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During the last few years, the fitness culture is becoming gradually more globalized, and such a trend involves sport, physical activity, and wellness areas. The globalization of fitness culture also reflects the prosperity of the fitness industry, today a global business of multibillion dollars. This article discusses the reasons that have led to the transformation of fitness culture in a global movement. The relationship between the processes of globalization and the fitness culture is addressed under the sociological perspective. The metaphor of “McDonaldization” of society partly explains the homogenization and standardization of cultural ideals, bodies representation, and conceptions of wellness and health.

Rapid environmental change is forcing populations into environments where plasticity will no longer maintain fitness. When populations are exposed to novel environments, evolutionary theory predicts that genetic variation in fitness will increase and should be associated with genetic differences in plasticity. If true, then genetic variation in plasticity can increase adaptive potential in novel environments, and population persistence via evolutionary rescue is more likely. To test whether genetic variation in fitness increases in novel environments and is associated with plasticity, we transplanted 8149 clones of 314 genotypes of a Sicilian daisy (Senecio chrysanthemifolius) within and outside its native range, and quantified genetic variation in fitness, and plasticity in leaf traits and gene expression. Although mean fitness declined by 87% in the novel environment, genetic variance in fitness increased threefold and was correlated with plasticity in leaf traits. High fitness genotypes showed greater plasticity in gene expression, but lower plasticity in most leaf traits. Interestingly, genotypes with the highest fitness in the novel environment had the lowest fitness at the native site. These results suggest that standing genetic variation in plasticity could help populations to persist and adapt to novel environments, despite remaining hidden in native environments.

Objectives: Treatment of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still controversial. To facilitate treatment decisions, the “fitness criteria” proposed by Ferrara et al. (Leukemia, 2013), including age > 75 years, performance status and comorbidities, were verified retrospectively in 699 patients with AML (419 de-novo, 280 secondary AML), diagnosed at 8 Hematological Centers (REL). Methods: Patients were categorized in FIT to intensive chemotherapy (i-T) (292, 42.5%), UNFIT to i-T (289, 42.1%), or unfit even to non-intensive therapy (non i-T) (FRAIL) (105, 15.3%). Biological characteristics and treatment actually received by patients [i-T, 274 patients (39.2%); non i-T, 134 (19.2%), best-supportive care (BSC), 291 (41.6%)] were recorded. Results: “Fitness criteria” were easily applicable in 98.1% of patients. Overall concordance between “fitness criteria” and treatment actually received by patients was high (79.4%), 76% in FIT, 82.7% in UNFIT and 80% in FRAIL patients. Fitness independently predicted survival (median survival: 10.9, 4.2 and 1.8 months in FIT, UNFIT and FRAIL patients, respectively; p = 0.000), as confirmed also by multivariate analysis. In FRAIL patients, survival with any treatment was no better than with BSC, in UNFIT non i-T was as effective as i-T and better than BSC, and in FIT patients i-T was better than non i-T or BSC. In addition, a non-adverse risk AML, an ECOG PS

There are transmissions in many sources of traditions expressing what should be done in times of the civil war/tribulations/eschatology. In this study, the answer to the following question was sought: ‘Does the mention of the concept of herc, tribulations/eschatology or melâhim in any transmission show that it is absolutely within the scope of the eschatological literature?’ In this direction, the transmissions that "العبادة في الهرج كهجرة إلي" is based on; as a result, this transmission, which includes the word "هرج" or "فتنة" is actually not directly included in the scope of tribulations/eschatology, and it has been seen that the Prophet made the art of simile while saying this. Therefore, it can be stated from this point of view that the compilers didn’t act correctly when placing the transmissions to compose a chapter. So, the transmissions should not be handled directly through words/concepts, but also with the background of the transmissions., Fitne zamanlarında ne yapılması gerektiğini ifade eden pek çok rivayet, hadis kaynaklarında yer almaktadır. İlgili rivayetler genelde insanlara özelde ise Müslümanlara yönelik uyarı/ikaz türünden ifadeler barındırmaktadır. Bu tür rivayetlerin anlatmak istediği hususlara ve sıhhatine dair pek çok çalışma yapılmıştır. Çalışmamızda da, “herhangi bir rivayette herc, fitne/fiten veya melhame/melâhim kavramının geçmesi onun mutlak olarak fiten rivayeti kapsamında yer aldığını gösterir mi?” sorusunun cevabı aranmıştır. Bu doğrultuda “herc zamanı ibadet etmek, bana hicret etmek gibidir” şeklinde tercüme edilen rivayet esas alınmış, sonuç olarak içerisinde –farklı tarikler de göz önünde bulundurularak- herc veya fitne kelimesi geçen ve ilk bakışta fiten rivayeti olarak algılanan bu hadisin aslında doğrudan fiten kapsamında yer almama ihtimalinin bulunduğu, Hz. Peygamber’in bunu buyururken teşbih sanatı yapmış olabileceği görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla buradan hareketle musanniflerin, rivayetleri bab başlıkları altına yerleştirirken mutlak surette isabetli davranmadıkları ifade edilebilir. Bu yüzden rivayetler, doğrudan kelimeler/kavramlar üzerinden değil, muhakkak rivayetin arka planı ve bağlamıyla da ele alınmalıdır.

