visual hierarchy, this result suggests that differences in the preferred fixation location are associated with distinct neural representations of faces.

BACKGROUND: Atlantoaxial dislocation is often facilitated by interlaminar bone grafting. However, there are relatively few reports on the treatment of complex atlantoaxial dislocation with posterior atlantoaxial lateral mass interarticular release and fusion. OBJECTIVE: To explore the safety and effectiveness of atlantoaxial dislocation treated by simple posterior atlantoaxial lateral block interarticular release and fusion. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 30 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation who were treated from January 2017 to July 2021, all of whom suffered from reducible atlantoaxial dislocation. Posterior atlantoaxial lateral mass interarticular release and fusion were performed in all patients. During the surgery, patented instruments were used to release the atlantoaxial lateral mass joint, and posterior screw reduction and fixation were used with bone grafting in the lateral mass joint space. The postoperative follow-up period was 6 to 24 months, mean (13.0±5.4) months. During the follow-up period, cervical MRI was reviewed to observe the decompression of the upper cervical spine. X-ray films and CT scans were reviewed to observe the reduction of the upper cervical spine, as well as the internal fixation for looseness and breakage. CT scans were reviewed to assess interlateral block implant fusion. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association score was used to evaluate the improvement of spinal cord function. The neck disability index and the quality of life scale were used to assess the improvement of daily life function. The atlanto-anterior interspace and atlanto-planar spinal effective space were used to evaluate atlantoaxial repositioning and decompression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The surgery of 30 patients went smoothly, and no serious complications such as spinal nerve and vertebral artery injuries occurred during the operation. Postoperative review of cervical MRI showed that the spinal cord compression was lifted. X-ray film and CT showed that the atlanto-anterior gap was significantly reduced; the effective space of atlantoaxial spinal cord was significantly increased, and neurological dysfunctional symptoms were significantly reduced. (2) During the follow-up period, X-ray film and CT showed that the internal fixation was solid; no broken nails or rods occurred, and there was no recurrence of atlantoaxial dislocation. (3) The Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores, neck disability index, and quality of life scores were significantly improved at the last follow-up compared with the preoperative period (P < 0.05). The average improvement rate of Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores at the last follow-up was 73.1%. The average neck disability index was 8.80%. All of the patients had a continuous bone-scalp connection between atlantoaxial lateral block joints to achieve osseous fusion. (4) These findings indicate that the use of simple posterior atlantoaxial lateral block interarticular release and fusion for the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation can significantly increase the fusion rate and shorten the fusion time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable intensification of livestock systems implies greater efficiency in resource utilization resulting in greater output of products and other ecosystem services per unit of resource input. Integrating forage legumes into livestock systems is a viable way to reduce the input of industrial N fertilizer, reducing the use of fossil fuels and helping to mitigate global warming, a major problem during the Anthropocene. Some forage legumes have greater concentrations of secondary compounds, such as condensed tannins, that might reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from ruminant eructation and excreta. Furthermore, forage legumes might enhance cattle performance because of greater nutritive value, resulting in greater production per unit of GHG released. Shortening the production cycle and improving cattle reproductive efficiency could have a major impact on reducing the overall carbon footprint of the system. Grazing systems with more diversified plant species are typically more resistant and resilient, adapting to current climate changes during the Anthropocene. Novel technologies might accelerate the development of future grazing systems using forage legumes as a key component. Breeding efforts for the next‐generation legumes must focus on adaptation and potential use for mitigation of negative environmental impacts. There are examples of successful integration of forage legumes into livestock systems in different regions of the world, with a major reduction in off‐farm inputs and maintaining the system productive. These successful examples could be used to increase adoption and improve the efficiency of current livestock systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Nice knots have been used as an assisted reduction technique in surgery for displaced and comminuted fractures. This study aims to investigate the clinical efficacy of Kirschner wire intramedullary fixation combined with improved Nice knot-end cerclage temporarily fixation-assisted reduction before plate osteosynthesis in treating displaced and comminuted clavicle fractures. Methods: A retrospective study selected 210 patients with comminuted displaced clavicle fractures (January 2017–December 2020) in our hospital. The patients were divided into two groups via the fracture reduction method: the observation group (intramedullary Kirschner's wire fixation combined with modified Nice node-to-end cerclage temporarily fixation-assisted reduction; n = 42) and the control group (including four subgroups with 42 cases in each subgroup, with assisted reduction methods of clamp fixation, screw fixation, square knot fixation and Kirschner wire fixation; each subgroup n = 42). The operation time, intraoperative bleeding, visual analogue scale (VAS) score at 24 h after the operation, healing time, postoperative limb functional activities, patients' self-perception, subjective satisfaction and shoulder joint function were compared. Results: The operation time and the intraoperative blood loss of the observation group was significantly lower than that of each subgroup in the control group (p < 0.05). The VAS score of the observation group 24 h after the operation was significantly lower than that of each subgroup in the control group apart from the screw fixation group (p < 0.05). The Neer score of the observation group was significantly higher than that of each subgroup in the control group apart from the square knot fixation group (p < 0.05). The square knot is relatively better than the other four methods. Patients were generally satisfied with the modified Nice treatment. Conclusion: The use of a Kirschner wire intramedullary fixation combined with improved Nice knot-end cerclage temporarily fixation-assisted reduction before plate osteosynthesis in treating displaced and comminuted clavicle fractures can achieve satisfactory postoperative clinical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood modification has been explored in various ways to enhance dimensional stability and reduce flammability, with a focus on environmentally friendly treatments to meet market demands. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of new, potential fire-retardant materials. Specifically, the study examined the combination of tripotassium citrate (TPC), a water-soluble and bio-based fire retardant, with sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA), an eco-friendly thermosetting resin previously studied. While TPC is known to control combustion, its application in wood modification has not been thoroughly researched. To assess the fixation and flammability of these fire retardants, tests were conducted on Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), including chemical analysis, dimensional stability, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and leaching tests. The combination of SorCA and TPC showed high weight percent gain (WPG) values; however, leaching and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) tests revealed challenges in fixation stability. The dynamic mechanical properties were reduced, whereas the static strength values were in the same range compared with untreated wood. While TPC exhibited high flame retardancy prior to leaching, its efficacy diminished post-leaching, underscoring challenges in fixation and the need for improved retention strategies. Bunsen burner tests conducted on leached specimens indicated enhanced performance even under severe leaching conditions as per the EN 84:2020 procedure. However, cone calorimetry measurements showed less favorable outcomes, emphasizing the necessity for further investigation into optimizing TPC retention and enhancing treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) presents intricate anatomical challenges. In severe or irreducible malformations, complications such as reduction loss and fixation failure may occur, necessitating revision surgery. The posterior facet joint distraction and fusion (PFDF) technique, offers a solely posterior approach for revisions. Hence, we delineate varied revision scenarios, proposing surgical strategies and technical details to enhance outcomes and mitigate risks, thereby enriching the neurosurgical community's repertoire. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study, analyzed patient data from Xuanwu Hospital, between 2017 to 2023. All patients had a history of surgical treatment for CVJ malformations, and experienced failure or loss of reduction. The distance from the odontoid process tip to the Chamberlain's line (DCL), the atlantodental interval (ADI), clivus‐canal angle, cervicomedullary angle, width of subarachnoid space, CVJ area, and width of syrinx were used for radiographic assessment. