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Trace metals are vital to primary productivity and play an essential role as main components in regulating oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Dissolved and particulate trace metals within the water column may vary due to primary production, temperature, and nutrient changes, factors that may also vary spatially and temporally. Furthermore, assessment of trace metals mainly relies on in situ observation, and so wide-area investigation of trace-metal concentration may be challenging and subject to technical constraints. A specific approach is therefore necessary that combines biogeochemical proxies, satellite data, and trace-metal linear correlation. This study aims to assess the potential spatio-temporal variability of sea surface cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) concentrations in Indonesian seas and surrounding areas. The correlations of Cd and Cu concentrations with primary production and nutrient data were used to convert hindcast satellite data into estimates of the metals’ concentrations. The potential variability of trace metals can be determined by overlaying both data. Indonesia’s Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) were used for data clustering and analysis. The results show that Cd and Cu trace metals have similar distribution patterns throughout the year. However, dissolved Cu has a more diverse coverage area than dissolved Cd, including within the Halmahera, Seram, and Maluku Seas (FMAs 716 and 717), the Makassar Strait (FMA 717), and the Java–Sumatra upwelling area (FMA 573). Both Cd and Cu concentrations in the Java–Sumatra upwelling region follow the periodic upwelling pattern. Overall, both Cd and Cu show a declining trend in concentration from 2012 to 2019. It is estimated that dissolved Cd concentration declined from 1500–2000 pmol/kg in 2012 to 1000–1500 pmol/kg in 2019 for all locations. Dissolved Cu concentration decreased from 30–35 nmol/kg in 2012 to 25–30 nmol/kg in 2019. Estimated dissolved Cd and Cu follow the linear functions of silicate (SiO4), nitrate (NO3), and primary productivity. The fluctuation of anthropogenic activities and global warming are likely to indirectly impact the decline in metal concentrations by affecting nutrients and primary productivity.

Trace metals are vital to primary productivity and play an essential role as main components in regulating oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Dissolved and particulate trace metals within the water column may vary due to primary production, temperature, and nutrient changes, factors that may also vary spatially and temporally. Furthermore, assessment of trace metals mainly relies on in situ observation, and so wide-area investigation of trace-metal concentration may be challenging and subject to technical constraints. A specific approach is therefore necessary that combines biogeochemical proxies, satellite data, and trace-metal linear correlation. This study aims to assess the potential spatio-temporal variability of sea surface cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) concentrations in Indonesian seas and surrounding areas. The correlations of Cd and Cu concentrations with primary production and nutrient data were used to convert hindcast satellite data into estimates of the metals' concentrations. The potential variability of trace metals can be determined by overlaying both data. Indonesia's Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) were used for data clustering and analysis. The results show that Cd and Cu trace metals have similar distribution patterns throughout the year. However, dissolved Cu has a more diverse coverage area than dissolved Cd, including within the Halmahera, Seram, and Maluku Seas (FMAs 716 and 717), the Makassar Strait (FMA 717), and the Java-Sumatra upwelling area (FMA 573). Both Cd and Cu concentrations in the Java-Sumatra upwelling region follow the periodic upwelling pattern. Overall, both Cd and Cu show a declining trend in concentration from 2012 to 2019. It is estimated that dissolved Cd concentration declined from 1500-2000 pmol/kg in 2012 to 1000-1500 pmol/kg in 2019 for all locations. Dissolved Cu concentration decreased from 30-35 nmol/kg in 2012 to 25-30 nmol/kg in 2019. Estimated dissolved Cd and Cu follow the linear functions of silicate (SiO

The assessment of the biological availability of metals is rarely used only by knowing the total concentration of the metal. Therefore, six sediment samples from Muara Angke, Teluk Jakarta were assessed the chemical speciation of heavy metals. This study aims to determine metal speciation using the BCR sequential extraction procedure and to determine metal speciation to evaluate bioavailability in the sediments of Muara Angke, Jakarta Bay. In sediment from Muara Angke, the ability to move sequence of heavy metals studied was Pb>Zn>Cu>Ni. The mostly accumulated in the non-residual fraction of the total concentrations are Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn which indicated that the mobility and anthropogenic inputs of these metals in Muara Angke were quite high. The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) reveal that Zn and Ni at almost station exist in exchangeable and a fraction of carbonate-bound and therefore high-risk category. Most of the Cu at most of the station is in the oxidizable fraction, except a small portion found at all station is in the exchangeable fraction and fraction of carbonate-bound thus posing a low risk for the waters environment. The patterns of Pb speciation show no to low risk to the waters environment. However, metal observations in the waters are necessary because they are persistent and can accumulate which threatening the water environment.

