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2. A multi-disciplinary review of late Quaternary palaeoclimates and environments for Lesotho

Author

Fitchett M. Fitchett, Grab W. Grab, Marion K. Bamford, and Anson W. Mackay

Subjects
Lesotho, archaeology, geomorphology, palaeobotany, Science, Science (General), Q1-390, Social Sciences, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Lesotho provides a unique context for palaeoclimatic research. The small country is entirely landlocked by South Africa, yet has considerable variation in topography, climate, and associated vegetation over an approximate east–west transect. The region has been of archaeological interest for over a century, and hosts many Early to Late Stone Age sites with occupation preceding 80 000 years before present. The eastern Lesotho highlands are of interest to periglacial and glacial geomorphologists because of their well-preserved relict landforms and contentious evidence for permafrost and niche glaciation during the late Quaternary. However, continuous proxy records for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions for Lesotho are scarce and hampered by a range of methodological shortfalls. These challenges include uncertain ages, poor sampling resolution, and proxies extracted from archaeological excavations for which there may be bias in selection. Inferences on palaeoclimates are thus based predominantly on archaeological and palaeogeomorphological evidence for discrete periods during the late Quaternary. This review paper presents a more detailed multidisciplinary synthesis of late Quaternary conditions in Lesotho. We simultaneously considered the varying data that contribute to the under-studied palaeoenvironmental record for southern Africa. The collective palaeoenvironmental data for eastern Lesotho were shown to be relatively contradictory, with considerable variations in contemporaneous palaeoclimatic conditions within the study area. We argue that although methodological challenges may contribute to this variation, the marked changes in topography result in contrasting late Quaternary palaeoenvironments. Such environments are characterised by similar contrasting microclimates and niche ecologies as are witnessed in the contemporary landscape. These spatial variations within a relatively small landlocked country are of importance in understanding broader southern African palaeoenvironmental change.

Published
2016
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6. Defining the stock structures of key commercial tunas in the Pacific Ocean II : sampling considerations and future directions

Author

Moore, B. R., Adams, T., Allain, V., Bell, J. D., Bigler, M., Bromhead, D., Clark, S., Davies, C., Evans, K., Faasili, U., Farley, J., Fitchett, M., Grewe, P. M., Hampton, J., Hyde, J., Leroy, B., Lewis, A., Lorrain, Anne, Macdonald, J. I., Marie, A. D., Minte-Vera, C., Natasha, J., Nicol, S., Obregon, P., Peatman, T., Pecoraro, C., Phillip, N. B., Pilling, G. M., Rico, C., Sanchez, C., Scott, R., Phillips, J. S., Stockwell, B., Tremblay-Boyer, L., Usu, T., Williams, A. J., and Smith, N.

Subjects
Pacific Ocean, Tuna, Fisheries management, Movement, Spatial dynamics, Stock structure
Abstract

Delineating the stock structure of highly-mobile, wide-ranging fishes subject to exploitation is a challenging task, yet one that is fundamental to optimal fisheries management. A case in point are stocks of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) in the Pacific Ocean, which support important commercial, artisanal, subsistence, and recreational fisheries, and contribute roughly 70 % of global commercial tuna catches. Although some spatial and temporal structuring is recognised within these stocks, growing evidence from a range of approaches suggests that the stock structure of each tuna species is more complex than is currently assumed in both stock assessment and climate change models, and in management regimes. In a move towards improving understanding of the stock structure of skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye and South Pacific albacore tunas in the Pacific Ocean, an international workshop was held in Noumea, New Caledonia, in October 2018 to review knowledge about their movement and stock structure in the region, define and discuss the main knowledge gaps and uncertainties concerning their stock structure, and develop biological sampling approaches to support the provision of this information. Here, we synthesise the discussions of this latter component. For each tuna species, we identify several general sampling considerations needed to reduce uncertainty, including i) the need for broadscale sampling in space, ideally covering each species' distribution, targeting adults in spawning condition and adopting a phased approach; ii) the need for temporally-repeated sampling of the same geographical areas to assess stability in observed patterns over time; iii) the need to resolve patterns in spatial dynamics, such as those resulting from movements associated with the seasonal extensions of poleward flowing currents, from underlying stock structure, iv) the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to stock identification, and v) the need for careful planning of logistics and coordination of sampling efforts across agencies. Finally, we present potential sampling designs that could be adopted to help overcome uncertainties around the initial identification of stocks and the provenance, mixing and proportional contributions of individuals in harvested assemblages, as well as how these uncertainties could be accounted for in fisheries management via the use of management strategy evaluation.