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and SF‐12 scores were used for clinical assessment. Independent sample t‐tests were employed. A significance level of p < 0.05 indicates statistically significant differences. Results: We analyzed data from 35 patients. For patients who underwent PFDF, the postoperative DCL, ADI, and clivus‐canal angle significantly improved. For all patients, the postoperative cervicomedullary angle, width of subarachnoid space, CVJ area, and width of syrinx all demonstrated significant improvement, indicating the relief of neural compression. All patients showed significant improvement in both symptoms and clinical assessments. Conclusion: Severe atlantoaxial joint locking or ligament contracting are the fundamental cause of reduction and fixation failure. Anterior odontoidectomy is indicated for patients with robust bony fusion of the atlantoaxial joint in an unreduced position. The PFDF technique is safe and effective for patients with incomplete atlantoaxial bony fusion. Preoperative assessment of surgical feasibility and vertebral artery status ensures surgical safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Saccadic Intrusions (SIs) are abnormal eye movements during gaze fixation. Studies have indicated the clinical relevance of SIs, especially of square wave jerks (SWJ) in ALS. We used a software-based platform to extract SIs as a part of an interventional drug trial. The objective was to examine SIs' change over time as a potential biomarker of ALS disease progression. Methods: 28 ALS patients (61.95 ± 8.6 years) were assessed with the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and with an oculometric test. Changes of SIs over time and correlations with ALSFRS-R and its bulbar subscale were calculated. A power calculation was conducted to understand the practical implications of results. Results: A significant increase of SWJ over trial duration was observed, with an increase in frequency (mean rise of 0.14 ± 0.28, p < 0.01), amplitude (0.001 ± 0.0016 degrees, p < 0.005), overall duration of SWJ (0.13 ± 0.25, in %, p < 0.01), and in their relative part out of all intrusions (0.18 ± 0.32, in %, p < 0.005). Negative correlations were found with the bulbar subscale (R=-0.43, −0.41, −0.39 and −0.47, respectively, p < 0.001). The required sample size for observing a 40% reduction in bulbar aspects when using the oculometric test (α = 0.05 and β = 0.8), was found to be 150 patients per arm, compared with 200 patients using the bulbar subscale. Conclusions: Evaluation of saccadic intrusions during fixation was able to detect disease progression over time, correlated with ALSFRS-R bulbar subscale. Eye movements can potentially serve as an objective biomarker in ALS clinical trials and reduce the required sample size to show clinical effect of therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study shows how posterior malleolus fractures (PMFs) and distal fibular fractures were fixed using the posterolateral approach with the patient in lateral decubitus position, not previously described in the literature. This technique has been used in 60 consecutive patients (42 women and 18 men; mean age 54.7; range 21-92 years), 33 of which presented as fracture dislocations from March, 2021 to December, 2023. After PMFs fixation in lateral decubitus position, release of the sacral support allowed patients to be placed supine (without de-sterilizing the operative field), in order to proceed with medial malleolus or posteromedial fragment fixation. Fractures were classified according to the Lauge Hansen classification as SER4 (n = 50), PER4 (n = 7), SAD (n = 1), and PAB (n = 2). Fractures were classified according to Rammelt & Bartonicek, as type B (n = 40), C (n = 13), and D (n = 7). During the same period of time 14 fractures involving the PM, classified as type A, were treated with indirect fixation, whilst 6 geriatric and/or poor mobility patients with fracture dislocations were treated with retrograde hindfoot nail fixation. Follow-up period ranged from 4-36 months (mean = 14.4; SD = 8.8). Complications occurred in 5 patients (8.3%; 3 had delayed (medial) wound healing, one developed CRPS and one required implants removal and arthroscopy because of metal irritation and stiffness). No deep infections, thromboembolic events, fracture malreductions or malunions were recorded and all patients returned to the preinjury mobilization status. In conclusion, PM fracture fixation was feasible and safely performed with patients in lateral decubitus position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider a generalized time-dependent Pólya urn process defined as follows. Let d ∈ N be the number of urns/colors. At each time n, we distribute σ n balls randomly to the d urns, proportionally to f, where f is a valid reinforcement function. We consider a general class of positive reinforcement functions R assuming some monotonicity and growth condition. The class R includes convex functions and the classical case f (x) = x α , α > 1 . The novelty of the paper lies in extending stochastic approximation techniques to the d-dimensional case and proving that eventually the process will fixate at some random urn and the other urns will not receive any balls anymore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of using calcaneal plate in fixation of comminuted posterior wall (PW) acetabular fractures especially that have cranial (dome) or posterior extension (posterior column edge), and to evaluate its safety. To our knowledge, this is the first study that utilizes this off label implant technique in fixation of such fracture. Methods: Twenty-two patients enrolled in the study with a minimum follow up of one year. After reducing the PW fragments sequentially, calcaneal plate was applied, fixing its distal part at ischial tuberosity upper ends using 3 screws in a triangular fashion, while its proximal part and radial wings were firmly fixed along the acetabular rim together with the classic longitudinal anchorage. Any fixation failure or head subluxation was recorded. Results: Radiological outcome showed 18 cases scored as excellent, 2 were good, and 2 were poor. The functional outcome revealed 2 patients were excellent, 6 were very good and 14 were good. There was no loss of reduction or fixation failures throughout the follow up period. Conclusion: Calcaneal plate may offer an alternative method of fixation of comminuted PW fractures with acceptable radiological and functional results. Our study result may encourage the comprehensibility and replicability of this practice, however randomized multicentered studies should be conducted to validate this assumption. This method provides valuable trick strategy, stable and soft-tissue-friendly fracture fixation where modern implantations may be unavailable or of high cost. Calcaneal plates show some fascinating features that allow using them outside their field being flexible with large footprint area for fracture buttressing beside numerous hole choices with diverse paths providing suitable fixation, articular stability and wide zone of coverage in PW comminuted fracture patterns with cranial or posterior extensions. The plate proximal triangular configuration together with distal triangular screw fixation gives a stiff rigid anchorage and buttressing similar to a metal mesh covering and fixing any fragment numbers up to dome level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the success rate of a trial of labor (TOL) in a cohort of patients with pelvic fractures, with and without internal fixation, in order to better counsel patients and avoid unnecessary cesarean section (CS). Methods: A retrospective review of 35 female patients with 28 pelvic ring, five acetabular, and two combined fractures that had subsequent pregnancy; 12 patients had operative fixation and 23 did not. Fracture classification, treatment, type of fixation, mode of deliveries, and reason for CS were documented. Results: The rate of vaginal delivery, unscheduled CS, and scheduled CS across all patients was 80.0% (n = 28), 14.3% (n = 5), and 5.7% (n = 2), respectively, which was similar to institutional rates of 87.0, 12.0, and 1.0%. A TOL was attempted in 91.4% (32/35) and successful in 87.5% (28/32). Patients who failed a TOL were more likely to have Tile B/C pelvic fractures (100.0 vs. 30.4%, observed difference (OD) 69.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 16.4, 86.3%; p = 0.01) and more pelvic displacement (6.0 vs. 1.5 mm, OD 4.0, CI 1.0, 18.0; p = 0.01). The fixation and control groups had no observed difference in successful TOL (72.7% vs. 95.2%, OD 22.5%, − 49.7%, 5.5%; p = 0.10). Conclusions: A majority of women had successful vaginal deliveries after pelvic fractures, with or without fixation, suggesting that these patients should consider a TOL. Level of evidence: Diagnostic Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Spine fixation surgery affects the biomechanical environment in the sacroiliac joint (SIJ), which may lead to the SIJ pain or degeneration after surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the number and position of fixed segments on the SIJs and provide references for surgeons to plan fixation levels and enhance surgical outcomes. Methods: The intact lumbar‐pelvis finite element (FE) models and 11 fixation FE models with different number and position of fixed segments were developed based on CT images. A 400N follower load and 10° range of motion (ROM) of the spine were applied to the superior endplate of L1 to simulate the flexion, extension, bending and torsion motion after surgery. The peak stress on the SIJs, lumbar intervertebral discs, screws and rods were calculated to evaluate the biomechanical effects of fixation procedures. Results: With the lowermost instrumented vertebra (LIV) of L5 or S1, the peak stress on SIJs increased with the number of fixed segments increasing. The flexion motion led to the greater von Mises stress on SIJ compared with other load conditions. Compared with the intact model, peak stress on all fixed intervertebral discs was reduced in the models with less than three fixed segments, and it increased in the models with more than three fixed segments. The stress on the SIJ was extremely high in the models with all segments from L1 to L5 fixed, including L1‐L5, L1‐S1 and L1‐S2 fixation models. The stress on the segment adjacent to the fixed segments was significant higher compared to that in the intact model. The peak stress on rods and screws also increased with the number of fixed segments increasing in the flexion, extension and bending motion, and the bending and flexion motions led to the greater von Mises stress on SIJs. Conclusion: Short‐term fixation (≤2 segments) did not increase the stress on the SIJs significantly, while long‐term segment fixation (≥4 segments) led to greater stress on the