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Incorporation of radiology into anatomy education is a frequently used teaching strategy. Our purpose was to investigate to what extent virtual reality can play a significant role when radiology is taught in conjunction with anatomy. PubMed, SCOPUS, Education Resources Information Center, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles with the aim to evaluate the outcomes of incorporation of radiology in anatomy education, using virtual reality. From each included paper, the following data were extracted: authors, number of participants, type of study (comparative or not), level of outcome according to Kirkpatrick hierarchy, and outcomes of the use of virtual reality when radiology was incorporated in anatomy education. Seven papers were included. From them, three were comparative and evaluated students’ academic performance after the educational intervention, while four were non-comparative and evaluated only students’ opinions about the intervention. In all studies, the use of virtual reality for the incorporation of radiology into anatomy teaching was positively perceived. Also, the three studies which evaluated academic performance showed that virtual reality was effective in terms of enhancing anatomy knowledge. The implementation of virtual reality for the incorporation of radiology into anatomy education has been accompanied by positive outcomes. These outcomes may encourage educators to teach radiology in conjunction with anatomy using virtual reality.

Incorporation of radiology into anatomy education is a frequently used teaching strategy. Our purpose was to investigate to what extent virtual reality can play a significant role when radiology is taught in conjunction with anatomy. PubMed, SCOPUS, Education Resources Information Center, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles with the aim to evaluate the outcomes of incorporation of radiology in anatomy education, using virtual reality. From each included paper, the following data were extracted: authors, number of participants, type of study (comparative or not), level of outcome according to Kirkpatrick hierarchy, and outcomes of the use of virtual reality when radiology was incorporated in anatomy education. Seven papers were included. From them, three were comparative and evaluated students' academic performance after the educational intervention, while four were non-comparative and evaluated only students' opinions about the intervention. In all studies, the use of virtual reality for the incorporation of radiology into anatomy teaching was positively perceived. Also, the three studies which evaluated academic performance showed that virtual reality was effective in terms of enhancing anatomy knowledge. The implementation of virtual reality for the incorporation of radiology into anatomy education has been accompanied by positive outcomes. These outcomes may encourage educators to teach radiology in conjunction with anatomy using virtual reality.

Objective The morphology and quantitative anatomy of the axis vertebra (C2) attracts a lot of attention between anatomists, surgeons and radiologists. However, no report exists in the literature correlating the height of the dens with the length of the femur. Our paper aims to determine such a correlation. Material and methods An examination of forty-five adult dry skeletons (twenty-three male and twenty-two female) was conducted. The height of the odontoid process of the axis and the maximum length of the femur were measured and statistically analyzed. Results The mean values for the height of the dens were 19.13 +/- 2.74 mm and 16.83 +/- 2.45 mm concerning the male and female dry skeletons respectively. The mean maximum length of the right femur bone was 43.04 +/- 2.32 cm for male and 39.90 +/- 2.40 cm for female skeletons. Data analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation (r=0.709, p

The first description of organized surgical care is given in Homer's epic poem ``Iliad'', even though evidence of performing surgical operations can be traced back to the history of ancient civilizations. Machaon (ca. 1300 BC), the son of Asclepius, was described as a skillful and confident therapist, whose lineage ensured a unique training. He lived in an era when the reality was shaped by myths, and natural phenomena were ruled by the will of the Olympian gods. It was at that time when philosophers and scientists rediscovered the world that surgery was born. We review and present Machaon's story, as he is not only the first documented surgeon ever mentioned in written records in Greek history, but he also proved himself to be a valiant soldier at the battlefield, during the Trojan War. It is no wonder that the life of such a charismatic man, living in a place and time of prosperity and steady evolution of both the scientific and the spiritual world, became a demigod patron of surgical treatment and a landmark in the history of medicine.