34 results on '"Fitzgerald TD"'
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2. Incidence and Remission of Post-Surgical Cystoid Macular Edema Following Cataract Surgery in Eyes With Intraocular Inflammation.
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Gangaputra S, Newcomb C, Ying GS, Groth S, Fitzgerald TD, Artornsombudh P, Kothari S, Pujari SS, Jabs DA, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Sen HN, Suhler EB, Thorne JE, Bhatt NP, Foster CS, Dreger KA, Buchanich JM, and Kempen JH
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Purpose: To evaluate the incidence, remission, and relapse of post-surgical cystoid macular edema (PCME) following cataract surgery in inflammatory eye disease., Methods: A total of 1859 eyes that had no visually significant macular edema prior to cataract surgery while under tertiary uveitis management were included. Standardized retrospective chart review was used to gather clinical data. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models with adjustment for inter-eye correlations were performed., Results: PCME causing VA 20/50 or worse was reported in 286 eyes (15%) within 6 months of surgery. Adults age 18-64 years as compared to children (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.42, for ages 18 to 44 years and aOR = 1.93 for ages 45 to 64 years, overall P = .02); concurrent use of systemic immunosuppression (conventional aOR 1.53 and biologics aOR = 2.68, overall P = .0095); preoperative VA 20/50 or worse (overall P < .0001); cataract surgery performed before 2000 (overall P = .03) and PMCE in fellow eye (aOR = 3.04, P = .0004) were associated with development of PCME within 6 months of cataract surgery. PCME resolution was seen in 81% of eyes at 12 months and 91% of eyes at 24 months. CME relapse was seen in 12% eyes at 12 months and 19% eyes at 24 months., Conclusions: PCME occurs frequently in uveitic eyes undergoing cataract surgery; however, most resolve within a year. CME recurrences likely are due to the underlying disease process and not relapses of PCME., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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3. Use of Immunosuppression and the Risk of Subsequent Overall or Cancer Mortality.
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Kempen JH, Newcomb CW, Washington TL, Foster CS, Sobrin L, Thorne JE, Jabs DA, Suhler EB, Rosenbaum JT, Sen HN, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Bhatt NP, Lowder CY, Goldstein DA, Leiderman YI, Acharya NR, Holland GN, Read RW, Dunn JP, Dreger KA, Artornsombudh P, Begum HA, Fitzgerald TD, Kothari S, Payal AR, Daniel E, Gangaputra SS, Kaçmaz RO, Liesegang TL, Pujari SS, Khachatryan N, Maghsoudlou A, Suga HK, Pak CM, Helzlsouer KJ, and Buchanich JM
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- Humans, Retrospective Studies, Methotrexate, Adalimumab, Calcineurin Inhibitors, Infliximab, Mycophenolic Acid therapeutic use, Cohort Studies, Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors, Immunosuppression Therapy, Immunosuppressive Agents adverse effects, Cyclosporine therapeutic use, Antimetabolites, Alkylating Agents, Azathioprine, Neoplasms drug therapy
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Purpose: To determine the incidence of all-cause and cancer mortality (CM) in association with immunosuppression., Design: Retrospective cohort study at ocular inflammatory disease (OID) subspecialty centers. We harvested exposure and covariate data retrospectively from clinic inception (earliest in 1979) through 2010 inclusive. Then we ascertained overall and cancer-specific mortalities by National Death Index linkage. We constructed separate Cox models to evaluate overall and CM for each class of immunosuppressant and for each individual immunosuppressant compared with person-time unexposed to any immunosuppression., Participants: Patients with noninfectious OID, excluding those with human immunodeficiency infection or preexisting cancer., Methods: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (mostly infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept); antimetabolites (methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine); calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine); and alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide) were given when clinically indicated in this noninterventional cohort study., Main Outcome Measures: Overall mortality and CM., Results: Over 187 151 person-years (median follow-up 10.0 years), during which 15 938 patients were at risk for mortality, we observed 1970 deaths, 435 due to cancer. Both patients unexposed to immunosuppressants (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-1.01) and those exposed to immunosuppressants but free of systemic inflammatory diseases (SIDs) (SMR = 1.04, 95% CI, 0.95-1.14) had similar mortality risk to the US population. Comparing patients exposed to TNF inhibitors, antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, and alkylating agents with patients not exposed to any of these, we found that overall mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.88, 0.89, 0.90, 1.11) and CM (aHR = 1.25, 0.89, 0.86, 1.23) were not significantly increased. These results were stable in sensitivity analyses whether excluding or including patients with SID, across 0-, 3-, or 5-year lags and across quartiles of immunosuppressant dose and duration., Conclusions: Our results, in a cohort where the indication for treatment was proven unassociated with mortality risk, found that commonly used immunosuppressants-especially the antimetabolites methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine; the TNF inhibitors adalimumab and infliximab, and cyclosporine-were not associated with increased overall and CM over a median cohort follow-up of 10.0 years. These results suggest the safety of these agents with respect to overall and CM for patients treated with immunosuppression for a wide range of inflammatory diseases., Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article., (Copyright © 2023 American Academy of Ophthalmology. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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4. Incidence of and Risk Factors for Cataract in Anterior Uveitis.