SIJs especially when all the L1‐L5 segments were fixed. Unfixed lumbar segments compensated the ROM loss of the fixed segments, and the preservation of lumbar spine mobility would reduce the risks of SIJ degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anonymous electronic survey was distributed to the members of the South Australian parliament and judiciary. Data was analysed to determine whether there were meaningful differences between parliamentarians and judicial officers in their experiences as victims of harassment. Responses were received from 28% of all members surveyed with 96% of participants reporting at least one form of harassment. Parliamentarians reported a higher prevalence of more serious forms of harassment relative to judicial officers. Parliamentarians reported experiencing harassment in both private and professional contexts whereas judicial officers almost exclusively experienced harassment in a professional context. Harassment caused significant psychological harm and social disruption across both cohorts. There were minor differences in the sources of help utilised by both cohorts; however, judicial officers reported greater satisfaction with help received relative to parliamentarians. The majority of respondents were in favour of receiving advice from a specialised service to mitigate future harassment behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Formaldehyde is a reactive chemical that bonds randomly with various cellular elements. This substance, which is also found in the natural structure of the organism, is used in many areas, from industry to household materials, from the production of coatings in dentistry to the fixation of cadavers in laboratories. Formaldehyde is commonly used in laboratories to fix tissues. Objectives: In this study, the staining properties of tissues fixed with date molasses, a natural sugar, using the May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) staining method were compared with the staining properties of tissues fixed with buffered formol-saline. Methods: Liver, spleen, kidney, skin, testicle, small intestine, large intestine, brain, cerebellum, and lung tissue samples of 4 rats of both genders were used as materials in the study. Each tissue underwent routine histological tissue tracing and was stained with MGG. Results: When all tissues were evaluated anatomically, the general morphology of the tissues showed that the tissue integrity was preserved. There was no color change in the tissues. In addition, tissue hardness was at the required level, supporting previous studies. Histologically, regarding chromatin distribution, nucleus separation and cytoplasm staining, tissues fixed with date molasses and tissues fixed with buffered formal saline showed similar properties, except for the tissues subjected to intense maceration (skin and small intestines). Pale staining was observed in some tissues fixed with buffered formal saline (liver, skin, heart), but the nucleus and cytoplasm structures were better distinguished at higher magnifications. Considering the chromatin distribution, nuclear separation and cytoplasm staining in other tissues (spleen, kidney, testicle, large intestine, brain, cerebellum and lung), tissues fixed with date molasses showed similar properties to tissues fixed with buffered formal-saline. Conclusion: We recommend that researchers interested in the subject prolong the fixation period (6 months) and compare these results with those of tissues fixed for 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) functions as the main buttress for the lateral portion of the middle third of the facial skeleton and because of its prominent position & convex shape, it is frequently fractured, alone or along with other bones of the midface. The management of the ZMC fractures is debatable as the literature is saturated with various theories. A number of techniques, from closed reduction to open reduction and internal fixation can be effectively used to manage these fractures. Controversies lie right from the amount of fixation (mostly 2-, 3-point fixation) required to the ideal approach, and there is no conclusive view on its ideal line of management. Aim: To systematically review the existing scientific literature to determine whether two-point or three-point fixation is a better treatment alternative for the patients with zygomaticomaxillary fractures through a meta-analysis. Methods: Review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic databases like PubMed, Google scholar and Ebsco Host were searched from January 2000 to November 2023 for studies reporting treatment of zygomaticomaxillary fractures through two-point and three-point fixation and reporting the outcome in terms of mean and standard deviation (SD). Quality assessment of included was evaluated using Cochrane risk of bias (ROB)-2 tool through its domains. The risk of bias summary graph and risk of bias summary applicability concern was plotted using RevMan software version 5.3. The standardized mean difference (SDM) was used as summary statistic measure with random effect model and p value < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Eleven studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in qualitative synthesis, of which only eight studies were suitable for meta-analysis. The pooled estimate through the standardized mean difference (SMD) of – 0.21 (– 0.83–0.41) favors two-point fixation employing random effect model with I2 (heterogeneity) value of 89% and p value 0.51. Publication bias through the funnel plot showed asymmetric distribution with systematic heterogeneity. Conclusion: In our systematic review, we aimed to evaluate which method of fixation is more effective in the treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. Our pooled estimate using quantitative synthesis indicates that both two- and three-point fixation procedures are equally effective in the treatment of zygomaticomaxillary fractures. As a result, two-point fixation is as efficient as three-point fixation in treating zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the interactive effects of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) application on P and Zn availability, and growth of rice (Oryza sativa) in an Alfisol. In a laboratory incubation experiment, soil samples were supersaturated with treatment solutions with all possible combinations of four P levels (0, 6, 12, and 24 mg kg-1 equivalent to 0, 10, 20, and 40 kg ha-1, respectively) and three Zn levels (0, 1.2, and 2.4 mg kg-1 equivalent to 0, 2, and 4 kg ha-1, respectively), and then allowed to air-dry. Available P and Zn contents in soil increased as the application rates were increased but P×Zn rate interaction effect was not significant. In a pot experiment, rice (var Bg 358) was grown for 10 weeks with all possible combinations of three P levels (0, 5.5, and 16.5 mg kg-1) and three Zn levels (0, 1, and 2 mg kg-1). Initial soil P was higher than the critical level (12 mg kg-1), but available Zn was below the critical level (1.5 mg kg-1). The main effect of P rate did not significantly affect the number of tillers and shoot dry matter content while Zn application decreased them. Root dry matter, and root and shoot P concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by P×Zn rate interaction effect. While, plant P uptake was significantly decreased due to P and Zn application, plant Zn uptake was not affected. Therefore, for a better growth of rice plant, the soils with high available P and low Zn contents should be carefully fertilized with P and Zn fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical management paradigms of spinal pathologies in the aging population carry inherent substantial risks, with surgical complications being more prevalent among patients with osteoporosis compared to those with normal bone mineral density. In this narrative review, we aim to highlight important clinical understanding and considerations in perioperative evaluation and management of patients elected to undergo spinal surgery. Osteoporosis is a well-defined risk factor for mechanical complications following spinal surgery, and as such, perioperative optimization of bone health in the setting of surgery for geriatric patients remains a critical research area alongside intraoperative surgical augmentation techniques. Surgical techniques to circumvent challenges with instrumentation of poor bone mineral density have included augmentation of pedicle screw fixation, including segmental bicortical screw fixation techniques, cement augmentation with fenestrated screws, or use of expandable pedicle screws to improve bone-implant interface. Judicious selection of treatment modalities and subsequent perioperative optimization is paramount to minimize surgical complications. Contemporary guidelines and evolving paradigms in perioperative evaluation, optimization, and management of the aging spine include the advent of quantitatively evaluating computed tomography (CT) via assessment of the magnitude of Hounsfield units. Prescribing pharmacotherapeutic agents and monitoring bone health requires a multidisciplinary team approach, including endocrinologists and geriatricians to coordinate high-quality care for advanced-age patients who require surgical management of their spinal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plates and screws are frequently used for the fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fracture (DIACF). In this study, we compared the outcomes of a modified screw fixation technique with plate fixation via a sinus tarsi approach (STA). Methods: A series of 187 DIACF patients who were treated via an STA using a plate fixation (n = 81) or a screw fixation (n = 106) were included. Screw fixation was done with two 2.7 mm screws and two 6.5 mm cannulated screws. Outcomes were evaluated radiographically and clinically. Clinical evaluations included pain assessment by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and functional assessment by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire and Foot Function Index (FFI). Results: The mean final VAS was smaller in the screw group (P = 0.01). The mean AOFAS and FFI scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.17 and P = 0. 