Background: The question of which parameters may be informative on venetoclax outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is still unclear. Furthermore, the choice to treat with venetoclax can be challenging in patients with baseline characteristics or comorbidities that may potentially favor some specific adverse events. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate whether age, fitness status, patients’/disease characteristics, or concomitant medications may predict outcomes in CLL patients receiving venetoclax. Design: Retrospective observational study. Methods: Impact of age, presence of Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) >6 or severe organ impairment (CIRS3+), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group–Performance Status (ECOG-PS), renal function, and concomitant medications were retrospectively analyzed on treatment management (definitive discontinuation due to toxicity, discontinuation due to toxicity, Tox-DTD; permanent dose reduction, PDR) and survival [progression free survival (PFS), event free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS)] in unselected patients receiving venetoclax monotherapy in common practice. Results: A total of 221 relapsed/refractory patients were included. Tox-DTD and PDR were reported in 5.9% and 21.7%, respectively, and were not influenced by any fitness parameter, age, number or type of concomitant medication, baseline neutropenia, or impaired renal function. None of these factors were associated with tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) development. Age and coexisting conditions had no influence on PFS and EFS. At univariate analysis, OS was significantly shorter only in patients with ECOG-PS >1 ( p 6 ( p = 0.014) or CIRS3+ ( p = 0.031). ECOG-PS >1 retained an independent role only for EFS and OS. While Tox-DTD affected all survival outcomes, no differences in PFS were reported among patients permanently reducing dose or interrupting venetoclax for > 7 days. Conclusion: Clinical outcome with venetoclax is not influenced by comorbidities, patients’ clinical characteristics, or concomitant medications. Differently from other targeted therapies, this demonstrates that, except ECOG-PS, none of the parameters generally considered for treatment choice, including baseline neutropenia or impaired renal function, should rule the decision process with this agent. Anyway, if clinically needed, a correct drug management does not compromise treatment efficacy and may avoid toxicity-driven discontinuations. Plain Language Summary Chapter 1: Why was this study done? Chapter 2: Which are the main findings of the study? Chapter 3: How these findings may impact on clinical practice? Coexisting conditions and concomitant medications do not affect venetoclax management and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia • The question of which parameters may be informative on venetoclax outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is still unclear. Furthermore, the choice to treat with venetoclax can be challenging in patients with baseline characteristics or comorbidities that may potentially favor some specific adverse events (e.g. compromised renal function or baseline neutropenia). • In our large series of patients treated outside of clinical trials, we demonstrated that neither age, fitness, comorbidities nor concomitant medications impact on venetoclax management and survival. Importantly, patients presenting with baseline neutropenia or impaired renal function did not have a higher rate of dose reductions or toxicity-driven discontinuations, thus further underlining that venetoclax may be safely administered even in those categories with no preclusions. • Differently from other targeted agents, our data demonstrate that none of the baseline factors commonly considered in treatment decision process retains a role with venetoclax. Finally, permanent dose reductions and temporary interruptions did not adversely impact PFS suggesting that, if clinically needed, a correct drug management should be adopted with no risk of compromising venetoclax efficacy.

Pulsed resource environments are known for their marked variations in resource availability over space and time. Animals living in such environments usually increase reproduction after resources become available. Some small mammal populations, however, may use environmental cues that precede large crops of seeds (e.g. pollen, flowers, unripe seeds) to ‘predict' mast-seeding events and reproduce in advance. In other words, these populations exhibit a resource-prediction strategy based on future fitness prospects. Habitat selection might play a key role in the resource-prediction strategy, but our understanding of habitat selection in pulsed resource environments is extremely limited. We used a 36-year dataset on small mammal trapping and seed availability collected in Maine (USA) to test if American red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, eastern chipmunks Tamias striatus, white-footed mice Peromyscus leucopus and southern red-backed voles Myodes gapperi select habitats based on upcoming resources and examine the consequences to individual fitness. Small mammal trapping was conducted in summer before seeds were available, thus trapping occurred when only the cues of an upcoming mast event were available. Using home-range estimations and capture data, we performed resource selection analyses to assess if individuals select habitat to maximize future resource acquisitions. Using capture–mark–recapture models, we also estimated individual survival (a proxy for fitness). Our results do not support habitat selection as a mechanism underlying the resource-prediction hypothesis, indicating that individuals do not select habitats based on the upcoming seed availability. Nevertheless, we found that white-footed mice with home ranges in areas characterized by a greater quantity of white oak acorns have up to a 15% higher survival rate. Our empirical study advances the understanding of predator response to pulsed resources by not supporting a key mechanism thought to underpin the anticipatory responses that have been observed in many ecosystems worldwide.