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Papaliodis GN, Rosner BA, Dreger KA, Fitzgerald TD, Artornsombudh P, Kothari S, Gangaputra SS, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Sen HN, Suhler EB, Thorne JE, Bhatt NP, Foster CS, Jabs DA, Pak CM, Ying GS, and Kempen JH
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- Humans, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Acute Disease, Uveitis, Anterior complications, Uveitis, Anterior epidemiology, Uveitis, Anterior drug therapy, Uveitis drug therapy, Cataract complications
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Purpose: To estimate the incidence/risk factors for cataract in noninfectious anterior uveitis., Design: Retrospective multicenter cohort study (6 US tertiary uveitis sites, 1978-2010)., Methods: Data were harvested by trained expert reviewers, using protocol-driven review of experts' charts. We studied cataract incidence-newly reduced visual acuity worse than 20/40 attributed to cataract; or incident cataract surgery-in 3923 eyes of 2567 patients with anterior uveitis., Results: Cataract developed in 507 eyes (54/1000 eye-years, 95% CI 49-59). Time-updated risk factors associated with cataract included older age (≥65 vs <18 years: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 5.04, 95% CI 3.04-8.33), higher anterior chamber cell grade (P(trend)=0.001), prior incisional glaucoma surgery (aHR 1.86, 95% CI 1.10-3.14), band keratopathy (aHR 2.23, 95% CI 1.47-3.37), posterior synechiae (aHR 3.71, 95% CI 2.83-4.87), and elevated intraocular pressure ≥30 vs 6-20 mm Hg (aHR 2.57, 95% CI 1.38-4.77). Primary acute (aHR 0.59, 95% CI 0.30-1.15) and recurrent acute (aHR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55-0.98) had lower cataract risk than chronic anterior uveitis. Higher-dose prednisolone acetate 1%-equivalent use (≥2 drops/day) was associated with >2-fold higher cataract risk in eyes with anterior chamber cell grades 0.5+ or lower but was not associated with higher cataract risk in the presence of anterior chamber cells of grade 1+ or higher., Conclusions: Cataract complicates anterior uveitis in ∼5.4/100 eye-years. Several fixed and modifiable risk factors were identified, yielding a point system to guide cataract risk minimization. Topical corticosteroids only were associated with increased cataract risk when anterior chamber cells were absent or minimally present, suggesting their use to treat active inflammation (which itself is cataractogenic) does not cause a net increase in cataract incidence., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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5. Risk of Cataract in Intermediate Uveitis.
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Minkus CL, Pistilli M, Dreger KA, Fitzgerald TD, Payal AR, Begum H, Kaçmaz RO, Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Levy-Clarke GA, Sen HN, Suhler EB, Thorne JE, Bhatt NP, Foster CS, Buchanich JM, and Kempen JH
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- Cohort Studies, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Cataract epidemiology, Uveitis diagnosis, Uveitis epidemiology, Uveitis, Intermediate diagnosis, Uveitis, Intermediate epidemiology
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Purpose: To determine the incidence of and predictive factors for cataract in intermediate uveitis., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Methods: Patients were identified from the Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases Cohort Study, in which medical records were reviewed to determine demographic and clinical data of every eye/patient at every visit at 5 participating US tertiary care uveitis centers. The primary outcome was development of vision-compromising cataract as defined by a decrease in visual acuity to 20/40 or less, or requiring cataract surgery. Survival analysis assessed visually defined cataract to avoid bias due to timing of surgery vis-à-vis inflammatory status., Results: Among 2,190 eyes of 1,302 patients with intermediate uveitis, the cumulative incidence of cataract formation was 7.6% by 1 year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.2%-9.1%), increasing to 36.6% by 10 years (95% CI = 31.2%-41.6%). Increased cataract risk was observed in eyes with concurrent anterior uveitis causing posterior synechiae (hazard ratio = 2.68, 95% CI = 2.00-3.59, P < .001), and in eyes with epiretinal membrane formation (hazard ratio = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.15-2.07, P = .004). Higher dose corticosteroid therapy was associated with significantly higher incidence of cataract, especially time-updated use of topical corticosteroids ≥2 times/d or ≥4 periocular corticosteroid injections. Low-dose corticosteroid medications (oral prednisone 7.5 mg daily or less, or topical corticosteroid drops <2 times/d) were not associated with increased cataract risk., Conclusions: Our study found that the incidence of clinically important cataract in intermediate uveitis is moderate. The risk is higher with markers of severity and with higher doses of corticosteroid medications, the latter being potentially modifiable., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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6. Contemporaneous Risk Factors for Visual Acuity in Non-Infectious Uveitis.
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Pistilli M, Gangaputra SS, Pujari SS, Jabs DA, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Sen HN, Suhler EB, Thorne JE, Bhatt NP, Foster CS, Begum H, Fitzgerald TD, Dreger KA, and Kempen JH
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cataract Extraction, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Young Adult, Uveitis physiopathology, Vision Disorders physiopathology, Visual Acuity physiology
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Introduction: We evaluated the associations of clinical and demographic characteristics with visual acuity (VA) with over 5 years in a subspecialty noninfectious uveitis population., Methods: Retrospective data from 5,530 noninfectious uveitis patients were abstracted by expert reviewers, and contemporaneous associations of VA with demographic and clinical factors were modeled., Results: Patients were a median of 41 years old, 65% female, and 73% white. Eyes diagnosed ≥5 years prior to cohort entry had worse VA (-1.2 lines) than those diagnosed <6 months prior, and eyes with cataract surgery performed prior to entry had worse VA (-5.9 lines) than those performed during follow-up. Vitreous haze (-4.2 lines for 3+ vs quiet), hypotony (-2.5 lines for ≤5 mm Hg vs 6-23 mm Hg), and CNV (-1.8 lines) all were strongly associated with reduced VA., Conclusion: Factors associated with reduced VA included well-known structural complications, and lack of subspecialty care during cataract surgery.
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- 2021
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7. Visual Acuity Outcome over Time in Non-Infectious Uveitis.