The presence of heavy metals in the aquatic environment impacting on human health is one of the most pressing concerns in the current industrialized era. Bioelectrochemical technology employs living microbials as biocatalysts to remove the metal ions in aqueous solution via a reduction–oxidation mechanism, offering potential advantages that is more sustainable than the conventional method. In addition, it could recover the metal ions into their low oxidation states which have potential economic value. This chapter summarizes the application of bioelectrochemical systems on metal removal, either using microorganisms originating from freshwater or marine selected species. The basic theory of the process is discussed first. The optimizing process is also evaluated to pinpoint the advantages and the drawbacks of the process.

GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AS A METHOD FOR ANALYZING HEAVY METAL. Heavy metal, mostly present in a (ultra) trace-level, becomes one of the hazardous pollutants due to its toxicity, bioaccumulative, biomagnification characters. Conducting a micro analysis of these trace-level pollutants, a sensitive instrument and method are strongly recommended. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS) offers a solution for the challenge. It uses the principle of light emission absorption by nascent atom cloud from the metals. The analysis has been developed in three stages of the tube heating programs, i.e. drying, ashing and then atomizing element at 3000° C. Since the injected sample is almost completely atomized, the sensitivity of GFAAS is extremely high and this value is covering up the disadvantages of the other analyses. Therefore, the GFAAS analysis is suitable fo ultra-trace analysis of ultra-trace pollutants like heavy metals in environment.

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is an important compartment within water column due to its capability in adsorbing pollutant like heavy metals. However, there was limited information regarding SPM and its heavy metals content in Jakarta Bay. Therefore, this study was proposed to understand the spatial distribution, source and to assess metal content in SPM in Jakarta Bay. The samples were collected from 24 stations in April 2011 and were then analyzed using acid digestion processes adopted from USEPA 3050b. The generated data were then modeled to determine the spatial distribution of metals in SPM. The result revealed that the concentration of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in SPM were as follow: 10-110; 21-472; 14-356; 7-107; 87-4255 mg.kg-1, respectively. Since Cd, Pb and Zn in SPM were majorly concentrated in the area closed to harboring activities, the activities was suspected in contributing of high input of those metals, meanwhile, Cu and Ni was mostly came from riverine runoff. The computation of Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) revealed that the major area in Jakarta Bay was unpolluted by Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni in SPM however 96% of the selected area were strongly contaminated by Cd in SPM. Thus, this study emphasized that harbor area as a dominant source of metals in SPM in Jakarta Bay and required to be well managed.Keywords: Jakarta Bay, Suspended Particulate Matter, heavy metals, contamination.Materi Partikulat Tersuspensi (SPM) merupakan bagian penting dalam kolom air karena kemampuannya dalam menjerat polutan seperti logam berat. Akan tetapi, informasi mengenai SPM dan kandungan logam berat dalam SPM di Teluk Jakarta terbatas. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi spasial, dan sumber logam berat serta menilai kualitas lingkungan berdasar kandungan logam berat dalam SPM di Teluk Jakarta. Sampel SPM diambil dari 24 titik observasi pada bulan April 2011 kemudian dianalisis dengan proses digestif asam yang diadopsi dari USEPA 3050b. Data yang didapat kemudian dimodelkan untuk mengetahui distribusi spasial logam berat dalam SPM. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb dan Zn dalam SPM secara berurutan sebagai berikut: 10-110; 21-472; 14-356; 7-107; 87-4255 mg.kg-1. Cd, Pb dan Zn lebih ditengarai bersumber dari aktivitas pelabuhan karena konsentrasi Cd, Pb dan Zn di area tersebut tinggi sementara Cu dan Ni lebih banyak berasal dari limpasan sungai. Perhitungan Indeks Geoakumulasi (Igeo) menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar area tidak tercemar oleh Cu, Pb, Zn dan Ni akan tetapi 96% area teramati tercemar Cd. Oleh karena itu, studi ini menyarankan untuk ditingkatkannya manajemen pembuangan limbah di pelabuhan sebagai sumber logam.Kata kunci: Teluk Jakarta, Materi Partikulat Tersuspensi, logam berat, pencemaran.

Five metals in sediment samples at seven sites from the Ambon Bay were analyzed with BCR sequential extraction procedure to determine chemical fractionation of metals and to assess bioavailability of metals with Risk Assessment Code (RAC). The result showed that the percentages of cadmium (100%), lead (82.6-97.08%) and zinc (41.68-76.33%) were mostly accumulated in the non-residual (F1+F2+F3) fraction of the total concentrations. While the copper percentages (44.74-78.91%) and nickel (59.71-74.16%) were mostly accumulated in residual (F4) fraction of the total concentrations. The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) reveals that cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc at locations exist in acid soluble (exchangeable) fraction and therefore, they are in low until very high risk category meanwhile there is no Pb at locations exist in acid soluble (exchangeable) fraction.