Background The South America pinworm, Tuta absoluta, is a destructive pest of tomato that causes important losses worldwide. Breeding of resistant/tolerant tomato cultivars could be an effective strategy for T. absoluta management but, despite the economic importance of tomato, very limited information is available about its response to this treat. To elucidate the defense mechanisms to herbivore feeding a comparative analysis was performed between a tolerant and susceptible cultivated tomato at both morphological and transcriptome level to highlight constitutive leaf barriers, molecular and biochemical mechanisms to counter the effect of T. absoluta attack. Results The tolerant genotype showed an enhanced constitutive barrier possibly as result of the higher density of trichomes and increased inducible reactions upon mild infestation thanks to the activation/repression of key transcription factors regulating genes involved in cuticle formation and cell wall strength as well as of antinutritive enzymes, and genes involved in the production of chemical toxins and bioactive secondary metabolites. Conclusions Overall, our findings suggest that tomato resilience to the South America pinworm is achieved by a combined strategy between constitutive and induced defense system. A well-orchestrated modulation of plant transcription regulation could ensure a trade-off between defense needs and fitness costs. Our finding can be further exploited for developing T. absoluta tolerant cultivars, acting as important component of integrated pest management strategy for more sustainable production.

Bu araştırmada Hz. Peygamber döneminde Medine’de meskûn bulunan Benû Kaynukâ’, Benû Nadîr ve Benû Kurayza kabilelerinin cezalandırılması temel kaynaklar ışığında incelenmiştir. Resûlullah Medine’ye hicret ettikten sonra toplumsal barışı ve huzuru sağlamak için Medine’de yaşayan kabileleri bir anayasa etrafında toplamış, Yahudileri de buna dâhil ederek bir ortak vatan mefhumu geliştirmiştir. Ancak Yahudiler fırsat buldukça Medine Sözleşmesini ihlal etmeye başlamışlardır. Bu bağlamda ilk olarak Benû Kaynukâ’ Yahudileri Bedir Savaşı’ndan sonra toplumun huzur ve refahını bozmaya çalıştıkları için sürgün edilmişlerdir. Uhud Savaşı’ndan sonra Müslümanların zaafından faydalanmaya çalışan Benû Nadîr Yahudileri de Allah Resûlü’ne suikast tertipledikleri için sürgün edilmişlerdir. Nihayet Hendek Savaşı esnasında müşriklerle birlikte hareket edip Müslümanları iki ateş arasında bırakarak onların zor anlar yaşamasına sebep olan Benû Kurayza Yahudileri ise en ağır bir şekilde cezalandırılmışlardır. Benû Kaynukâ’ ve Benû Nadîr Yahudilerinin sürgün edilmesi, Benû Kurayza Yahudilerinin ise en ağır bir şekilde cezalandırılması, onların yaptıkları ihanetin boyutlarına göredir. Yapılan incelemede onların antlaşmaya uygun hareket ettikleri müddetçe toplumda barış ve huzur içerisinde yaşadıkları, ancak ihanet ederek fitne ve fesat çıkartmaya kalkıştıkları zaman devletini, vatanını ve milletini her türlü tehlikeye karşı korumaya çalışan bir devlet başkanı sıfatıyla Allah Resûlü tarafından en ağır bir şekilde cezalandırıldıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır., In this research, the punishment of the Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza tribes dwelling in Medina during the time of the Prophet was examined in the light of basic sources. After the Messenger of Allah migrated to Medina, he gathered the tribes living in Medina around a constitution in order to secure social peace, and by including the Jews into that constitution he developed a common homeland concept. However, whenever the Jews had the opportunity, they started to violate the Constitution of Medina. Therefore, firstly, Banu Qaynuqa Jews were exiled because of trying to ruin the peace of the society after the Battle of Badr. Banu Nadir Jews were also exiled because they had a try to take advantage of weakness of the Muslims after the Battle of Uhud and attempted to assassinate the Prophet. Finally, Banu Qurayza Jews were punished severely, since they made an alliance with the Meccans during the Battle of Trench and therefore caused the Muslims to have hard times by getting them caught in the crossfire. Main reason for the different punishments was due to the scale of their betrayal. In this study, it was concluded that the Jewish tribes lived in society peacefully as long as they acted in accordance with the treaty, but when they tried to betray and cause mischief and disturbance, they were heavily punished by the Prophet as a head of state who tried to protect his state, country and nation against all kinds of dangers.