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Pistilli M, Joffe MM, Gangaputra SS, Pujari SS, Jabs DA, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Sen HN, Suhler EB, Thorne JE, Bhatt NP, Foster CS, Begum H, Fitzgerald TD, Dreger KA, Altaweel MM, Holbrook JT, and Kempen JH
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents therapeutic use, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Tertiary Healthcare, Time Factors, Uveitis drug therapy, Young Adult, Uveitis physiopathology, Visual Acuity physiology
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Introduction : We evaluated visual acuity (VA) over 5 years in a subspecialty noninfectious uveitis population. Methods : Retrospective data from 5,530 noninfectious uveitis patients with anterior, intermediate, posterior or panuveitis were abstracted by expert reviewers. Mean VA was calculated using inverse probability of censoring weighting to account for losses to follow-up. Results : Patients were a median of 41 years old, 65% female, and 73% white. Initial mean VA was worse among panuveitis (20/84) than posterior (20/64), intermediate (20/47), and anterior (20/37) uveitides. On average, mean VA improved by 0.62, 0.51, 0.37, and 0.26 logMAR-equivalent lines over 2 years, respectively (each P < .001), then remained stable, except posterior uveitis mean VA worsened to initial levels. Conclusion : Mean VA of uveitic eyes improved and, typically, improvement was sustained under uveitis subspecialty care. Because VA tends to improve under tertiary care, mean VA change appears a better outcome for clinical studies than time-to-loss of VA.
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- 2021
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8. Remission of Non-Infectious Anterior Scleritis: Incidence and Predictive Factors.
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Kempen JH, Pistilli M, Begum H, Fitzgerald TD, Liesegang TL, Payal A, Zebardast N, Bhatt NP, Foster CS, Jabs DA, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Sen HN, Suhler EB, and Thorne JE
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- Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Scleritis drug therapy, United States epidemiology, Immunosuppressive Agents therapeutic use, Remission Induction methods, Scleritis epidemiology
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Purpose: To assess how often non-infectious anterior scleritis remits and identify predictive factors., Methods: Our retrospective cohort study at four ocular inflammation subspecialty centers collected data for each affected eye/patient at every visit from center inception (1978, 1978, 1984, 2005) until 2010. Remission was defined as inactivity of disease off all suppressive medications at all visits spanning at least three consecutive months or at all visits up to the last visit (to avoid censoring patients stopping follow-up after remission). Factors potentially predictive of remission were assessed using Cox regression models., Results: During 1,906 years' aggregate follow-up of 832 affected eyes, remission occurred in 214 (170 of 584 patients). Median time-to-remission of scleritis = 7.8 years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.7, 9.5). More remissions occurred earlier than later during follow-up. Factors predictive of less scleritis remission included scleritis bilaterality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32-0.65); and diagnosis with any systemic inflammatory disease (aHR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.23-0.58), or specifically with Rheumatoid Arthritis (aHR = 0.22), or Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (aHR = 0.08). Statin treatment (aHR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.03-2.26) within ≤90 days was associated with more remission incidence., Conclusions: Our results suggest scleritis remission occurs more slowly in anterior scleritis than in newly diagnosed anterior uveitis or chronic anterior uveitis, suggesting that attempts at tapering suppressive medications is warranted after long intervals of suppression. Remission is less frequently achieved when systemic inflammatory diseases are present. Confirmatory studies of whether adjunctive statin treatment truly can enhance scleritis remission (as suggested here) are needed., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
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- 2021
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9. Collectively Facilitated Behavior of the Neonate Caterpillars of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
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Fitzgerald TD, Wolfin M, Young R, Meyer K, and Fabozzi E
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The behavioral biology of the first instar larva of Cactoblastis cactorum was studied from the time of eclosion until the colony penetrated and initiated excavation of the host plant. Hatching from an egg stick was asynchronous, requiring 20 h for the entire cohort to eclose at 50%-70% RH and significantly longer at a lower range of RHs. On eclosion, neonates aggregated in an arena at the base of their egg stick and did not attempt to excavate the cladode until an average of 25 caterpillars had collected, approximately 15 h after the onset of egg hatch. Typically only a single entrance hole was formed, limiting the active process of excavating to one or a few individuals at-a-time until the host was fully penetrated and enlarged internally. Olfactometer tests showed that the neonates are strongly attracted to volatile chemicals released when caterpillars chewed into the cladode, accounting for the strong fidelity of the whole cohort to the initial site of penetration. In one instance, the caterpillars were observed to deal with an explosive release of mucilage by imbibing the liquid until the flooded zone was drained and the caterpillars could reenter the plant through the original entrance hole. Once inside the cladode, marked individuals adopted a regular cycle of defecating at the surface at a mean interval of approximately 10 min when followed for 35 successive cycles. Blanket spraying cladodes with a mandibular gland extract prior to hatching led to the independent dispersal of neonates and a failure to form an arena. When the cladode was impenetrable at the site of eclosion, the active cohort of unfed neonates set off together in search of a new site, marking and following a persistent trail that allowed late-to-eclose caterpillars to join their departed siblings. The adaptive significance of these observations is discussed in the context of the life history of the caterpillar., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- 2016
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10. Remission of Intermediate Uveitis: Incidence and Predictive Factors.
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Kempen JH, Gewaily DY, Newcomb CW, Liesegang TL, Kaçmaz RO, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Sen HN, Suhler EB, Thorne JE, Foster CS, Jabs DA, Payal A, and Fitzgerald TD
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- Adolescent, Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Uveitis, Intermediate diagnosis, Uveitis, Intermediate epidemiology, Remission, Spontaneous, Uveitis, Intermediate physiopathology
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Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of remission among patients with intermediate uveitis; to identify factors potentially predictive of remission., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Methods: Involved eyes of patients with primary noninfectious intermediate uveitis at 4 academic ocular inflammation subspecialty practices, followed sufficiently long to meet the remission outcome definition, were studied retrospectively by standardized chart review data. Remission of intermediate uveitis was defined as a lack of inflammatory activity at ≥2 visits spanning ≥90 days in the absence of any corticosteroid or immunosuppressant medications. Factors potentially predictive of intermediate uveitis remission were evaluated using survival analysis., Results: Among 849 eyes (of 510 patients) with intermediate uveitis followed over 1934 eye-years, the incidence of intermediate uveitis remission was 8.6/100 eye-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4-10.1). Factors predictive of disease remission included prior pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) (hazard ratio [HR] [vs no PPV] = 2.39; 95% CI, 1.42-4.00), diagnosis of intermediate uveitis within the last year (HR [vs diagnosis >5 years ago] =3.82; 95% CI, 1.91-7.63), age ≥45 years (HR [vs age <45 years] = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.03-3.11), female sex (HR = 1.61; 95% CI, 1.04-2.49), and Hispanic race/ethnicity (HR [vs white race] = 2.81; 95% CI, 1.23-6.41). Presence/absence of a systemic inflammatory disease, laterality of uveitis, and smoking status were not associated with differential incidence., Conclusions: Our results suggest that intermediate uveitis is a chronic disease with an overall low rate of remission. Recently diagnosed patients and older, female, and Hispanic patients were more likely to remit. With regard to management, pars plana vitrectomy was associated with increased probability of remission., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2016
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11. Trail following response of larval Cactoblastis cactorum to 2-acyl-1,3-cyclohexanediones.