19, respectively). The mean improvement of Bohler's angle, but not the Gissane's angle, was significantly greater in the screw group (P = 0.014 and P = 0.09, respectively). The mean improvement of calcaneal length and height were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.78 and P = 0.22, respectively). The hardware removal rate was 14.8% in the plate group and 3.8% in the screw group (P = 0.007). Conclusion: The modified screw fixation method provides lower pain, better radiographic outcome, and lower rate of hardware removal compared to plate fixation in the treatment of DIACF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans explore visual scenes by alternating short fixations with saccades directing the fovea to points of interest. During fixation, the visual system not only examines the foveal stimulus at high resolution, but it also processes the extrafoveal input to plan the next saccade. Although foveal analysis and peripheral selection occur in parallel, little is known about the temporal dynamics of foveal and peripheral processing upon saccade landing, during fixation. Here we investigate whether the ability to localize changes across the visual field differs depending on when the change occurs during fixation, and on whether the change localization involves foveal, extrafoveal processing, or both. Our findings reveal that the ability to localize changes in peripheral areas of the visual field improves as a function of time after fixation onset, whereas localization accuracy for foveal stimuli remains approximately constant. Importantly, this pattern holds regardless of whether individuals monitor only foveal or peripheral stimuli, or both simultaneously. Altogether, these results show that the visual system is more attuned to the foveal input early on during fixation, whereas change localization for peripheral stimuli progressively improves throughout fixation, possibly as a consequence of an increased readiness to plan the next saccade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common procedures in orthopaedics, but there is still debate over the optimal fixation method for long-term durability: cement versus cementless bone ingrowth. Recent improvements in implant materials and technology have offered the possibility of cementless TKA to change clinical practice with durable, stable biological fixation of the implants, improved operative efficiency, and optimal long-term results, particularly in younger and more active patients. This symposium evaluated the history of cementless TKA, the recent resurgence, and appropriate patient selection, as well as the historical and modern-generation outcomes of each implant (tibia, femur, and patella). Additionally, surgical technique pearls to assist in reliable, reproducible outcomes were detailed. Historically, cemented fixation has been the gold standard for TKA. However, cementless fixation is increasing in prevalence in the United States and globally, with equivalent or improved results demonstrated in appropriately selected patients. Cementless TKA provides durable biologic fixation and successful long-term results with improved operating room efficiency. Cementless TKA may be broadly utilized in appropriately selected patients, with intraoperative care taken to perform meticulous bone cuts to promote appropriate bony contact and biologic fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) hampers visual search tasks such as reading, driving, and navigation. We examined expectations from past experiences, guiding cognition and contextual priors, on visual search in PD. Methods: We compared eye movements as PD and healthy participants searched for a hidden object (target) in cluttered real‐world scenes. Results: PD participants prolonged fixation on high‐probability (high‐prior) locations for the target, consistent across expected and unexpected scenario. Such emphasis on contextual visual priors, evidenced by high fixation duration on high‐probability areas, was beneficial when the target was at the expected location but presented challenges when the target was situated in an unlikely place. Conclusion: This study contributes to understanding how PD impacts visual search behavior and cognitive processing. The findings indicate that PD alters attention allocation and visual processing by affecting the utilization of contextual visual priors. It provides insights for potential interventions targeting visuo‐cognitive deficits in PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More collisions occur at the exit ramps of expressways due to frequent lane-changing behavior and interweaving between vehicles. Young drivers with shorter driving mileage and driving experience, radical driving styles, and worse behavior prediction are likelier to be involved in collisions at the exit ramps. This paper focuses on the correlation analysis between young drivers' characteristics and their visual and physiological attributes at expressway exit ramps. First, the driver's gender, driving experience, and mileage are classified. Then, seven expressway exit models are established using the UC/Win road modeling software. The driver's driving plane vision is divided into four areas using the K-means clustering algorithm. In addition, the driver's visual and heart rate attributes were analyzed at 500 m, 300 m, 200 m, and 100 m away from an expressway exit. The results show that the visual attributes, gender, and driving mileage of young drivers strongly correlate with the fixation times and average saccade amplitude. In contrast, the driving experience has almost no correlation with the fixation behavior of young drivers. Young drivers' driving experience and mileage strongly correlate with cardiac physiological attributes, but there is virtually no correlation with gender. The practical implications of these results should be helpful to highway planners and designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tapeworms belonging to the order Caryophyllidea (Platyhelminthes, Eucestoda) represent a widespread group of intestinal parasites found in cypriniform and siluriform fishes. This group comprises four families (Balanotaeniidae, Capingentidae, Caryophyllaeidae, Lytocestidae), 42 genera and approximately 130 described species. Additionally, over a hundred new taxa have been reported from India. While many of these taxa are endemic and have unique evolutionary importance, a considerable number of putative new taxa were also invalidated because the quality and reliability of the published data did not meet the requirements. Various researchers have synonymised 28 species into a single representative, Lytocestus indicus (Moghe, 1925) Woodland, 1926. Consequently, L. indicus was chosen as a model organism to investigate whether there is taxonomic inflation or hidden diversity. Newly collected specimens of L. indicus were subjected to various fixatives for morphological assessment, and hologenophores of the same were obtained to determine whether true variations exist in their genotype or if they are merely fixation-induced variations. Despite morphological variations associated with fixation, molecular data indicated that they were indeed the same specimens. The taxonomic status of 43 new taxa was critically evaluated, with most of them tentatively synonymised with L. indicus. Others were also found to be conspecific with L. indicus but were classified as unavailable names based on their first description in unpublished dissertations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) tumors are challenging due to their unique anatomical location. This study aimed to evaluate the complexities in dealing with such precarious CVJ extradural lesions over the decade. Twenty-seven patients of extradural CVJ tumors operated between 2009 and 2018 were included. The demographic details, neurological status, surgical approach, extent of resection, type of fixation, complications, and outcome at final follow-up were recorded for each patient. The mean age of the patients was 39.5 ± 20 years. Most (17/27) of the patients had involvement of a single level. Clivus was the most common (9/17) involved region followed by atlas (7/17) vertebrae. Majority of the patients (13/27) were operated through the posterior-only approach. About 15 patients (55.5%) had instability or extensive lesions that necessitated posterior fixation. None of the patients underwent anterior fixation. Gross and near total excision were achieved in 10 patients (37%) and 3 patients (11%) respectively while 14 patients underwent subtotal excision of tumor. On histopathological analysis, clival chordoma (8/27) was found to be the most common pathology followed by giant cell tumor (6/27), plasmacytoma (4/27), and multiple myeloma (2/27). Most patients (13 out of 27) had the same neurological status after the surgery. Six patients (22%) improved post-operatively with decreased weakness and spasticity. Thirteen (48%) patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. This retrospective study provides valuable insights into managing extradural CVJ tumors and highlights the importance of individualized approaches for optimal outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical management of lumbar spondylolisthesis requires neural decompression, stabilization, and alignment restoration. Minimally invasive spine approaches offer a wide variety of advantages for spondylolisthesis management. This intraoperative note describes the treatment of L4-L5 lumbar spondylolisthesis with lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) and percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PSF). The surgical technique for treating L4-L5 lumbar spondylolisthesis using a minimally invasive approach with LLIF and percutaneous PSF is described. This operative technique is illustrated with figures, and an intraoperative case example of its application is described. LLIF with percutaneous PSF can be a safe, effective, and reliable option for treating lumbar spondylolisthesis when applied with appropriate surgical technique in a selected patient population. This technique is a valuable addition to the range of available spine surgical options. LLIF with percutaneous PSF can be an effective technique for treating lumbar L4-L5 spondylolisthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tripod screw configuration has been shown to offer similar stiffness characteristics to a laterally placed plate. However, concern has been raised that the construct may be prone to failure in scenarios where the screw intersects at the fracture line. We performed a finite element analysis to assess potentially ideal and unideal screw placements in the tripod construct among Mason III