Published
2020

14. Elevated colonization of microborers at a volcanically acidified coral reef

Author

Enochs, I. C., Manzello, D. P., Tribollet, Aline, Valentino, L., Kolodziej, G., Donham, E. M., Fitchett, M. D., Carlton, R., and Price, N. N.

Abstract

Experiments have demonstrated that ocean acidification (OA) conditions projected to occur by the end of the century will slow the calcification of numerous coral species and accelerate the biological erosion of reef habitats (bioerosion). Microborers, which bore holes less than 100 mu m diameter, are one of the most pervasive agents of bioerosion and are present throughout all calcium carbonate substrates within the reef environment. The response of diverse reef functional groups to OA is known from real-world ecosystems, but to date our understanding of the relationship between ocean pH and carbonate dissolution by microborers is limited to controlled laboratory experiments. Here we examine the settlement of microborers to pure mineral calcium carbonate substrates (calcite) along a natural pH gradient at a volcanically acidified reef at Maug, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Colonization of pioneer microborers was higher in the lower pH waters near the vent field. Depth of microborer penetration was highly variable both among and within sites (4.2-195.5 mu m) over the short duration of the study (3 mo.) and no clear relationship to increasing CO2 was observed. Calculated rates of biogenic dissolution, however, were highest at the two sites closer to the vent and were not significantly different from each other. These data represent the first evidence of OA-enhancement of microboring flora colonization in newly available substrates and provide further evidence that microborers, especially bioeroding chlorophytes, respond positively to low pH. The accelerated breakdown and dissolution of reef framework structures with OA will likely lead to declines in structural complexity and integrity, as well as possible loss of essential habitat.

Published
2016

18. Neurofibromatosis and childhood leukaemia/lymphoma: a population-based UKCCSG study

Author

Stiller, C. A., Chessells, J. M., and Fitchett, M.

Subjects
hemic and lymphatic diseases, Research Article
Abstract

There is a well-known raised risk of leukaemia in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). We carried out the first detailed population-based study of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with NF-1 in order to estimate the risk and elucidate the relationship between these conditions. Over the 17 year study period there were five cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) in patients with NF-1 (relative risk 221; 95% CI 71-514), 12 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (relative risk 5.4; 95% CI 2.8-9.4) and five cases of NHL (relative risk 10.0; 95% CI 3.3-23.4). Marrow cytogenetics could be reviewed for seven patients. Specific abnormalities found were monosomy 21 in a child with CMML and 7p+, 17p- in a child with ALL. No abnormalities were reported of 17q, which includes the NF1 gene. CMML occurred predominantly in boys, who also had a family history of NF-1. ALL and NHL were more often found in children with no previous family history.