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Fitzgerald TD, Kelly M, Potter T, Carpenter JE, and Rossi F
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- Animals, Larva growth & development, Larva physiology, Moths growth & development, Motor Activity, Animal Communication, Cyclohexanones metabolism, Moths physiology, Pheromones metabolism
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Caterpillars of Cactoblastis cactorum secrete onto the surface of host cactuses droplets of an oily fluid that issues from the orifices of their paired mandibular glands. The fluid contains a series of 2-acyl-1,3-cyclohexanediones that, collectively, have been shown to elicit trail-following behavior from the caterpillars. This study reports the results of bioassays to determine the ability of two specific compounds, previously shown to be prominent components of the mandibular glands of pyralid caterpillars, 4-hydroxy-2-oleoyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione and 2-oleoyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, to elicit trail-following behavior from the larvae of C. cactorum. Additionally bioassayed were structural fragments of these molecules. The relative effectiveness of the chemicals in eliciting trail following, the effect of varying concentration on the trail-following response, the importance of specific functional groups to the trail-following response, and the threshold sensitivity of the caterpillar to the pheromone were determined. The study showed that while all the tested compounds elicited some degree of trail following, they differed significantly in their effectiveness. The most effective of the compounds was 4-hydroxy-2-oleoyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, which, on a per unit volume basis, was as effective as whole gland extract. Caterpillars secreted large quantities of fluid from the glands, and the threshold response to 4-hydroxy-2-oleoyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione occurred at a relative high application rate compared to trail pheromones of other social caterpillars and eusocial insects. This and the observation that the trail marker is secreted from the mandibular glands suggests that the use of 2-acyl-1,3-cyclohexanediones as trail markers is secondary, and that these compounds function primarily in some other, as yet undetermined, context.
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- 2015
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12. Trail marking by larvae of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum.
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Fitzgerald TD, Wolfin M, Rossi F, Carpenter JE, and Pescador-Rubio A
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- Animal Communication, Animals, Larva physiology, Odorants, Moths physiology, Motor Activity physiology
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The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), spends most of its larval life feeding within the cladodes of Opuntia cactuses, but the gregarious caterpillars begin their life outside the plant, and in the later instars make intermittent excursions over plant surfaces to access new cladodes and to thermoregulate. The study reported here showed that when the caterpillars move en masse, they mark and follow trails that serve to keep the cohort together. Artificial trails prepared from hexane extracts of the caterpillar's paired mandibular glands were readily followed by the caterpillars. The glands are remarkably large, and their fluid contents, which constitute approximately 1% of the total wet mass of a caterpillar, are secreted onto the substrate as they move. Although the caterpillars also lay down copious quantities of silk, the material in itself neither elicits trail following nor is it a requisite component of pathways that elicit trail following. Previous analyses of the mandibular glands of other species of pyralid caterpillars showed that they contain a series of structurally distinct 2-acyl-1,3 cyclohexane diones. Chemical analysis indicates that the glands of C. cactorum contain structurally similar compounds, and bio- assays indicate that trail following occurs in response to these chemicals. While the mandibular glands' fluids have been shown to act as semiochemicals, effecting both interspecific and intra- specific behavior in other species of pyralids, the present study is the first to report their use as a trail pheromone., (This is an open access paper. We use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license that permits unrestricted use, provided that the paper is properly attributed.)
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- 2014
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13. A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.
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Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig KD, Duck S, Cano A, Goubert L, Jackson PL, Mogil JS, Rainville P, Sullivan MJL, Williams ACC, Vervoort T, and Fitzgerald TD
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- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Animals, Biological Evolution, Brain physiology, Caregivers psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Chronic Pain physiopathology, Chronic Pain psychology, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mice, Models, Theoretical, Pain physiopathology, Pain Measurement, Rats, Communication, Neurosciences, Pain psychology, Pain Perception physiology, Social Behavior
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We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of the process of pain communication. The focus is on an improved understanding of immediate dyadic transactions during painful events in the context of broader social phenomena. Fine-grain consideration of social transactions during pain leads to an appreciation of sociobehavioral events affecting both suffering persons as well as caregivers. Our examination considers knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including clinical health psychology, social and developmental processes, evolutionary psychology, communication studies, and behavioral neuroscience.
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- 2011
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14. Reconceptualizing the role of fear of falling and balance confidence in fall risk.
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Hadjistavropoulos T, Delbaere K, and Fitzgerald TD
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- Anxiety psychology, Concept Formation, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Models, Psychological, Models, Theoretical, Motor Activity, Sensation Disorders epidemiology, Sensation Disorders prevention & control, Sensation Disorders psychology, Social Support, Wounds and Injuries epidemiology, Accidental Falls prevention & control, Fear psychology, Postural Balance, Risk Assessment methods, Self Efficacy, Wounds and Injuries prevention & control
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Objective: This article aimed to critically examine preexisting conceptualizations of the relationship among fear of falling, falls efficacy, and falls and to offer a new theoretical model incorporating findings from the recent literature., Method: This is a theoretical article based on a review of preexisting findings pertaining to fear of falling and falls efficacy., Results: Traditional conceptualizations consider avoidance of activity and deconditioning to be mediators in the relationship between fear of falling and falls, but recent findings suggest that this mediational conceptualization may not be accurate. Moreover, the terms falls efficacy and fear of falling are often used interchangeably in the literature, which is conceptually problematic., Discussion: We conclude with the presentation and discussion of an alternative predictive model of fear of falling that incorporates important findings from the recent literature.