La tragedia del Covid ha messo a nudo, in forma estesa, l’importanza della salute, delle cure e della sanità pubblica. In molti casi le vittime del Covid-19 sono state persone anziane con malattie croniche. La malattia, oltre a produrre sofferenze enormi nei pazienti e nei loro famigliari, incide sulla spesa pubblica in modo consistente, con i costi del comparto sanitario che raggiungeranno presto livelli non sostenibili. Basterebbero questi motivi per mobilitarsi nella speranza di un sostanziale cambio di paradigma e tentare di rimpiazzare, o almeno integrare, la società della cura con la società della prevenzione e del wellness. Accanto a questa necessità va però aggiunta una componente solo a prima vista accessoria: la felicità e il benessere soggettivo. In questo volume, forniamo un’introduzione a queste tematiche: un itinerario sociologico che si conclude mostrando come il benessere dei singoli fiorisca laddove trovi contesti sociali che integrano la dimensione del wellness con la giustizia sociale.

Key points Age per se does not influence outcome in CLL patients on ibrutinib, whereas CIRS score is predictive of treatment management, PFS, and EFS.ECOG-PS and neutropenia resulted as the only baseline parameters affecting overall survival., Visual Abstract, Functional reserve of organs and systems is known to be relevant in predicting immunochemotherapy tolerance. Age and comorbidities, assessed by the cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS), have been used to address chemotherapy intensity. In the ibrutinib era, it is still unclear whether age, CIRS, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS) retain their predictive role on treatment vulnerability. In this series of 712 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with ibrutinib outside clinical trials, baseline ECOG-PS and neutropenia resulted as the most accurate predictors of treatment feasibility and outcomes. Age did not independently influence survival and ibrutinib tolerance, indicating that not age per se, but age-related conditions, may affect drug management. We confirmed the role of CIRS > 6 as a predictor of a poorer progression- and event-free survival (PFS, EFS). The presence of a severe comorbidity was significantly associated with permanent dose reductions (PDRs), not translating into worse outcomes. As expected, del(17p) and/or TP53mut and previous therapies affected PFS, EFS, and overall survival. No study so far has analyzed the influence of concomitant medications and CYP3A inhibitors with ibrutinib. In our series, these factors had no impact, although CYP3A4 inhibitors use correlated with Cox regression analysis, with an increased risk of PDR. Despite the limitation of its retrospective nature, this large study confirmed the role of ECOG-PS as the most accurate predictor of ibrutinib feasibility and outcomes, and importantly, neutropenia emerged as a relevant tool influencing patients’ vulnerability. Although CIRS > 6 retained a significant impact on PFS and EFS, its value should be confirmed by prospective studies.

Bu tezde Müslüman kadınların sosyal hayatlarındaki önemli mevzulardan bir tanesi olan camiye gitmeleri meselesi hadisler bağlamında incelenmiş ve ulemanın bu konuyla ilgili günümüze kadar dile getirdiği görüşlere temas edilip, bu görüşler değerlendirilmiştir. Zira tarihsel bağlamda bakıldığında kadınların camiye devam etmesiyle ilgili farklı uygulamalar görmekteyiz. Çalışma, girişi takip eden dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Girişte çalışmanın konusu, amacı, önemi ve metodu ele alınmaktadır. İlk bölümde, çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesine ve araştırma için gerekli olan ön bilgilere yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v.) döneminde kadının mescitlerdeki durumu ve bununla alakalı olarak Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v.)’in tavrı ve tavsiyeleri ele alınmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak da kadının cemaatle kılınan namazlara katılımı meselesi değerlendirilmiştir. Tarihsel olarak, bu bölümün devamı niteliğinde olan üçüncü kısımda, Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v.)’den sonraki süreçlerde, özellikle Hulefa-i Râşidîn döneminde, kadının cemaatten nasıl uzaklaşmaya başladığına ve ilgili tartışmaların ortaya çıkışına sebep olan etkenlere ana hatlarıyla temas edilmiştir. Son bölüm olan dördüncü bölümde ise kadının tekrar camiye dönüşüne ve camide bulunuşuna dair meselelere değinilmiştir In this thesis, the issue of Muslim women going to the mosque, which is one of the important issues in their social life is examined in the context of hadiths and pointed out the views expressed by the scholars with this subject until today, these wievs have been evaluated. Likewise when we look at the historical context, we see different practices regarding women's attendance to mosques. The study consists of four chapters following the introduction. In the introduction are discussed the subject, purpose, importance and method of the study. In the first part are given.the conceptual framework of the study and the preliminary information required for the research. In the second part, the situation of women in mosques in the time of the Prophet and the attitude and advice of the Prophet are discussed. In addition to these, the issue of women's participation in prayers performed with congregation was evaluated. Historically, in the third part, which is a continuation of this chapter. In the processes after the Prophet, especially in the period of Hulefa-i Râşidîn, how women started to move away from the congregation and the factors that led to the emergence of related discussions were outlined. İn the fourth part, which is the last part, the issues regarding the return of women to the mosque and their presence in the mosque are mentioned