Mollusks are common fisheries product commercially traded in Bintan Island however the assessment of the mollusks for their contaminant content like mercury is limited. This study was aimed to measure total mercury concentration and to assess the risk exposed by the mercury inside the mollusks collected from Bintan Island. Six mollusks were collected from Tanjung Unggat, Bintan in May 2018. The samples were analyzed by measuring their body size and the analysis of mercury was carried out using mercury analyzer. The result revealed that the mercury concentration in all mollusks indicted no significant correlation to the body size except for L. lambis and P. erosa. It was a variation of mercury concentration among the mollusks and the concentration of mercury was below the national guideline. The computation of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) was carried out to assess the potential risk of those mollusks consumption. The result indicated that all analyzed mollusks were safe to consume since the computed PTWI value was below the permissible recommendation of the JECFA for total mercury intake. Thus, this study revealed that the consumption of the mollusks from Bintan Island served minimum risk to mercury exposure to the human body.

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Seawater and Sediments in Cimanuk Estuary, West Java, Indonesia. Increasing economic activities in the north coastal of Java have the potential to contribute to anthropogenic contaminants that threaten the water quality of Cimanuk coastal and estuary in Indramayu. Heavy metal which is one of the wastes from these activities has not been studied in detail. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni in seawaters and sediments of the Cimanuk Estuary. Seawater and sediment samples were collected at 18 stations in May 2017. Seawater samples were extracted using the back extraction method while sediment samples were extracted using acids according to USEPA 3050B. Measurement of heavy metals from seawater extracts or sediments was carried out using Flame Absorption Spectrophotometry according to the USEPA 3050B method. The spatial distribution of heavy metals in seawater and sediments is modeled using ArcGIS® version 10.6.1. The results showed that ranges of metals in seawater : 0,0004 – 0,0038 mg/L (Cu)

The increase of heavy metals pollution requires a novel approach as an effective and eco-friendly removal strategy. The marine microalgae biomass was a strong candidate; however the study on local marine microalgae from Indonesia to be upgraded as metals biosorbent was limited. Thus, this study was aimed to utilize marine microalgae biomass as biosorbent for Cd and Pb removal in various pH and salinity value. The microalgae biomass was selected from diatomae, i.e. Chaeroceros sp., and Nitzschia sp., and green algae, i.e. Tetraselmis sp. The removal test was carried out at various pH and salinity range with initial metals concentration at 5 ppm and the measurement of metals concentration was utilizing Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result exhibited the maximum Cd removal at pH 7 using Tetraselmis sp. (83.1%) and maximum Pb removal at pH 4 (85.4%) using Tetraselmis sp. and Chaetoceros sp. The removal of Cd and Pb was indicated a similar trend for the low removal capability at high salinity. Thus, this study revealed the best removal ability of the three marine microalgae was at pH 7 and low salinity.

The total concentrations of metal are seldom useful in determining its biological availability. A BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied for fractionation of heavy metals Cu, Ni, and Zn in sediment. Surface sediment samples were collected at 27 sites in Cirebon coastal waters, West Java, Indonesia in April 2017. The aim of this study to determine metal fractionation and to evaluate bioavailability in the sediments from Cirebon coastal waters. The result showed that 44.2% fraction of Cu, 35.7% fraction of Ni and 44.8% fraction of Zn were the non-residual fraction, this suggests that the metals Cu, Ni, and Zn were from anthropogenic. It is indicated that the metals are potentially available existence to exchange into the marine environment. The sediments showed a low and medium risk for Cu (1.85 to 6.71%) and Zn (4.14 - 13.1%) with RAC values of less than 10%, but the medium risk for Ni (7.45-16,7%). There is no any element in the selected samples in category very high-risk conditions.

Metals are bound to a different phase in sediment and that speciation reflects their bioavailability for an organism. The speciation of Cu and Ni in sediment in Benoa Bay, Bali was not well investigated. Thus, this study was aimed to determine Cu and Ni speciation in sediment from Benoa Bay, Bali and to assess their mobility. Sediment samples were collected from 11 observation points (stations) in Benoa Bay in March 2017. Modified BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) protocol was applied to extract different Cu and Ni species in the sediment namely metal associated with carbonate fraction (F1), iron/manganese oxide (F2), organic and sulfides (F3) and mineral (F4). The result revealed that Cu was dominantly associated with mineral (>50% of Cu in F4), therefore, Cu resembled the lithogenic origin. Opposite, Ni was associated with carbonate and iron/manganese oxide almost in all observation points indicating anthropogenic origin. Risk assessment code (RAC) was computed to determine the possibility of that Cu ...