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- 2011
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15. Trail marking by caterpillars of the silverspot butterfly Dione juno huascuma.
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Pescador-Rubio A, Stanford-Camargo SG, Páez-Gerardo LE, Ramírez-Reyes AJ, Ibarra-Jiménez RA, and Fitzgerald TD
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- Animals, Larva physiology, Passiflora parasitology, Silk physiology, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Butterflies physiology, Feeding Behavior physiology, Pheromones metabolism
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A pheromone is implicated in the trail marking behavior of caterpillars of the nymphalid silverspot butterfly, Dione juno huascuma (Reakirt) (Lepidoptera: Heliconiinae) that feed gregariously on Passiflora (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae) vines in Mexico. Although they mark pathways leading from one feeding site to another with silk, this study shows that the silk was neither adequate nor necessary to elicit trail following behavior. Caterpillars marked trails with a long-lived pheromone that was deposited when they brushed the ventral surfaces of the tips of their abdomens along branch pathways. The caterpillars distinguished between pathways deposited by different numbers of siblings and between trails of different ages. Caterpillars also preferentially followed the trails of conspecifics over those of another nymphalid, Nymphalis antiopa L., the mourning cloak butterfly.
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- 2011
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16. Practice guidelines for assessing pain in older persons with dementia residing in long-term care facilities.
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Hadjistavropoulos T, Fitzgerald TD, and Marchildon GP
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Purpose: Frail patients with dementia most frequently present with musculoskeletal pain and mobility concerns; therefore, physiotherapy interventions for this population are likely to be of great benefit. However, physiotherapists who work with older adults with dementia confront a considerable challenge: the communication impairments that characterize dementia make it difficult to assess pain and determine its source. For an effective physiotherapy programme to be implemented, valid pain assessment is necessary. This paper is intended to provide practice guidelines for pain assessment among older persons with dementia., Summary of Key Points: Over the last several years, there has been tremendous research progress in this area. While more research is needed, several promising assessment methodologies are available. These methodologies most often involve the use of observational checklists to record specific pain behaviours., Recommendations: We encourage the ongoing and regular evidence-based pain assessment of older persons with dementia, using standardized procedures. Without regular and systematic assessment, pain problems will often go undetected in this population. Given the need for systematic pain assessment and intervention for long-term care populations with mobility concerns and muculoskeletal pain problems, we call for increased involvement of physical therapists in long-term care facilities.
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- 2010
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17. Aposematism in Archips cerasivoranus not linked to the sequestration of host-derived cyanide.
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Fitzgerald TD, Stevens MA, Miller S, and Jeffers P
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- Animals, Feces chemistry, Feeding Behavior, Gastrointestinal Contents chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Larva drug effects, Larva physiology, Moths drug effects, Plant Leaves chemistry, Cyanides metabolism, Moths physiology, Prunus metabolism
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This study addressed the question of how caterpillars of Archips cerasivoranus feeding upon Prunus virginiana cope with the cyanogenic compounds of their food. Analysis by ion chromatography showed that young and aged leaves of P. virginiana consumed by the caterpillars during spring have hydrogen cyanide potentials (HCN-ps) of 2,473 +/- 130 ppm and 1,058 +/- 98 ppm, respectively. Although less than 3% of the cyanide released as the caterpillars feed escapes into the atmosphere, the larva's bright-yellow aposematic coloration and conspicuous activity can not be attributed to the sequestration of cyanide. Only six of 25 samples of the caterpillars' defensive regurgitants collected from 12 field colonies contained cyanide (17.6 +/- 6.54 ppm), less than 5% of the quantity previously reported to occur in the regurgitant of the tent caterpillar M. americanum. Only seven of 13 caterpillars assayed had detectable quantities of cyanide in their bodies (3.9 +/- 0.9 ppm). The fecal pellets that encase the cocoon contained no cyanide, nor did the frass that litters the leaf shelters. The small quantities of cyanide that occur in the caterpillar compared to the HCN-p of ingested plant material appear attributable to paced bouts of feeding and the maintenance of a highly alkaline foregut that inhibits cyanogenesis.
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- 2008
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18. REVIEW paper: mare reproductive loss syndrome.
- Author
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Sebastian MM, Bernard WV, Riddle TW, Latimer CR, Fitzgerald TD, and Harrison LR
- Subjects
- Abortion, Veterinary epidemiology, Animals, Female, Horse Diseases epidemiology, Horses, Pericarditis epidemiology, Pericarditis veterinary, Pregnancy, Syndrome, Uveitis epidemiology, Uveitis veterinary, Abortion, Veterinary etiology, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Horse Diseases etiology
- Abstract
An epidemic of early fetal loss (EFL), late fetal loss (LFL), fibrinous pericarditis, and unilateral uveitis which occurred during the spring of 2001, are together now known as the mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS). A similar epidemic with less intensity was reported during the same period of time from southern Ohio, West Virginia, and Tennessee. The same syndrome with lesser intensity recurred in 2002. The estimated economic loss from the syndrome in 2001 and 2002 together was approximately $500 million. Both EFL and LFL were characterized by the absence of specific clinical signs in aborting mares. Nonhemolytic Streptococcus spp. and Actinobacillus spp. accounted for 65% of the organisms isolated from fetuses submitted for a postmortem during the MRLS period in 2001 and 2002. The pathologic findings in fetoplacental units of LFL included bronchopneumonia and funisitis, and there were no findings in EFL. Epidemiologic studies conducted in 2001 suggested an association between the presences of eastern tent caterpillars (ETC) in pastures with MRLS. Experimental studies in pregnant mares by exposure to ETC, or administration by stomach tube or with feed material, reproduced EFL and LFL. Similar experimental studies in mouse, rats, and goats with ETC were unsuccessful. Currently, 2 hypotheses are proposed for MRLS. One hypothesis proposes that an ETC-related toxin with secondary opportunistic bacterial invasion of the fetus leads to MRLS. The second hypothesis suggests that a breach of gastrointestinal mucosal integrity by hairs of ETC leads to a bacteremia and results in MRLS. In 2004, a similar equine abortion storm was reported from Australia and caterpillar exposure was identified as a risk factor for the abortion. In 2006, the syndrome was observed in Florida and New Jersey.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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19. Larvae of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, inhibit cyanogenesis in Prunus serotina.