radial head fractures. A 3-dimensional proximal radius model was developed using a computed tomography scan of an adult male radius. The fracture site was simulated with a uniform gap in transverse and sagittal planes creating a Mason type III fracture pattern comprising 3 fragments. Three configurations were modeled with varying screw intersection points in relation to the radial neck fracture line. A fourth configuration comprising an added transverse interfragmentary screw was also modeled. Loading scenarios included axial and shear forces to simulate physiological conditions. Von Mises stress and displacement were used as outcomes for analysis. Some variation can be seen among the tripod configurations, with a marginal tendency for reduced implant stress and greater stiffness when screw intersection is further from the neck fracture region. The construct with an added transverse interfragmentary screw demonstrated greater stiffness (2269 N/mm) than an equivalent tripod construct comprising 3 screws (612 N/mm). The results from this study demonstrate biomechanical similarity between tripod screw constructs including where screws intersect at the radial neck fracture line. An added fourth screw, positioned transversely across fragments, increased construct stiffness in our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin grafting is one of the most common procedures in plastic surgery. However, there are no defined guidelines for optimal fixation. The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to consolidate existing evidence by comparing various graft securing methods and determining the most effective approach for clinical practice. An NMA was conducted using a predetermined protocol after searching several electronic databases from inception to October 2023 for studies examining skin grafting fixation outcomes in adults. A total of 27 studies were included in the analysis involving 1937 patients. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) was the only method to significantly improve graft take percentages in comparison with the other modalities, whereas tie-over bolster (TOB) provided the worst results in take rates when examined as events. Fibrin glue (FIB) and TOB reduced hematoma and seroma rates when data were investigated in conjunction. NPWT appears to be the most effective for skin graft adherence as opposed to traditional techniques. Its cost-effectiveness remains unclear, as NPWT is a relatively costly intervention compared with other methods. FIB and TOB are methods that can serve as a method of reducing hematoma and seroma rates in patients at high risk of bleeding. I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cell blocks (CBs) are widely used for biomarker analyses such as immunostaining. Although immunohistochemistry on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues is standardized, there are multiple preparation methods and fixatives for cytology. Our objective was to investigate the effect of different common fixatives on the immunoreactivity of pleural effusion CBs with metastatic lung adenocarcinomas. Methods: This prospective study included 24 malignant pleural effusions from different patients with lung adenocarcinoma. From each case, four identical CBs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, PreservCyt, CytoLyt, and CytoRich Red (only 17 of the cases), respectively. Samples containing <100 malignant cells were excluded. All CBs were stained with thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF‐1; clones 8G7G3/1 and SPT24), napsin A, claudin 4, CEA, CK7, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM; clones BS14, Ber‐Ep4, and MOC‐31). The fraction and intensity of stained cells were evaluated. Results: Of the investigated markers, a significant difference in staining proportion was seen for TTF‐1 clone 8G7G3/1 and EpCAM clone MOC‐31, especially with cases being negative in CytoLyt (33.3% and 83.3% positive, respectively) and PreservCyt (62.5% and 83.3%) whereas being positive in CytoRich Red (76.5% and 94.1%) and formalin (both 95.8%). A significantly weaker intensity of staining was seen for all alcohol‐based fixatives compared to formalin for TTF‐1 clone 8G7G3/1, napsin A, and EpCAM clone MOC‐31, whereas EpCAM clone Ber‐Ep4 was significantly weaker only in PreservCyt compared with formalin. Conclusions: Immunocytochemical expression and concordance with formalin‐fixed CBs differ depending on the used fixative as well as the antibody and clone, warranting investigation of the reliability of each biomarker for non–formalin‐fixed cytology. Four identical cell blocks from each of 24 malignant pleural effusions with lung adenocarcinoma were fixed using different fixatives. The impact on immunostaining was evaluated for nine antibodies, with a lower staining proportion for alcohol‐based fixatives compared to formalin for example TTF‐1 clone 8G7G3/1 and EpCAM clone MOC‐31. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Processing of bone marrow trephine biopsies involves the use of various fixatives and decalcifying agents, which can impact immunohistochemistry (IHC) results. However, a simultaneous analysis of both simultaneous fixatives and decalcifying agents has not been conducted. Objective: To determine the optimal protocol that would yield superior IHC staining results. Materials and Methods: Twenty reactive tonsillectomy specimens were collected. Forty-two tissue pieces of size 2x2x2 mm, from each tonsil were subjected to different fixation and decalcification protocols. The tested fixatives included 10% buffered formalin and aceto-zinc formalin solution (AZF), with fixation durations of 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours. Decalcification was performed using 5% nitric acid, "Decal II® (Surgipath)", 10% formic acid, 20% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (pH 7.1), and 10% EDTA (pH 7.4). The effect of each protocol on staining quality was assessed using the tissue microarray (TMA) approach. The tested IHC staining panel included CD3, CD20, PAX5, CD30, CD5, cyclin D1, CD10, BCL6, and Ki67. Results: Ten percent buffered formalin demonstrated significantly better IHC staining results compared to AZF, particularly for nuclear-stained antibodies. The duration of fixation of 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours, did not significantly affect the staining outcomes. Among the decalcifying agents, both 10% formic acid and 10% EDTA provided superior IHC staining results compared to the others. Both agents yielded similar staining outcomes without a significant difference. Conclusion: For optimized IHC staining in bone marrow trephine biopsy, 10% buffered formalin is recommended as the preferred fixative, while either 10% formic acid or 10% EDTA can be used for decalcification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has investigated the quality of information a reader can extract from upcoming parafoveal words. However, very few studies have considered parafoveal processing in bilingual readers, who may differ from monolinguals due to slower lexical access and susceptibility to cross-language activation. This eye-tracking experiment, therefore, investigated how bilingual readers process parafoveal semantic information within and across languages. We used the boundary technique to replace a preview word in a sentence with a different target word during the first rightward saccade from the pretarget region. We manipulated both preview language (nonswitch vs. code-switch) and semantic relatedness (synonym/translation vs. unrelated) between previews and targets. Upon fixation, target words always appeared in the same language as the rest of the sentence to create an essentially monolingual language context. Semantic preview benefits emerged for nonswitched synonym previews but not for code-switched translation previews. Furthermore, participants skipped code-switched previews less often than nonswitched previews and no more often than previews that were unfamiliar to them. These data suggest that bilinguals can extract within-language semantic information from the parafovea in both native and nonnative languages, but that cross-language words are not accessible while reading in a monolingual language mode, as per the partial selectivity hypothesis of bilingual language control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Abstract Background This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and clinical outcomes of Nice knot-assisted fixation in the management of comminuted and displaced clavicle fractures. Methods A systematic search was conducted across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine (CBM) database, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP database, to identify studies comparing Nice knot-assisted fixation with traditional surgical treatment for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. The primary outcomes assessed included fracture healing times, hospitalization days, complications, and functional outcomes. Secondary outcomes such as intraoperative blood loss, operative time, incision length, and fluoroscopy time were also evaluated. Data were analyzed using random-effects models, and summary statistics including Mean Difference (MD), risk ratios (RRs) and theirs’ 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results Screening of the literature yielded a total of 11 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, involving 754 patients. Meta-analysis of the pooled data demonstrated a significant advantage of Nice knot-assisted fixation over traditional surgical treatment in terms of operative time (MD = -11.53, 95% CI: -18.16 to -4.91, p = 0.0006) and blood loss (MD = -14.19, 95% CI: -20.93 to -7.45, p = 0.00001). Additionally, Nice knot-assisted fixation was associated with reduced fracture healing time (MD = -0.63, 95% CI: -1.12 to -0.14, p = 0.01) rather than hospitalization days (MD = -0.47, 95% CI: -1.14 to 0.21, p = 0.18) and complications (RR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.23 to 1.01, p = 0.05) compared to traditional surgical treatment. Moreover, nice knot-assisted fixation was associated with increased constant-murley score and Neer score, and reduced visual analogue scale (VAS) score compared to traditional surgical treatment. Conclusion This study highlights that Nice knot assistance offers advantages in reducing intraoperative blood loss, shortening operation time, and achieving favorable postoperative outcomes.