Volcanic activities have infl uenced the Cisanggarung estuary in western Cirebon Regency, altering metal concentrations in the bottom sediment. Observation of metal content in the ocean there was carried out in August 2009. Sediment samples were collected at 16 stations along the Cisanggarung coastline. The aim of this work was to determine the spatial distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediment of the Cisanggarung estuary. Sediment was destructed using 3 acids: nitric acid, chloride acid and peroxide acid, which was then analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry based on the US EPA 3050b method. The highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediment were 0.73 mg/kg dry weight, 31.4 mg/kg dry weight, 23.9 mg/kg dry weight and 143 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The metals in the sediment had accumulated near the shoreline, up to fi ve kilometers away from the river mouth, indicating that terrestrial area and sediment fractions infl uenced their distribution.

Heavy metals, hazardous chemical substances, increase in marine environment due to anthropogenic discharges. However, due to the hydrodynamic of the marine system these metals could vary both temporal and spatial distribution of metals in Jakarta Bay. This study was to reveal the temporal and spatial distribution of metals in sediment over the bay and to assess the environmental condition. Sediment samples were collected in11 stations of March (transitional season) and June(dry season)2013. The result showed that the concentration of heavy metals varied spatially, in which elevated concentration occurred adjacent terrestrial indicating the enrichment of metal-anthropogenic source, but insignificant temporarily.Keywords: heavy metals, spatial distribution, temporal distribution, anthropogenic activities, Jakarta Bay. Logam berat merupakan bahan berbahaya yang tersebar di lingkungan laut karena pengaruh aktifitas antropogenik. Akan tetapi, logam berat ini dapat terdistribusi secara temporal ataupun spasial di Teluk Jakarta akibat sistem hidrodinamika laut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi spasial dan temporal logam berat dalam sedimen dan untuk menilai kondisi lingkungan teluk. Sedimen diambil dari 11 stasiun pada bulan Maret (musim transisi) dan Juni (musim kering) tahun 2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi spasial logam berat bervariasi, dimana konsentrasinya meningkat di lokasi dekat daratan yang mengindikasikan tingginya sumber logam-antropogenik namun secara temporal tidak signifikan.Kata kunci: logam berat, distribusi spasial, distribusi temporal, kegiatan antropogenik, Teluk Jakarta.

Banten Bay is categorized as a marine area that is busy with marine tourism activities, settlements and also industries. One potential impact of the condition is the occurrence of pollution from both industrial and domestic sources, erosion and sedimentation in the coastal environment. Samples were collected from 25 representative stations in April 2016. Chemical speciation of three heavy metals (Cu, Ni, and Zn) was studied using a modified sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Standard, Measurements and Testing (SM&T) program, formerly the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR). The aims of this study are to determine geochemical speciation of 4 bounds of metal: acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable and residual, and to assess their impacts in the sediments of Banten Bay, Indonesia. The result shows that the percentage of Copper (45.90-83.75%), Nickel (18.28-65.66%), and Zinc (30.45-79.51%) were mostly accumulated in residual fraction of the total concentrations. The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) reveals that about 0-7.07% of Copper and 1.11-24.35 % of Zinc at sites exist in exchangeable fraction and therefore, they are in low risk category. While 7.34-34.90 of Ni at sites exists in exchangeable fraction and therefore, it is in medium risk category to aquatic environment.

The potency and utilization of Lampung Bay has been recognized for their socio-economical and ecological values. However, heavy use of this Bay may alter the abundance of hazardous chemical like heavy metals. The aims of this study were to determine the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediment and to assess Lampung Bay water condition. The observation of heavy metal content in sediment of Lampung Bay was conducted at 13 stations in March 2008. Analysis of heavy metals in sediment was conducted using three kinds of acid: HNO3, HCl and H2O2 while measurement was carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result indicated a variation of heavy metal concentration in sediment and that concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment were 0.08 mg/kg dry weight, 22.99 mg/kg dry weight, 24.75 mg/kg dry weight and 118.48 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Factors influenced heavy metal concentration in sediment in this study including the distance between sampling location and anthropogenic activities and the sediment fraction SQG-Q index indicated that 7 stations have SQG-Q ≤ 0.1 whereas other 6 stations have 0.1≤ SQG-Q

Gresik coastal waters is one of the areas that have a potential risk for environmental damage due to anthropogenic activities. Water and sediment samples were collected to determin metals concentration and to identify sediment quality in February 2012. Twelve samples were collected for analysis of mercury (Hg) and four other metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). Mercury was analyzed using USEPA method 7471B with Flameless-AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) varian type SpectarAA VGA 20-76 and the other metals were analyzed using USEPA 30050B with Flame-AAS. Results showed that ranges and average concentrations of Hg were 0.04-0.33 (0.13) mg/kg, Cd 0.08-3.05 (0.64) mg/kg, Cu 23.7-234.0 (85.5) mg/kg, Pb 1.74-12.7 (4.29) mg/kg, and Zn 77.0-405.0 (133.0) mg/kg. Metals with high concentrations were detected in some places and by SQG-Q, surface sediment showed a moderate impact level of biological adverse effects in aquatic sediments. Keywords: mercury, heavy metal, sediment, Gresik.