Published
1994

19. Act now against new NHS competition regulations

Author

Davis, J., primary, Banks, I., additional, Wrigley, D., additional, Peedell, C., additional, Pollock, A., additional, McPherson, K., additional, McKee, M., additional, Irving, W. L., additional, Crome, P., additional, Greenhalgh, T., additional, Holland, W., additional, Evans, D., additional, Maryon-Davis, A., additional, Smyth, A., additional, Fleming, P., additional, Coleman, M., additional, Sharp, D. J., additional, Whincup, P., additional, Logan, S., additional, Cook, D., additional, Moore, R., additional, Rawaf, S., additional, McEewen, J., additional, West, R., additional, Yudkin, J. S., additional, Clarke, A., additional, Finer, N., additional, Domizio, P., additional, Bambra, C., additional, Jones, A., additional, Feder, G., additional, Scott-Samuel, A., additional, Irvine, L., additional, Sharma, A., additional, Fitchett, M., additional, Boomla, K., additional, Folb, J., additional, Paul, A., additional, McCoy, D., additional, Tallis, R., additional, Burgess-Allen, J., additional, Edwards, M., additional, Tomlinson, J., additional, Colvin, D., additional, Gore, J., additional, Brown, K., additional, Mitchel, S., additional, Lau, A., additional, Sayer, M., additional, Clark, L., additional, Silverman, R., additional, Marmot, S., additional, Rainbow, D., additional, Carter, L., additional, Mann, N., additional, Fielding, R., additional, Logan, J., additional, Tebboth, L., additional, Arnold, N., additional, Stobbart, K., additional, Cabot, K., additional, Finer, S., additional, Davies, D., additional, Buttivant, H., additional, Kraemer, S., additional, Newell, J., additional, Griffiths, A., additional, FitzGerald, R., additional, MacGibbon, R., additional, Lee, A., additional, Macklon, A. F., additional, Hobson, E., additional, Jenner, D., additional, Jacobson, B., additional, Timmis, A., additional, Salim, A., additional, Evans-Jones, J., additional, Caan, W., additional, Awsare, N., additional, Pride, N., additional, Suckling, R., additional, Bratty, C., additional, Rossiter, B., additional, Hawkins, D., additional, Currie, J., additional, Camilleri-Ferrante, C., additional, Fluxman, J., additional, Bhatti, O., additional, Anson, J., additional, Etherington, R., additional, Lawrence, D., additional, Fell, H., additional, Clarke, E., additional, Ormerod, J., additional, Ormerod, O., additional, Ireland, M., additional, Duncan, J. A. T., additional, Chandy, R., additional, Mindell, J., additional, Mullen, P., additional, Bennett-Richards, P., additional, Hirst, J., additional, Murphy, E., additional, Martin, P., additional, Lowes, S., additional, Grunewald, R., additional, Reeve, J., additional, Schweiger, M., additional, Coates, J., additional, Farrelly, G., additional, Chamberlain, M. A., additional, Lewis, G., additional, Young, J., additional, Scott, B., additional, Gibbs, J., additional, Landers, A., additional, Deveson, P., additional, Ingrams, G., additional, Leigh, M., additional, Gawler, J., additional, Ford, A., additional, Nixon, J., additional, McCartney, M., additional, Bareford, D., additional, Singh, S., additional, Lockwood, K., additional, Cripwell, M., additional, Ehrhardt, P., additional, Bell, D., additional, Wortley, P., additional, Tomlinson, L., additional, Hotchkiss, J., additional, Ford, S., additional, Turner, G., additional, Reissman, G., additional, Lewis, D., additional, Johnstone, C., additional, Tomson, M., additional, Torabi, P., additional, Tomson, D., additional, Tulloch, A., additional, Johnston, S., additional, Dickinson, J., additional, McElderry, E., additional, Ross, W., additional, Holt, K., additional, Logan, M., additional, Klonin, H., additional, Danby, J., additional, Goodger, V., additional, Puntis, J., additional, Dickson, H., additional, Gould, D. A., additional, Livingstone, A., additional, Lefevre, D., additional, Kendall, B., additional, Singh, G., additional, Hall, P., additional, Darling, J., additional, Hamlyn, A. N., additional, Patel, A., additional, Erskine, J., additional, Fisher, B., additional, Hughes, R., additional, Highton, C., additional, Venning, H., additional, Singer, R., additional, Brearey, S., additional, Sikorski, J., additional, Paintin, D., additional, Feehally, J., additional, Savage, W., additional, Freud, K. M., additional, Holt, V. J., additional, Gill, A., additional, Waterston, T., additional, Souza, R. d., additional, Hopkinson, N., additional, Beadsworth, M., additional, Franks, A., additional, Daley, H., additional, Cullinan, P., additional, Basarab, A., additional, Gurling, H., additional, Zinkin, P., additional, Kirwin, S., additional, Buhrs, E., additional, Brown, R., additional, West, A., additional, Marlowe, G., additional, Fellows, G., additional, Main, J., additional, Applebee, J., additional, Koperski, M., additional, Jones, P., additional, Macfarlane, A., additional, Beer, N., additional, Mason, R., additional, Eisner, M., additional, Smailes, A., additional, Timms, P., additional, Knight, D., additional, Jones, C., additional, Wesby, B., additional, Lyttelton, L., additional, Morrison, R., additional, Bossano, D., additional, Walker, J., additional, Davies, G., additional, Godfrey, P., additional, Wolfe, I., additional, Nsutebu, E., additional, Stevenson, N., additional, Cheeroth, S., additional, Miller, J., additional, Johnson, G., additional, Noor, R., additional, Hall, A., additional, Bostock, D., additional, Michael, B., additional, Sharvill, J., additional, Macpherson, J., additional, Ma, R., additional, Middleton,, J., additional, Jeffreys, A., additional, Cole, J., additional, Boswell, J. P., additional, Bury, B., additional, Mitchison, S., additional, Kinmonth, A.-L., additional, Young, G., additional, Maclennan, I., additional, and Munday, P., additional

Published
2013
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20. An economic appraisal of alternative prenatal screening programmes for Down's syndrome

Author

McGuire, Alistair, Shackley, P., Boyd, P.A., Dennis, J., Fitchett, M., Kay, J., Roche, M., and Wood, P.