Objective The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) presents intricate anatomical challenges. In severe or irreducible malformations, complications such as reduction loss and fixation failure may occur, necessitating revision surgery. The posterior facet joint distraction and fusion (PFDF) technique, offers a solely posterior approach for revisions. Hence, we delineate varied revision scenarios, proposing surgical strategies and technical details to enhance outcomes and mitigate risks, thereby enriching the neurosurgical community's repertoire. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study, analyzed patient data from Xuanwu Hospital, between 2017 to 2023. All patients had a history of surgical treatment for CVJ malformations, and experienced failure or loss of reduction. The distance from the odontoid process tip to the Chamberlain's line (DCL), the atlantodental interval (ADI), clivus‐canal angle, cervicomedullary angle, width of subarachnoid space, CVJ area, and width of syrinx were used for radiographic assessment. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and SF‐12 scores were used for clinical assessment. Independent sample t‐tests were employed. A significance level of p

Objective Spine fixation surgery affects the biomechanical environment in the sacroiliac joint (SIJ), which may lead to the SIJ pain or degeneration after surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the number and position of fixed segments on the SIJs and provide references for surgeons to plan fixation levels and enhance surgical outcomes. Methods The intact lumbar‐pelvis finite element (FE) models and 11 fixation FE models with different number and position of fixed segments were developed based on CT images. A 400N follower load and 10° range of motion (ROM) of the spine were applied to the superior endplate of L1 to simulate the flexion, extension, bending and torsion motion after surgery. The peak stress on the SIJs, lumbar intervertebral discs, screws and rods were calculated to evaluate the biomechanical effects of fixation procedures. Results With the lowermost instrumented vertebra (LIV) of L5 or S1, the peak stress on SIJs increased with the number of fixed segments increasing. The flexion motion led to the greater von Mises stress on SIJ compared with other load conditions. Compared with the intact model, peak stress on all fixed intervertebral discs was reduced in the models with less than three fixed segments, and it increased in the models with more than three fixed segments. The stress on the SIJ was extremely high in the models with all segments from L1 to L5 fixed, including L1‐L5, L1‐S1 and L1‐S2 fixation models. The stress on the segment adjacent to the fixed segments was significant higher compared to that in the intact model. The peak stress on rods and screws also increased with the number of fixed segments increasing in the flexion, extension and bending motion, and the bending and flexion motions led to the greater von Mises stress on SIJs. Conclusion Short‐term fixation (≤2 segments) did not increase the stress on the SIJs significantly, while long‐term segment fixation (≥4 segments) led to greater stress on the SIJs especially when all the L1‐L5 segments were fixed. Unfixed lumbar segments compensated the ROM loss of the fixed segments, and the preservation of lumbar spine mobility would reduce the risks of SIJ degeneration.

Abstract Background Plates and screws are frequently used for the fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fracture (DIACF). In this study, we compared the outcomes of a modified screw fixation technique with plate fixation via a sinus tarsi approach (STA). Methods A series of 187 DIACF patients who were treated via an STA using a plate fixation (n = 81) or a screw fixation (n = 106) were included. Screw fixation was done with two 2.7 mm screws and two 6.5 mm cannulated screws. Outcomes were evaluated radiographically and clinically. Clinical evaluations included pain assessment by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and functional assessment by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire and Foot Function Index (FFI). Results The mean final VAS was smaller in the screw group (P = 0.01). The mean AOFAS and FFI scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.17 and P = 0. 19, respectively). The mean improvement of Bohler’s angle, but not the Gissane’s angle, was significantly greater in the screw group (P = 0.014 and P = 0.09, respectively). The mean improvement of calcaneal length and height were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.78 and P = 0.22, respectively). The hardware removal rate was 14.8% in the plate group and 3.8% in the screw group (P = 0.007). Conclusion The modified screw fixation method provides lower pain, better radiographic outcome, and lower rate of hardware removal compared to plate fixation in the treatment of DIACF.

The commonly employed textile wet processing methods are singeing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerising, dying, printing, and finishing. However, these methods are more time-consuming and require a lot of energy, manpower, and chemicals. Therefore, this research aims to develop a semi-continuous processing route that minimizes these problems. In this study, two dying routes were employed. The first is a control group, which was done by conventional mercerisation and dyeing procedures, whereas the second is a semi-continuous experimental group, which has been employed by mercerisation followed by wet-on-wet (WOW) reactive dying. That is, after mercerisation, the fabric, which contains the optimum alkali concentration, goes to dyeing without washing. Washing and titration were performed to determine the optimum alkaline concentration in the fabric at a specific washing cycle. Fabrics that were washed at different cycles after mercerisation were dyed, and their washing fastness, degree of dye exhaustion, fixation, and colour strength were evaluated, and they had a slightly greater colour strength than conventionally dyed fabrics. This is because with a wet-on-wet dyeing procedure, the fabric is relaxed after mercerisation, which allows it to absorb more dye, and the leftover alkali in the fabric is used to fix the dye to the cellulose. The study shows that the optimal washing cycle for passing the optimum alkali concentration is one. Furthermore, the optimal amount of alkali remaining in the fabrics is 3–3.5%. As compared to the conventional dyeing process, this process is economical.

To maintain a stable and clear image of the world, our eyes reflexively follow the direction in which a visual scene is moving. Such gaze-stabilization mechanisms reduce image blur as we move in the environment. In non-primate mammals, this behaviour is initiated by retinal output neurons called ON-type direction-selective ganglion cells (ON-DSGCs), which detect the direction of image motion and transmit signals to brainstem nuclei that drive compensatory eye movements1. However, ON-DSGCs have not yet been identified in the retina of primates, raising the possibility that this reflex is mediated by cortical visual areas. Here we mined single-cell RNA transcriptomic data from primate retina to identify a candidate ON-DSGC. We then combined two-photon calcium imaging, molecular identification and morphological analysis to reveal a population of ON-DSGCs in the macaque retina. The morphology, molecular signature and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-dependent mechanisms that underlie direction selectivity in primate ON-DSGCs are highly conserved with those in other mammals. We further identify a candidate ON-DSGC in human retina. The presence of ON-DSGCs in primates highlights the need to examine the contribution of subcortical retinal mechanisms to normal and aberrant gaze stabilization in the developing and mature visual system.