Hulefâ-i Râşidîn dönemi, Hz. Peygamber (sav) döneminden sonra Müslümanların öğrenmek için çokça çaba sarf ettiği ve kendilerine örneklik buldukları bir dönemdir. Ashabın en önde gelenlerinden olan ilk dört halife döneminde yaşanan siyasi olaylar, İslam dünyasını günümüze kadar etkilemeye devam etmiştir. Hz. Osman dönemi siyasi olayları, Müslümanların mezhepleşme sürecini başlatması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Çünkü o dönemde yaşanan gelişmeler, sonrasında yaşanan olayların da tetikleyicisi olmuştur. İncelenen dönem, fitne sürecinin yaşandığı dönemdir. Bu dönemde yaşanan olaylar incelenirken Hz. Peygamber (sav)'in vefatından hemen önce başlayan olaylar ele alınarak çalışmaya başlanmıştır. Birinci bölümde fitnenin başlangıç noktası; nasıl başladığı, hangi olayların fitne hadiselerine sebep olduğu gibi meseleler ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde gerekçelerden biri olan ve üzerinde yoğunlaşmak istenilen toplumun değişimi ve dönüşümü incelenmiştir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise Hz. Osman'ın şehit edilmesi, şehit edilmeden önce ve sonra yaşanan hadiseler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada; Hz. Osman'ın hataları üzerinden yapılan okumalara karşın, toplumun hadiseler üzerindeki etkileri izah çalışılmış ve tek suçlu aramaktan ziyade toplum yapısında meydana gelen dönüşümün anlaşılmaya çalışılmasının önemine dikkat çekilmiştir. The period of Hulefâ-i Râşidîn (Rightly Guided Caliphs) is a period that Muslims made a great effort to learn and found an example for themselves after the time of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The political events that took place during the period of the first four caliphs, the most prominent Companions, have continued to affect the Islamic world until today. The political events of the period of the Caliph Othman are important in terms of initiating the sectarianization process of Muslims. Because the developments experienced in that period were also the triggers of the events that happened after. The period in question is the period in which the sedition events (fitnah) took place. While examining the events, firstly the events that started just before the death of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) were discussed. In the first chapter, the starting point of sedition, issues such as how it started, which events caused the fitnah were discussed. The opinions put forward on this issue were evaluated. In the second part, the change and transformation of the society, which is one of the reasons and on which we want to focus, has been examined. In the third and last chapter, The martyrdom of Othman and the events before and after he was martyred were tried to be addressed. In the study; despite the readings focused on Othman's mistakes, the effects of society on the events were tried to be explained and the importance of trying to understand the transformation of the social structure rather than looking for a single responsible for all events was emphasized.

In the life of the world, from time to time, great social events take place that make life difficult, cause people to be unhappy and cause material damage, even result in death and cannot be controlled by human power. People's attitudes and reactions to major social events, which are called calamity and misfortune in Turkish, are shaped according to their beliefs and worldview. Muslims, who know that life is a test from beginning to end according to the Qur’anic doctrine, patiently meet social events and develop some measures to get out of the current situation with the least damage. While some explained the pandemic (Covid-19), which was effective all over the world in 2020, with conspiracy theories, Muslims interpreted it as a divine test and the incapacity of the servant in the face of divine power. In Turkish, the word belâ is used to mean great distress, and the word fitna is generally used to mean social turmoil. When patience is mentioned, it is understood passive waiting in the face of adversity. In this article, we aimed to clarify both what should be the attitude people should take in the face of major social events, and the etymological and semantic meanings of belâ, fitna and sabır, which are the key concepts of the Quran regarding these events, in the context of the Qur'an and its tafsir sources. As a result of our research, examination and analysis, it is understood that in the Qur’an, the words belâ and fitna are used in the meanings of great event and chaos, as well as divine tests and trials. Accordingly, Allah is testing His servants by giving some bounties too much and others less. Family members, neighbors, relatives and colleagues are a test occasion for each other. Temporary or chronic diseases, epidemic diseases, physical or mental disability, old age and unexpected deaths are among the severe tests that everyone can face. We hope that with this study we will have clarified a little more the nature of divine testing and patience., Dünya hayatında zaman zaman, hayatı zorlaştıran, insanların mutsuz olmasına ve maddi zarara yol açan, hatta ölümle sonuçlanan ve beşer gücü ile kontrol edilemeyen büyük toplumsal olaylar yaşanmaktadır. Türkçede belâ ve musibet olarak adlandırılan büyük toplumsal olaylarla ilgili insanların ortaya koydukları yaklaşımları ve tepkileri, sahip oldukları inanç ve dünya görüşüne göre şekillenir. Kur’ani öğretiye göre hayatın baştan sona bir sınav olduğunu bilen müslümanlar toplumsal olayları sabırla karşılarlar ve mevcut durumdan en az zararla çıkmak için bir takım tedbirler geliştirirler. 2020 yılında bütün dünyada etkili olan pandemiyi (Covid-19) kimileri komplo teorileriyle açıklarken müslümanlar bunu ilahi bir sınama ve ilahi kudretin karşısında kulun aciz kalması şeklinde yorumlamışlardır. Türkçede belâ kelimesi büyük sıkıntı anlamında, fitne kelimesi ise genellikle toplumsal kargaşa anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Sabır denilince de sıkıntı karşısında pasif bekleyiş anlaşılmaktadır. Biz bu makalede, hem insanların büyük toplumsal olaylar karşısında almaları gereken tavrın ne olması gerektiğini, hem de bu olaylarla ilgili Kur’an’ın anahtar kavramları olan belâ, fitne ve sabrın etimolojik ve semantik anlamlarını Kur’an ve tefsir kaynakları bağlamında açıklığa kavuşturmayı amaçladık. Yaptığımız araştırma, inceleme ve tahliller sonucunda Kur’ân’da belâ ve fitne kelimelerinin büyük olay, kargaşa anlamlarının yanı sıra daha çok, ilâhî sınama ve deneme anlamlarında kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Buna göre Allah bazılarına çok, bazılarına da az nimet vererek kullarını sınamaktadır. Aile fertleri, komşular, akrabalar ve iş arkadaşları bir biri için bir sınav vesilesidir. Geçici veya kronik hastalıklar, salgın hastalıklar, bedensel veya ruhsal engellilik durumu, yaşlılık ve beklenmedik ölümler de herkesin karşılaşabileceği ağır sınavlardandır. Bu çalışma ile ilâhî sınamanın ve sabrın mahiyetini biraz daha vuzuha kavuşturmayı umuyoruz.