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD
- Subjects
- Animals, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Gastrointestinal Contents chemistry, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Larva chemistry, Larva physiology, Moths chemistry, Nitriles metabolism, Prunus chemistry, Hydrogen Cyanide metabolism, Moths physiology, Plant Leaves chemistry, Prunus parasitology
- Abstract
The larvae of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Dru.), though vulnerable to cyanide poisoning, consume the cyanogenic leaves of black cherry, Prunus serotina, without apparent harm. The cyanide contents of leaves, defensive regurgitant, the bolus, and frass were assayed by ion chromatography to determine the fate of the toxin in the caterpillar. Leaves collected in September, when the caterpillars were feeding, contained 1592+/-276 p.p.m. cyanide. Samples of dried frass obtained from caterpillars fed these leaves yielded 2868+/-552 p.p.m. cyanide. Frass extracted directly in NaOH yielded approximately five percent of the cyanide obtained from frass ground in buffer and distilled in Warburg flasks, indicating that cyanogenesis is largely inhibited as the bolus traverses the gut. This inhibition is attributable to the ability of the caterpillar to maintain a foregut environment in the presence of the bolus that is sufficiently alkaline to suppress the conversion of the plant cyanogen to cyanide. Although a number of caterpillars feed without harm on cyanogenic plants, this it the first shown to inhibit cyanogenesis in this manner.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The mare reproductive loss syndrome and the eastern tent caterpillar: a toxicokinetic/statistical analysis with clinical, epidemiologic, and mechanistic implications.
- Author
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Sebastian M, Gantz MG, Tobin T, Harkins JD, Bosken JM, Hughes C, Harrison LR, Bernard WV, Richter DL, and Fitzgerald TD
- Subjects
- Aborted Fetus microbiology, Aborted Fetus pathology, Abortion, Veterinary etiology, Abortion, Veterinary microbiology, Animal Husbandry methods, Animals, Female, Horse Diseases etiology, Horse Diseases microbiology, Horses, Kentucky epidemiology, Pregnancy, Records veterinary, Retrospective Studies, Abortion, Veterinary epidemiology, Animal Feed adverse effects, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Horse Diseases epidemiology, Lepidoptera microbiology
- Abstract
During 2001, central Kentucky experienced acute transient epidemics of early and late fetal losses, pericarditis, and unilateral endophthalmitis, collectively referred to as mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS). A toxicokinetic/statistical analysis of experimental and field MRLS data was conducted using accelerated failure time (AFT) analysis of abortions following administration of Eastern tent caterpillars (ETCs; 100 or 50 g/day or 100 g of irradiated caterpillars/day) to late-term pregnant mares. In addition, 2001 late-term fetal loss field data were used in the analysis. Experimental data were fitted by AFT analysis at a high (P <.0001) significance. Times to first abortion ("lag time") and abortion rates were dose dependent. Lag times decreased and abortion rates increased exponentially with dose. Calculated dose x response data curves allow interpretation of abortion data in terms of "intubated ETC equivalents." Analysis suggested that field exposure to ETCs in 2001 in central Kentucky commenced on approximately April 27, was initially equivalent to approximately 5 g of intubated ETCs/day, and increased to approximately 30 g/day at the outbreak peak. This analysis accounts for many aspects of the epidemiology, clinical presentations, and manifestations of MRLS. It allows quantitative interpretation of experimental and field MRLS data and has implications for the basic mechanisms underlying MRLS. The results support suggestions that MRLS is caused by exposure to or ingestion of ETCs. The results also show that high levels of ETC exposure produce intense, focused outbreaks of MRLS, closely linked in time and place to dispersing ETCs, as occurred in central Kentucky in 2001. With less intense exposure, lag time is longer and abortions tend to spread out over time and may occur out of phase with ETC exposure, obscuring both diagnosis of this syndrome and the role of the caterpillars.
- Published
- 2003
21. Role of trail pheromone in foraging and processionary behavior of pine processionary caterpillars Thaumetopoea pityocampa.
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Movement, Animal Communication, Feeding Behavior physiology, Lepidoptera physiology, Pheromones physiology
- Abstract
Although caterpillars of Thaumetopoea pityocamnpa may mark their pathways with silk, this study shows that the material is essential to neither the elicitation nor maintenance of trail-following or processionary behavior. Trail following is dependent upon a pheromone the caterpillars deposit by brushing the ventral surfaces of the tips of their abdomens against the substate. Earlier instars are strongly bound to their trail system; in the laboratory, caterpillars followed circular trails continuously for as long as 12 hr before breaking away from them. The trail pheromone is long-lived and soluble in nonpolar solvents, but its volatilization or degradation allows the caterpillars to distinguish new from aged trails. In contrast to trail following, processionary behavior, the head-to-tail, single-file movement of the caterpillars is dependent on neither silk nor the trail pheromone. Stimuli associated with setae found on the tip of the abdomen of the precedent caterpillar serve to hold processions together, and such stimuli take priority over those associated with either the trail pheromone or silk. Although the caterpillars discern trail strength and choose stronger over weaker trails, the trail marking system of the processionary caterpillar appears less sophisticated than those of other, previously studied species of social caterpillars, and colonies are relatively inefficient in abandoning exhausted feeding sites in favor of new food finds. In laboratory studies, females were more likely to lead processions than males, and leaders, regardless of gender, expended more energy in locomotion than followers.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The toxicokinetics of cyanide and mandelonitrile in the horse and their relevance to the mare reproductive loss syndrome.