Subjects
RA Public aspects of medicine
Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate economically a screening programme within the Oxford Regional Health Authority for Down's syndrome, based on maternal serum {alpha} fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol and human chorionic gonadotrophin as well as maternal age (the triple test) against maternal age alone. The design of the study involved cost-effectiveness analysis of the triple test relative to the maternal age screening programme, and the main outcome measure was the cost per Down's birth avoided. It was found that the triple test is more cost-effective over a wide range of assumptions concerning detection rates and procedure costs. Indirect costs are important in considering the cost-effectiveness of the screening programmes. The most efficient detection rate is around 58 per cent for which the cost per Down's birth avoided is approximately £29600 if only direct costs are evaluated, £20100 if all NHS costs are considered and -£49800 if all resource consequences are analysed. It may be concluded that screening for Down's syndrome using the triple test is cost-effective over a wide range of assumptions concerning detection rate and procedure costs. If all resource costs are considered, the programme is highly cost-effective in comparison with other health care interventions.

Published
1993

31. Cytogenetic Findings and Survival in B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Second IWCCLL Compilation of Data on 662 Patients

Author

Juliusson, Gunnar, primary, Oscier, David, additional, Juliusson, G., additional, Gahrton, G., additional, Oscier, D., additional, Fitchett, M., additional, Ross, F., additional, Brito-Babapulle, V., additional, Catovsky, D., additional, Knuutila, S., additional, Elonen, E., additional, Lechleitner, M., additional, Tanzer, J., additional, Schoenwald, M., additional, Castoldi, G. L., additional, Cuneo, A., additional, Nowell, P., additional, Peterson, L., additional, and Kay, N., additional

Published
1991
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37. Predictability of VO2 max from submaximal cycle ergometer and bench stepping tests.

Author

Fitchett, M A

Abstract

The predictability of the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was studied using progressive and steady state protocols for cycle ergometry and bench stepping. The subjects were 12 healthy men, 23-58 years old. Prediction of VO2 max was made by extrapolation of the heart rate and O2 uptake at several sub-maximal work-loads using the least squares regression technique. The four sub-maximal procedures underestimated the measured VO2 max by between 0.13-0.55 l.min-1. The differences between the measured and predicted values were statistically significant for the tests involving the steady state protocol. The correlation coefficients between the predicted VO2 max for each of the submaximal tests, and the measured VO2 max, were significant at the .05 level. The results indicate that for a group of male subjects VO2 max can be predicted using the progressive protocol on either the cycle ergometer or stepping bench. Individual predictions are liable to considerable error. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
1985
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38. Polycythaemia rubra vera and hairy cell leukaemia in the same patient: studies on the spleen.

Author

Mufti, GJ, Hamblin, TJ, Stevenson, FK, and Fitchett, M

Abstract

The first association of polycythaemia rubra vera (PRV) and hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is reported. The secretion by spleen cells in short term culture of IfGλ to the exclusion κ demonstrated that despite aberrant surface marker studies the HCL was a monoclonal tumour of B cells. Chromosomal studies on splenic cells were not able to demonstrate the common clonal origin of the two tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
1982

40. Interstitial deletion of distal 13q associated with Hirschsprung's disease.

Author

Lamont, M A, Fitchett, M, and Dennis, N R

Abstract

Three cases of interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 involving the common segment 13q22.1----q32.1 are reported. In addition to the recognised clinical features of this deletion, two had Hirschsprung's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
1989

41. The association of Angelman's syndrome with deletions within 15q11-13.

Author

Pembrey, M, Fennell, S J, van den Berghe, J, Fitchett, M, Summers, D, Butler, L, Clarke, C, Griffiths, M, Thompson, E, and Super, M

Abstract

The inheritance of Angelman's syndrome, a disorder characterised by mental retardation, epilepsy, ataxia, and a happy disposition, is debated because affected sibs occur less frequently than expected with autosomal recessive inheritance. After discovering two unrelated patients with a small deletion of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15, 10 further patients with Angelman's syndrome were reassessed. Five had apparently normal karyotypes, four had a deletion within 15q11-13, and one had a pericentric inversion, inv(15)(p11q13) involving the same chromosomal region. In the latter case, the healthy mother had the same pericentric inversion, indicating that the patient also had a submicroscopic mutation on his other chromosome 15. These data map the Angelman locus to 15q11-13 and suggest that de novo visible deletions (associated with a low recurrence risk) and autosomal recessively inherited cases combine to give an overall sib recurrence risk of less than 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
1989

48. FRA(X)(p22) NOT ASSOCIATED WITH INFANTILE AUTISM

Author

Fitchett, M., primary, Jenkins, EdmundC., additional, Brown, W.Ted, additional, Krawczun, MichaelS., additional, Duncan, CharlotteJ., additional, Brooks, Judith, additional, Gross, Ann, additional, Lele, KusumP., additional, Masia, Annette, additional, Nolin, SarahL., additional, Sanz, MaureenM., additional, and Cohen, Ira, additional

Published
1984
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