This paper deals with branching processes in varying environment with selection, where the offspring distribution depends on the generation and every particle has a random fitness which can only increase along genealog-ical lineages (descendants with small fitness do not survive). We view the branching process in varying environment (BPVE) as a particular example of branching random walk. We obtain conditions for the survival or extinction of a BPVE (with or without selection), using fixed point techniques for branching random walks. These conditions rely only on the first and second moments of the offspring distributions. Our results can be interpreted in terms of accessibility percolation on Galton-Watson trees. In particular, we obtain that there is no accessibility percolation on almost every Galton-Watson tree where the expected number of offspring grows sublinearly in time, while su-perlinear growths allows percolation. This result is in agreement with what was found for deterministic trees in Nowak and Krug (Europhysics Letters 101 (2013) 66004).

Background/Objective. Physical exercise plays a key role in the prevention and prognosis of chronic diseases. Despite this evidence, a low percentage of patients regularly perform physical activity. A better understanding of the variables associated with poor adherence may help to develop some strategies to encourage people to participate in exercise interventions. This study investigated the factors influencing adherence to an Adapted Physical Activity (APA) program in subjects suffering from Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) clinically stable, Type 2 diabetes, or metabolic syndrome. Secondary end point was to test the efficacy of the exercise training on fitness parameters (VO2, Speed and Time) by 1 km test. Methods. The program was planned in two phases. Phase 1: individual and supervised training free program for 4 weeks; Phase 2: paid training supervised program involved small groups of 4-6 participants for 8 weeks. Results. 117 patients (50-64 years, 49 men and 68 women) started the APA program, but only 32 patients (17 men and 15 women) completed phase 2. As collected during telephone interviews, the main factors that influenced adherence including health status, work commitments or family problems. Regarding the physical efficacy, an improvement of the three fitness parameters was observed in the 32 patients who completed the 12 weeks of the APA program. Conclusions. The identification of factors that can influence adherence to exercise programs is the first step in planning and improving health interventions. These parameters have an important public health interest. This work was supported by Emilia Romagna Local Grant (1154/2011).

Official tests are used to assess the fitness status of soccer referees, and their results correlate with match performance. However, FIFA-approved tests expose the referees to high physical demands and are difficult to implement during the sportive year. The aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation between the 6 × 40-m sprint and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (IR1) official tests and other field-based tests that require no or little equipment, are not time-consuming, and impose low physical demands. All tests were performed by male referees from the Regional Section of the Italian Referee Association (n = 30). We observed a strong correlation between 6 × 40-m sprint and Illinois agility tests (r = 0.63, p = 0.001) and a moderate correlation between Yo-Yo IR1 and hand-grip strength in the dominant (r = 0.45, p = 0.014) and non-dominant hand (r = 0.41, p = 0.031). Interestingly, only a moderate correlation (r = −0.42, p = 0.025) was observed between the FIFA official tests, 6 × 40-m sprint and Yo-Yo IR1. These results suggest that Illinois agility and hand-grip tests could represent simple and low-physical-impact tools for repeated assessment and monitoring of referee fitness throughout the sportive season.