- Author
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Dirikolu L, Hughes C, Harkins D, Boyles J, Bosken J, Lehner F, Troppmann A, McDowell K, Tobin T, Sebastian MM, Harrison L, Crutchfield J, Baskin SI, and Fitzgerald TD
- Abstract
The epidemiological association between black cherry trees and mare reproductive loss syndrome has focused attention on cyanide and environmental cyanogens. This article describes the toxicokinetics of cyanide in horses and the relationships between blood cyanide concentrations and potentially adverse responses to cyanide. To identify safe and humane blood concentration limits for cyanide experiments, mares were infused with increasing doses (1-12 mg/min) of sodium cyanide for 1 h. Infusion at 12 mg/min produced clinical signs of cyanide toxicity at 38 min; these signs included increased heart rate, weakness, lack of coordination, loss of muscle tone, and respiratory and behavioral distress. Peak blood cyanide concentrations were about 2500 ng/mL; the clinical and biochemical signs of distress reversed when infusion stopped. Four horses were infused with 1 mg/min of sodium cyanide for 1 h to evaluate the distribution and elimination kinetics of cyanide. Blood cyanide concentrations peaked at 1160 ng/mL and then declined rapidly, suggesting a two-compartment, open model. The distribution (alpha) phase half-life was 0.74 h, the terminal (beta phase) half-life was 16.16 h. The mean residence time was 12.4 h, the steady-state volume of distribution was 2.21 L/kg, and the mean systemic clearance was 0.182 L/h/kg. Partitioning studies showed that blood cyanide was about 98.5% associated with the red cell fraction. No clinical signs of cyanide intoxication or distress were observed during these infusion experiments. Mandelonitrile was next administered orally at 3 mg/kg to four horses. Cyanide was rapidly available from the orally administered mandelonitrile and the C max blood concentration of 1857 ng/mL was observed at 3 min after dosing; thereafter, blood cyanide again declined rapidly, reaching 100 ng/mL by 4 h postadministration. The mean oral bioavailability of cyanide from mandelonitrile was 57% +/- 6.5 (SEM), and its apparent terminal half-life was 13 h +/- 3 (SEM). No clinical signs of cyanide intoxication or distress were observed during these experiments. These data show that during acute exposure to higher doses of cyanide (~600 mg/horse; 2500 ng/mL of cyanide in blood), redistribution of cyanide rapidly terminated the acute toxic responses. Similarly, mandelonitrile rapidly delivered its cyanide content, and acute cyanide intoxications following mandelonitrile administration can also be terminated by redistribution. Rapid termination of cyanide intoxication by redistribution is consistent with and explains many of the clinical and biochemical characteristics of acute, high-dose cyanide toxicity. On the other hand, at lower concentrations (<100 ng/mL in blood), metabolic transformation of cyanide is likely the dominant mechanism of termination of action. This process is slow, with terminal half-lives ranging from 12-16 hours. The large volume of distribution and the long terminal-phase-elimination half-life of cyanide suggest different mechanisms for toxicities and termination of toxicities associated with low-level exposure to cyanide. If environmental exposure to cyanide is a factor in the cause of MRLS, then it is likely in the more subtle effects of low concentrations of cyanide on specific metabolic processes that the associations will be found.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Depletion of host-derived cyanide in the gut of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum.
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD, Jeffers PM, and Mantella D
- Subjects
- Animals, Digestive System, Feces chemistry, Food Chain, Plant Leaves chemistry, Cyanides metabolism, Moths physiology, Plants, Edible, Prunus chemistry
- Abstract
Using a colorimetric procedure, we assessed the HCN-p of black cherry leaves (Prunus serotina) ingested by the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum, and the cyanide content of the bolus as it passed thorough the caterpillar's digestive tract and into the detritus pool. The mean HCN-p of leaves in our study area was 1902 +/- 174 (SE) ppm. Young leaves found at the tips of growing branches, which the caterpillars preferred, had a significantly higher HCN-p (3032 +/- 258 ppm) than older leaves found at the middle (1542 +/- 243 ppm) or base of the shoot (1131 +/- 159 ppm). Following a bout of overnight feeding on young leaves, the cyanide content of the foregut and midgut boluses of early sixth-instar caterpillars averaged 631 +/- 161 ppm, and 14 +/- 3 ppm, respectively, indicating that host-derived cyanide is rapidly depleted as the bolus transits the gut. Some cyanide, however, remains. In three studies, the mean cyanide content of fresh fecal pellets ranged from approximately 20 to 38 ppm, while the dried, compacted pellets ranged from 63 to 85 ppm. Food in the foreguts of mature caterpillars dispersing over the ground in search of pupation sites had 417 +/- 99 ppm cyanide. The potential impact of this egested and caterpillar-transported cyanide on the consumer and detritivore communities is discussed.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Reply from j.T. Costa and T.d. Fitzgerald.
- Author
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Costa JT and Fitzgerald TD
- Published
- 1996
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25. Developments in social terminology: semantic battles in a conceptual war.