Collection of evidence is the first, important component in ensuring the process of proof in criminal proceedings. Its content consists in finding actual data that will allow establishing the circumstances of a criminal offense and ensure objectivity in achieving the objectives of criminal proceedings. Taking into account the specifics of the activity of the authorized subjects involved in the proof, there is a need to form the appropriate theoretical foundations of the outlined activity, which will ensure effective law enforcement. The article analyses the main concepts formed by scholars regarding the definition of «evidence collection», which differ in certain respects. The author provides a linguistic interpretation of such concepts as «collection» and «evidence». It is substantiated that the concept of «collection of evidence» may include such elements as: cognition, finding, perception, demand, seizure, preservation and recording. The author defines their definitions and draws attention to their functions in criminal procedure in the course of evidence collection. The conducted analysis proved that during the formation of the definition of the concept of «gathering evidence» by the parties of criminal proceedings: 1) it is appropriate to use such an element as «finding», which includes such terms as «search», «detection», «receiving», « obtaining» and which individual scientists define them as independent elements of the evidence-gathering process and use them alongside the term «finding»; 2) between such terms as «fixation» and «backing», which are synonyms, it is correct to use «fixation» as an element of the activity of gathering evidence, because it is broader in meaning. It is concluded that the gathering of evidence by the parties to criminal proceedings is a cognitive activity of the subjects authorized to do so, which consists in finding, perceiving, demanding, separation, preserving, fixing actual data that are important for criminal proceedings, in accordance with normative legal acts, decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court and taking into account the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth. In grazed pasture systems in New Zealand, N fertiliser is regularly applied to maintain high productivity of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)/white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pastures. Several decades of trials/research have established the scientific basis for N management and N fertiliser application in grass/clover pasture systems. However, despite, or perhaps because of the rich diversity of this work, it isn't always easy to see the full picture of this research; the seminal research and sometimes more recent advances are not always easily discoverable. This paper therefore seeks to amalgamate and summarise some of the vast amount of research on N fertiliser use in grazed pasture systems undertaken in New Zealand over the last 50 years. It provides an overview of research, raising the awareness of key findings, and importantly providing a pathway for decision makers to find and access the research on N fertiliser use and management. It also assists in the identification of knowledge gaps for new avenues of enquiry that could improve the efficiency of N fertiliser use and reduce environmental impacts of N loss from grazed pasture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical stability of a medially placed nitinol staple compared to two crossed-screws in the first TMT-1 joint fusion in a cadaveric cyclic loading model. Seven matched pairs (N = 7) of lower limb cadaveric specimens were utilized. TMT-1 joints from each donor were fixed with a medially placed nitinol staple or dorsally placed two 3.5 mm partially threaded cannulated crossed-screws. Specimens were tested in a 4-point bending setting with increasing cyclic forces. The mean plantar gapping was not significantly different between the two groups at any loading stage below 200 N. Specimens fixed with a nitinol staple failed at a mean load of 305 ± 57 N. Conversely, those fixed with crossed-screws failed at 373 ± 86 N. (P =.09). There was no statistical difference between a medially placed nitinol staple and dorsally placed crossed-screws in failure loads and plantar gapping under cyclic loads at the TMT-1 joint, however, the staple fixation was much more variable. Level V, basic science study, biomechanics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Non-surgical treatment without weight-bearing restriction, even in the early post-injury phase, may have a favourable effect on the activities of daily living (ADLs) in elderly patients with peri-prosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical treatments for PFFs in terms of ADL maintenance and clinical safety. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 44 patients with PFFs proximal to the stem fixation site without stem loosening. Rehabilitation with weight bearing was initiated after internal fixation of the fracture site in the surgical group (n = 12) and immediately after the injury in the non-surgical group (n = 32). Clinical and radiological outcomes, including time until the first weight-bearing exercise, time until independent walking, ADL deterioration, and bone union rate, were compared between groups. Independent risk factors for ADL deterioration were also evaluated. Results: The time until first weight-bearing exercise was shorter and the ADL deterioration rate was smaller in the non-surgical group than in the surgical group (8.8 ± 9.2 vs. 21 ± 13 days, P = 0.004; 6.2% vs. 12.5%, P = 0.04, respectively). Bone union rates were similar between groups (91% vs. 83%, P = 0.42), and aseptic loosening of the stem was not observed. Time until first weight-bearing exercise was identified as an independent risk factor for ADL deterioration (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.26; P = 0.03). Conclusion: Non-surgical treatment of PFFs proximal to the stem fixation site without stem loosening, which does not restrict early weight-bearing exercise after injury, is an effective and safe treatment procedure that maintains ADL performance in elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive osteolysis can occur at the cement–bone interface of joint replacements and the associated loss of fixation can lead to clinical loosening. We previously developed a rat hemiarthroplasty model that exhibited progressive loss of fixation with the development of cement–bone gaps under the tibial tray that mimicked patterns found in human arthroplasty retrievals. Here we explored the ability of a bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid, ZA) to attenuate cement–bone osteolysis and maintain implant stability. Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 59) received a poly(methylmethacrylate) cemented tibial component and were followed for up to 12 weeks. Treatment groups included peri‐operative administration of ZA (ZA group), administration of ZA at 6 weeks postop (late ZA group), or vehicle (Veh group). There was a 60% reduction in the rate of cement–bone gap formation for the ZA group (0.15 mm3/week) compared to Veh group (0.38 mm3/week, p = 0.016). Late ZA prevented further progression of gap formation but did not reverse bone loss to the level achieved in the ZA group. Micromotion from five times body weight toggle loading was positively correlated with cement–bone gap volume (p = 0.009) and negatively correlated with the amount of cement in the metaphysis (p = 0.005). Reduced new bone formation and enduring nonviable bone in the epiphysis for the ZA group were found. This suggests that low bone turnover in the epiphysis may suppress the early catabolic response due to implantation, thereby maintaining better fixation in the epiphysis. This preclinical model presents compelling supporting data documenting improved maintenance of the cement–bone fixation with the use of peri‐operative bisphosphonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This overview summarizes the latest research progress on the aroma absorption mechanism and aroma fixation pathway of jasmine green tea, and discusses in depth the aroma absorption mechanism of green tea, the aroma release mechanism of jasmine flowers, as well as the absorption and fixation mechanism of the aroma components of jasmine green tea in the process of scenting, to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of the quality of jasmine green tea and the innovation of processing technology. It was found that the aroma absorption mechanism of jasmine green tea is mainly associated with both physical and chemical adsorption, aroma release in jasmine involves the phenylpropanoid/benzoin biosynthetic pathway, β‐glycosidase enzymes interpreting putative glycosidic groups, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) as molecular chaperones to prevent stress damage in postharvest flowers due to high temperatures and to promote the release of aroma components, and so forth. The preparation of aroma‐protein nano‐complexes, heat stress microcapsules, and the spraying of polymeric substances – β‐cyclodextrin are three examples of aroma‐fixing pathways. This overview also summarizes the problems and future development trends of the current research and proposes the method of loading benzyl acetate, the main aroma component of jasmine, through konjac glucomannan (KGM)‐based gel to solve the problem of volatile aroma and difficult‐to‐fix aroma, which provides a reference for the sustainable development of the jasmine green tea industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for fracture-related infection (FRI) has not been well defined. Our aim was to assess the recurrence rate of infection in patients who underwent six, 12, or 24 weeks of antibiotic therapy following surgical treatment for FRI one year after antibiotic discontinuation. Additionally, complications were monitored. Methods: Patients with FRI underwent surgical treatment, and antibiotic therapy was initiated. The patients were divided into groups at the 