Artificial selection affects phenotypes differently by natural selection. Domestic traits, which pass into the wild, are usually negatively selected. Yet, exceptionally, this axiom may fail to apply if genes, from the domestic animals, increase fertility in the wild. We studied a rare case of a wild boar population under the framework of Wright's interdemic selection model, which could explain gene flow between wild boar and pig, both considered as demes. We analysed the MC1R gene and microsatellite neutral loci in 62 pregnant wild boars as markers of hybridization, and we correlated nucleotide mutations on MC1R (which are common in domestic breeds) to litter size, as an evaluation of fitness in wild sow. Regardless of body size and phyletic effects, wild boar sows bearing nonsynonymous MC1R mutations produced larger litters. This directly suggests that artificially selected traits reaching wild populations, through interdemic gene flow, could bypass natural selection if and only if they increase the fitness in the wild.

“Rivayetler Bağlamında Kadının Camideki Konumu” adlı çalışmamamızı: “Farklı toplumlarda Kadın Algısı, Hz. Peygamber Döneminde Mescit Ve Camilerin Fonksiyonları, Hz. Peygamber Döneminde Cami-Kadın İlişkisi ve Kadınları Camiden Men Eden Söylemler” olmak üzere dört temel başlık altında gerçekleştirmeye çalıştık. İslam’ın kadına genel bakışını ve İslam dininin etkileşim içerisinde olduğu medeniyetlerin, özellikle de Yahudi ve Hristiyan kültürün kadına bakışını inceledik. Hz. Peygamber döneminde mescitlerin fonksiyonlarını ayrıntılı olarak ele aldık. Rivayetler ve Hz. Peygamber dönemi ışığında kadınların mescitteki durumlarını, ne sıklıkla, hangi namazlara katıldıklarını inceledik. Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra meydana gelen, kadınların mescide gelmesi hakkındaki fitne söylemini mercek altına alarak, çıkış noktasını, nasıl temellendirildiğini, fıkıh kitaplarında fitne söylemiyle kadınları mescitten men eden hükümlerin dayanağını incelemeye ve açıklamaya çalıştık., We composed our study of “The Position of the Woman in the Mosque” in four sections: Women's Perception according to various societies, The functions of the Masjids and Mosques in the Prophet's Period, The Mosque-Woman Relations in the period of Prophet and The Discourse of Interdiction the Women from the Mosque. We have examined the general view of Islam and the view of civilizations in which the religion of Islam interacted, especially the Jewish and Christian cultures. In the period of Prophet Muhammad, we have discussed the functions of masjids in details. Narrations and the light of the period of the Prophet, we have investigated the status of women in masjid, how often and in which prays they participated. We tried to examine and explain the basis of provisions which prevented women from the masjid with the discourse of interdiction in fiqh books, by taking the focus on the rhetoric about women coming after the death of the Prophet, taking the focal point about the coming of women in the mosque.

This paper presents a literature review of human–computer interaction works on wearable systems for sports. We selected a corpus of 57 papers and analyzed them through the grounded theory for literature review approach. We identified five themes across the papers: the different research perspectives, the type of sports and sportspeople, the roles of wearables in sports, their wearability, and the different types of feedback. These themes helped us in delineating opportunities for future research: the investigation of different form factors and types of feedback; the consideration of different sportspeople and collaborative tasks; the need of pushing the boundaries of the sports domain; the exploration of the evolution of sports; the interconnection of different devices; and the increase of methodological rigor.

A Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate harbouring a 217 kb IncHI2-type plasmid (pKP2442) encoding the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was isolated from a leukaemia patient. pKP2442 was mobilised by intragenus and intergenus transconjugation from the clinical isolate to Escherichia coli J53 (transconjugation frequency 6.86 × 10-8 ± 5.57 × 10-8) and K. pneumoniae PRZ (transconjugation frequency 4.04 × 10-8 ± 3.03 × 10-8), respectively. Since acquisition of resistance determinants often results in a loss of fitness, the impact of mcr-1 on the fitness of E. coli and K. pneumoniae was investigated. Escherichia coli J53 and K. pneumoniae PRZ transformants harbouring the TOPO expression vector encoding mcr-1 displayed significantly decreased growth rates compared with isogenic parental strains and controls. In contrast, competitive growth experiments revealed equal growth rates between E. coli J53 pKP2442 transconjugants (TcpKP2442) and the parental strain, whereas K. pneumoniae PRZ TcpKP2442 showed significantly reduced growth rates compared with their parental strain (selection rate constant -1.62 ± 0.49), indicating a decrease in fitness. Infection of A549 human lung epithelial cells with TcpKP2442 or mcr-1 transformants and controls revealed equal lactate dehydrogenase activities, indicating no significant impact of mcr-1 on cytotoxicity. Likewise, survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with mcr-1-expressing strains and isogenic controls was similar. These data indicate that expression of mcr-1 is able to cause a fitness cost when encoded on expression vectors and that acquisition of natural plasmid-borne mcr-1 does not impair fitness in E. coli J53 but negatively influences growth rates in K. pneumoniae PRZ.