- Author
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Costa JT and Fitzgerald TD
- Abstract
The problems posed by the evolution of the diverse forms of animal sociality are among the most important and fascinating in evolutionary biology. The conceptual and terminological framework guiding studies of social evolution has been based on a particular insect model, namely, that of highly derived family-structured societies. Virtually all other social systems have been categorized as 'less social' relative to these societies. Recently, the ambiguities and constraints inherent in this hierarchical classification have led to numerous proposals to amend social terminology. What is the best framework for studying social evolution? Should the traditional classification be expanded, narrowed or abandoned altogether? In an important respect, most recent proposals present the same wine in a different bottle by retaining and recasting key terms of the traditional social-evolutionary classification.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Trail and arena marking by caterpillars ofArchips cerasivoranus (lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD
- Abstract
The activity ofArchips cerasivoranus caterpillars is largely limited to their colonial silk web and trails. Silk pulled directly from the spinnerets of caterpillars and wound onto paper strips to form artificial trails elicited locomotion from the larvae. Trails made from extracts of silk and silk glands also elicited locomotion. These and other observations reported here indicate that the caterpillars are responsive to a water-soluble pheromone that is a component of the silk strand. Marker pheromones appear not to be secreted from other regions of the body, as has been reported for some other trail-following caterpillars.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Trail following and recruitment: Response of eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum to 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione and 5β-cholestan-3-one.
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD
- Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione (diketone) and 5β-cholestan-3-one (monoketone) in eliciting trail following from eastern tent caterpillars,Malacosoma americanum. In Y maze tests, trails prepared from the monoketone were followed preferentially over diketone trails, even when the diketone trail was several orders of magnitude stronger. Under field conditions, colonies readily abandoned well-developed trail systems in favor of artificial trails that were established with the monoketone. Other tests in which the caterpillars selected trails prepared from the monoketone (but not the diketone) more often than their own recruitment trails indicate that the monoketone constitutes the chemical basis of recruitment communication in this insect. The study also shows that tent caterpillars are highly sensitive to small differences in the amount of monoketone in a trail and can distinguish between new and aged trails prepared from the compound.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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28. Chemoorientation of eastern tent caterpillars to trail pheromone, 5β-Cholestane-3,24-dione.
- Author
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Peterson SC and Fitzgerald TD
- Abstract
Chemoorientation behavior of the larval eastern tent caterpillar,Malacosoma americanum, was studied using the synthetic trail pheromone 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione. Divergent arms of Y mazes were treated with various concentration ratios of the pheromone. At application rates of 10(-10)-10(-9) g/mm of trail, larvae showed a significant preference for stronger trails when concentration ratios differed by as little as 4:1. At application rates of 10(-8) and greater there was no significant difference in trail choice even when trails differed in strength by a full order of magnitude. Other studies showed that the caterpillars abandon the pattern of choosing stronger over weaker trails when they repeatedly fail to find food at the end of a stronger trail. Experiments in which larvae were required to choose trails separated by a gap demonstrated orientation by chemoklinotaxis. Caterpillars that had one of the maxillary palps ablated looped in the direction of their intact chemo-receptor when placed on filter paper treated uniformly with pheromone, indicating that they may also orient by tropotaxis. The relevance of these findings to the tent caterpillar communication system is discussed.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Site of secretion of the trail marker of the eastern tent caterpillar.
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD and Edgerly JS
- Abstract
A new site of secretion of a chemical trail marker was found on the sternum at the tip of the last abdominal segment of the larva of the eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum. Larvae marked from this site by drawing their sterna along the substrate when they extended existing trails in search of food and again when they established recruitment trails to food-finds. Differences in the quantity or quality of the marker deposited by exploring and recruiting caterpillars may account for the greater activity of the recruitment trails.
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
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30. Identification of trail pheromone of larva of eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae).
- Author
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Crump D, Silverstein RM, Williams HJ, and Fitzgerald TD
- Abstract
Previous studies have shown that larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum F.) mark trails, leading from their tent to feeding sites on host trees, with a pheromone secreted from the posterior tip of the abdominal sternum. 5β-Cholestane-3,24-dione (1) has been identified as an active component of the trail. The larvae have a threshold sensitivity to the pheromone of 10(-11) g/mm of trail. Several related compounds elicit the trail-following response. Two other species of tent caterpillars also responded positively to the pheromone in preliminary laboratory tests.
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Daily foraging schedule of field colonies of the eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma americanum.
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD, Casey T, and Joos B
- Abstract
The daily foraging patterns of seven colonies of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum, were monitored photoelectronically during the last three larval stadia to provide the first detailed record of the foraging behavior of a gregarious caterpillar under field conditions. Colonies were active an average of 49.3% of each day. Three bouts of foraging, centered about 0600 h, 1500 h and 2000 h (EST), occurred daily during the fourth and fifth stadia. Although ambient temperatures were less favorable for foraging and food processing than at other times of the day, the caterpillars were most active at dusk and dawn, and spent comparatively little time away from the tent during the daylight hours. In the last (sixth) stadium, the caterpillars foraged only under the cover of darkness. A lack of relationship between the rate at which the caterpillars processed food and the spacing of their feeding bouts, indicates that this species follows a schedule of feeding and growth shaped by factors other than those directly related to feeding efficiency and ambient temperature. Colony foraging patterns may reduce caterpillar mortality by minimizing contact between larvae and day-active predators and parasitiods.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Trail marking by larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar.
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD
- Subjects
- Animals, Feeding Behavior physiology, Larva, Lepidoptera physiology, Pheromones physiology
- Abstract
Eastern tent caterpillars that are successful foragers deposit trails as they return to the tent that are more attractive than the exploratory trails of the unfed larvae. The trails of these fed returning larvae attract unfed tentmates to food finds anre chemical factors account for the attractiveness of these trails.
- Published
- 1976
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The educational plan of the American Academy of General Practice.
- Author
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FITZGERALD TD
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Academies and Institutes, Education, Medical, Family Practice, General Practice
- Published
- 1951
34. Ergotamine tartrate in migraine.
- Author
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Fitzgerald TD
- Subjects
- Humans, Ergotamine administration & dosage, Migraine Disorders drug therapy
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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