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Inflammation is a normal protective reaction against tissue damage caused by physical injury, harmful chemicals, and protein denaturation. Protein denaturation is a process in which proteins lose their tertiary structure and secondary structure due to foreign substances, external compounds, such as strong acids, strong bases, organic salts, organic solvents, and heating. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the seed coat of Kebiul (Caesalpinia bonduc L.) by calculating the IC50 value of protein denaturation in the sample. The results of the phytochemical test of the ethanol extract of Kebiul seeds contained flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins, while the ethyl acetate fraction only contained tannins and alkaloids. The results of the anti-inflammatory test showed that the highest percent inhibition value of sodium diclofenac, ethanol extract, and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively, at a concentration of 20 ppm was 84.8%; 84.1%; and 50%. The IC50 values "‹"‹of sodium diclofenac, ethanol extract, and ethyl acetate fraction were 5.4 μg/mL; 9.9 μg/mL; and 13.3 μg/mL, respectively. The three samples had percent inhibition values exceeding 20% which indicated that all three can be used as an anti-inflammatory. Keywords: anti-inflammatory, protein denaturation, Caesalpinia bonduc L.

Pengobatan terhadap penyakit tipus masih menjadi masalah utama karena penggunaan obat-obatan sintetik terkadang memberikan efek samping terhadap tubuh, sehingga diperlukan alternatif pengobatan dari bahan alam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri senyawa tanin daun mimba (Azzadirachta indica) terhadap bakteri Salmonella Typhi dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ditentukan berdasarkan diameter daya hambat senyawa tanin terhadap bakteri Salmonella typhi. Uji Fitokimia Ekstrak metanol daun mimba positif mengandung tanin, flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, dan saponin. Pemisahan senyawa tanin dari ekstrak metanol menghasilkan nilai rendemen sebesar 69.6 %. Hasil pengujian antibakteri senyawa tanin dapat menghambat bakteri Salmonella typhi berturut-turut pada konsentrasi 15%, 30%, 50%, dan 75% yaitu sebesar 15.03, 16.78, 19.02, 21.78 mm dengan klasifikasi kuat sampai sangat kuat berdasarkan klasifikasi Davis & Stout.

Background: Autism, now increasingly referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of clinical phenotypes mirroring an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder affecting social communication, imagination, and behavior. Children with ASD develop differently from other children. They also have challenges in interacting and communicating with others. These challenges can affect their development and learning. This study aimed to determine factors associated with the risk of autism in children under five.Subjects and Method: This was a case control study carried out at two special schools for children with development problem in Tangerang, Banten, from February to March 2018. A sample of 200 children aged 1-5 years was selected by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 50 children with autism and 150 normal children. The dependent variable was autism. The independent variables were family income, maternal education, maternal age, gestational stress, chemical exposure, nutritional intake, fever at pregnancy, growth and development impairment, and mumps-measles-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Data on immunization status, growth and development were taken from medical record. Data on the other variables were collected by questionnaire.The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of autism increased with chemical exposure (b= 2.86; 95%CI= 0.77 to 4.96; p= 0.007), gestational stress (b= 2.45; 95% CI= 0.60 to 4.30; p= 0.010), growth and development impairment (b= 1.69; 95% CI= -0.24 to 3.61; p= 0.086), and maternal age ?35 years (b= 2.82; 95% CI= 0.73 to 4.92; p= 0.008). Autism decreased with good nutritional intake (b= -2.08; 95%CI= -3.88 to -0.28; p= 0.023). The risk of autism was indirectly affected by fever at pregnancy, chemical exposure, family income, and maternal education. MMR vaccine did not affect the incidence of autism (b= 1.12; 95% CI= -2.11 to 4.36; p= 0.500).Conclusion: The risk of autism increases with chemical exposure, gestational stress, growth

The paper aimed to get insight of consumer involvement in purchasing behavior towards ONS (Oral Nutritional Supplements) for children. By implementing an online survey with sample size of 100, the research investigated the factors (motivation and stimulus factor) influencing consumer involvement and the causality between consumer involvement with the product knowledge as well as purchasing behavior. The research tool used was a 5-points Likert questionnaire in which respondents were asked to show their agreements about 40 items of 5 constructs. A partial least square - structural equation modeling by Smart-PLS software used to test the model. The results of this research also comes to conclusion that motivation and stimulus factor had significant affects on consumer involvement, consumer involvement had significant influence to product knowledge as well as ONS purchasing behavior, however product knowledge did not have significant affects on purchasing behavior. The results also showed that the product involvement has an important influence on consumers behavior.