Il capitolo riassume i principali legami e differenze tra le attività sportive e di fitness con un occhio di riguardo per l'esperienza femminile storicamente molto influenzata dalle attività ginniche non competitive.

We generalize the evolution model introduced by Guiol, Machado and Schinazi (2010). In our model at odd times a random number X of species is created. Each species is endowed with a random fitness with arbitrary distribution on $[0, 1]$. At even times a random number Y of species is removed, killing the species with lower fitness. We show that there is a critical fitness $f_c$ below which the number of species hits zero i.o. and above of which this number goes to infinity. We prove uniform convergence for the distribution of surviving species and describe the phenomena which could not be observed in previous works with uniformly distributed fitness., Comment: 14 pages, some minor mistakes have been fixed

The purpose of the study was to compare elbow flexion peak torque (PT) and fatigue index (FI) during isokinetic concentric contractions in men and women with different training levels. Sixty-eight young men and women were divided into four groups: resistance trained men (RTM), non-resistance trained men (NRTM), resistance trained women (RTW) and non- resistance trained women (NRTW). Participants performed two tests on an isokinetic dynamometer, one to evaluate PT and one to evaluate FI. Significant interactions were found for sex and resistance training status with both PT and FI. In general, resistance-trained subjects had higher PT, and women showed lower PT than men. PT values were 67.12 ± 9.93 N·m for RTM, 49.9 ± 8.5 N·m for NRTM, 41.84 ± 7.52 N·m for RTW, and 26.05 ± 3.34 N·m for NRTW. Separate analysis revealed that RTM had higher PT than all other groups. However, FI was higher for NRTM than for RTM and NRTW and no difference was found between RTM and NRTW. FI was 37.86 ± 10.89 % for RTW, 45.74 ± 13.17 % for NTRW, 45.89 ± 8.24 % for RTM, and 51.92 ± 4.5 % for NRTM. Women produce lower PT, and have a higher fatigue tolerance than men of similar training status. Considering that women showed to be more resistant to fatigue than men, women can manipulate training variables differently from men, such as, including more repetitions at the same relative load or using higher relative loads at the same number of repetitions.

Günümüzde

Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a main cause of physical disability and has high economic costs for society. The purpose of this study was to assess the fitness levels and the postural and balance deficits with a specific test battery. Methods: Fifty-six subjects were enrolled in this study. Thirty-nine healthy subjects were included in the control group and seventeen in the juvenile idiopathic arthritis group. All subjects were evaluated using a posturography system. The fitness level was evaluated with a battery of tests (Abalakov test, sit-up test, hand grip test, backsaver sit and reach, the toe touch test). An unpaired t-test was used to determine differences. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the tests. Results: The battery of tests demonstrated that subjects in the juvenile idiopathic arthritis group have lower fitness levels compared to the control group. The juvenile idiopathic arthritis group showed low postural control with respect to the control group. Pearson analysis of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis group data showed significant correlations between variables. Pearson’s results from the control group data showed a similar trend. Conclusions: The results suggest that the battery of tests used could be an appropriate tool. However, we highlight that these conclusions need to be supported by other studies with a larger population scale.

The aim of this study was to assess the fitness levels and possible deficits in physical performance in children with a diagnosis of childhood acute leukemia and lymphoma after 10 months of therapy ending through a specific test battery. A total of 58 subjects were enrolled in this study. The experimental group (EG) (7.55 ± 2.43 years; 41.8 ± 16.37 kg; 144.6 ± 10.21 cm) consisted of 18 children with diagnosed leukemia and lymphoma after completion of 10 months of therapy intervention and 40 healthy children who were enrolled in a control group (CG) (7.92 ± 1.78 years; 37.4 ± 12.37 kg; 140.6 ± 12.61 cm). A testing battery including the standing broad jump; the sit-up test; the 4 × 10 m shuttle run test, and the hand grip strength test were administered to both groups. An unpaired t-test was adopted to determine differences and the Pearson product moment was administered when appropriate. Results of the EG were generally lower when compared to the CG. Significant differences were identified for the standing broad jump (P < 0.05); 4 × 10 m shuttle run (P < 0.05); hand grip test DX (P < 0.05), and hand grip test SX (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the sit-up tests. Pearson product moment correlation revealed a good interaction for all EG participants. Findings suggest that the proposed testing battery could be an appropriate tool to evaluate residual fitness levels in children with previous hematological malignancies. However, our results have to be confirmed with a larger number of participants with the same diagnosis of our EG.