6th and 12th weeks of antibiotic therapy. The primary endpoint was the recurrence of deep or superficial infection at 90 days and one year after the end of antimicrobial therapy. Results: There was no difference in the recurrence of infection 90 days or one year after stopping antibiotic therapy among patients treated for six, 12, or 24 weeks (p = 0.98 and p = 0.19, respectively). The overall recurrence rate of infection 90 days after stopping antibiotic therapy was 4.9% (8/163), and one year after discontinuation of antibiotic therapy was 9.8% (16/163). There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects among the three groups (chi-square; p = 0.01). Adverse effects were more common in the group treated for 24 weeks than in the groups treated for 6 weeks (z score, p = 0.017) or 12 weeks (z score, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Antibiotic therapy longer than 6 weeks did not reduce the recurrence of FRI after one year of follow-up. Additionally, antibiotic treatment for 24 weeks increases adverse events such as skin reactions and acute renal failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is no consensus about the best fixation method for medial malleolar fractures. This study was conducted to compare the clinical and radiological results of positional (fully threaded) screws and lag (partially threaded) screws when used to fix medial malleolar fractures. Methods: This prospective, randomized clinical trial included 68 patients with closed isolated medial malleolar fractures. Each study arm included 34 patients who were randomly treated with either fully threaded screws (FT group) or partially threaded screws (PT group). Patients were evaluated radiologically for union and clinically using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle hindfoot score. Results: After a 12-month follow-up, the mean AOFAS ankle hindfoot score was 92.1 ± 3.5 in the FT group and 91.8 ± 5.4 in the PT group. Union was achieved in the FT group after a mean of 6.2 ± 1.3 weeks and after a mean of 6.5 ± 1.5 weeks in the PT group. Conclusion: Both fully threaded and partially threaded screws yielded good comparable clinical and radiological outcomes when used to fix isolated medial malleolar fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue monitoring generally includes the stages of fixation, dehydration, clearing, hardening (infiltration), paraffin blocking/paraffin(emmeding), sectioning, water removal, routine staining, and mounting. Fixation is the basic and first step in the microscopic examination of tissues. The histotechnical process, which includes components such as detection, tissue tracking and staining, basically aims to capture and visualize the state of the relationships between tissue parts inside and outside the cell and various cells at a certain time as close as possible to the living state. Maintaining the natural structure of the tissue is important for the follow-up phase. The main feature of a good fixative should protect the sample and make the macromolecules insoluble without changing the chemistry of the sample studied and allowing it to be examined as closely as possible to its living state. In histological tissue analysis including light microscope and electron microscope techniques, an appropriate fixation method is selected for each study. Detection solutions are classified in terms of content. The most commonly used fixative in light microscopic follow-up procedures is 10% formaldehyde. For the electron microscope, the gluteraldehyde-osmium tetraoxide binary is widely used for fixation purposes. Gluteraldehyde acts more slowly and is more expensive than formaldehyde. Formalin is obtained by dissolving formaldehyde in water. In addition, the fixed samples can be stored in the solution for months. With a successful fixation process, the structural properties of the tissue are preserved and thus it is possible to examine the tissue as closely as possible. Thus, better quality sections are obtained from the tissue samples taken. For this reason, it will be more efficient to interpret well-fixed samples by photographing them. In this review, which was created by using various sources, the elements to be considered for an ideal fixation were determined and it was aimed to provide an overview of successful fixation for light microscope and electron microscope.

Abstract Purpose This study investigated the clinical and functional outcomes of children with distal both-bone forearm fractures treated by fixation of the radius only compared to fixation of both the radius and ulna. Methods A total of 71 patients from two centres with distal both-bone forearm fractures (30 in the ulna-yes group, 41 in the ulna-no group) who underwent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning treatment were retrospectively analysed. Operation duration, number of fluoroscopic exposures, loss of reduction rate and angulation based on radiographic assessment were compared between the two groups. Evaluation of wrist function including Gartland-Werley Score and Mayo Wrist Score were compared at the last follow-up. Results Ulna angulation upon bone healing on the posteroanterior and the lateral plane of ulna-no group (6.11 ± 1.56°; 6.51 ± 1.69°) was significantly greater than that of ulna-yes group (4.49 ± 1.30°; 5.05 ± 2.18°) (p 0.05). At last follow-up, no significant difference was found between the Gartland-Werley Scores of the ulna-yes group (1.83 ± 3.25, range: 0–16) and ulna-no group (1.85 ± 2.72, range: 0-11.5) (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between the Mayo Wrist Scores of the ulna-yes group (92.60 ± 6.20) and ulna-no group (92.15 ± 7.58) (p > 0.05). Conclusions For distal both-bone forearm fractures in children, fixation of only the radius appears to be a viable method with equivalent clinical outcomes compared to fixation of both the radius and ulna.

Abstract Background Eye tracking technology not only reveals the acquisition of visual information at fixation but also has the potential to unveil underlying cognitive processes involved in learning to use a multifunction prosthetic hand. It also reveals gaze behaviours observed during standardized tasks and self-chosen tasks. The aim of the study was to explore the use of eye tracking to track learning progress of multifunction hands at two different time points in prosthetic rehabilitation. Methods Three amputees received control training of a multifunction hand with new control strategy. Detailed description of control training was collected first. They wore Tobii Pro2 eye-tracking glasses and performed a set of standardized tasks (required to switch to different grips for each task) after one day of training and at one-year-follow-up (missing data for Subject 3 at the follow up due to socket problem). They also performed a self-chosen task (free to use any grip for any object) and were instructed to perform the task in a way how they would normally do at home. The gaze-overlaid videos were analysed using the Tobii Pro Lab and the following metrics were extracted: fixation duration, saccade amplitude, eye-hand latency, fixation count and time to first fixation. Results During control training, the subjects learned 3 to 4 grips. Some grips were easier, and others were more difficult because they forgot or were confused with the switching strategies. At the one-year-follow-up, a decrease in performance time, fixation duration, eye-hand latency, and fixation count was observed in Subject 1 and 2, indicating an improvement in the ability to control the multifunction hand and a reduction of cognitive load. An increase in saccade amplitude was observed in both subjects, suggesting a decrease in difficulty to control the prosthetic hand. During the standardized tasks, the first fixation of all three subjects were on the multifunction hand in all objects. During the self-chosen tasks, the first fixations were mostly on the objects first. Conclusion The qualitative data from control training and the quantitative eye tracking data from clinical standardized tasks provided a rich exploration of cognitive processing in learning to control a multifunction hand. Many prosthesis users prefer multifunction hands and with this study we have demonstrated that a targeted prosthetic training protocol with reliable assessment methods will help to lay the foundation for measuring functional benefits of multifunction hands.

Abstract Background Spondylodiscitis is an infection of the vertebral body extending to the intervertebral disc, and possibly the surrounding paraspinal structures. Objectives To evaluate the clinical results of posterior long segment transpedicular screws fixation and decompression of the infected area for management of idiopathic pyogenic spondylodiscitis of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Methods This retrospective study included 14 patients with idiopathic active pyogenic spondylodiscitis of the lumber and thoracic spine between January 2017 and December 2021, with follow-up continuing until December 2022. All patients had posterior long-segment rigid fixation with infection decompression. Results All patients after 6-month follow-up had achieved complete fusion. There was no evidence of postoperative wound infection, and no patient had a recurrence of infection at the lesion site during follow-up. Prior to surgery, the mean VAS score for back pain was 7.6 (range 6–9), however, after surgery, it fell to 1.3 (0–3), a statistically significant improvement (P

Abstract Total knee arthroplasty is a consistently successful, cost-efficient, and highly effective surgical procedure for treating severe knee osteoarthritis. The success and longevity of total knee arthroplasty depend significantly on the fixation method used to secure the prosthetic components. This comprehensive review examines the primary fixation methods (cemented, cementless, and hybrid fixation), analysing their biomechanics, clinical outcomes, advantages, and disadvantages, focusing on recent advances and trends in total knee arthroplasty fixation.