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The chemical analysis of an urolith is often interpreted as "stone's composition". However, it must be taken into consideration, that in most cases, only a fragment of the stone has been sent to the laboratory. In some recurrent patients, stone compositions either vary considerably between episodes or the analytical result obtained from the stone fragment does not fit with the data of e.g. current 24 h-urinalysis or urinary pH-records. The question arises, whether this outcome may be the result of an improper stone sampling scheme. On a simple layered 2D-stone model composed of two mineral phases it is shown, how the choice of a stone fragment process may influence the result of "stone composition". Depending on the initial position of fragment within the whole stone, the respective calculated analyses can relevantly differ from the whole stone composition as well as strongly between two fragments. Even under the simplified conditions of a 2D-2-component-model "grown" under defined conditions, the differences between the analyses of the different specimens taken from a stone are in part remarkable. The more it can be argued that these differences increase if a real 3D-urolith is investigated. Further sampling biases may evolve and increase the problem of proper sampling:, e.g., if an urolith's more resistant parts remain intact while ESWL or laser-based stone fragmentation ("dusting"), the weak parts became fully disintegrated and removed from the body as fine-grained sludge-the stone's fine fraction is lost although its composition may carry important information on the stone's pathogenesis. Consequently, a "stone analysis" only obtained from the harder remains reveals an incomplete result, a fact that in principle limits its clinical interpretation. Choice of stone fragment is crucial. The extent of the uncertainty of an analysis resulting from potential selection biases should not be underestimated. Thus, sampling should be considered as an important part of the processes of quality assurance and management. Errors made at this early stage of diagnosis finding will affect the analytical result and thus influence the clarification of the underlying pathomechanism. This can lead to an improper metaphylactic strategy potentially causing recurrent stone formation which otherwise would have been prevented. A decision scheme for analysis of urinary stones removed using endoscopic methods is suggested.

Background: [ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 is a well-tolerated therapy for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. However, because of the mainly renal excretion of the tracer, the kidneys are one of the most limiting organs. The purpose of this study was to examine the post-therapeutic changes in renal function over time and to identify risk factors for developing renal toxicity. We also tested the reliability of markers for renal function monitoring., Methods: Fifty-five patients with castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer treated with at least three cycles of [ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 were investigated. Renal function was assessed through laboratory tests (creatinine, GFR, cystatin C) and Tc-99 m-MAG3 measurements. Adverse events were classified according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0. To identify risk factors for renal toxicity, we used Pearson's correlation coefficient and the corresponding p values., Results: None of the 55 patients experienced severe nephrotoxicity (grade 3/4). In 14 patients (25%), we observed increased creatinine levels of CTC 1° or 2°. There were 16 cases of increased GFR (grade 1/2). At the baseline, only 14 patients had elevated cystatin C. However, post-therapeutic cystatin C was elevated in 32 patients (58%). A significant effect on renal function was found for age (p = 0.049), hypertension (p = 0.001) and pre-existing kidney disease (p = 0.001). The most reliable predictive markers of nephrotoxicity were TER-MAG3 and cystatin C., Conclusion: Renal toxicity in patients treated with [ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 was low. There was no (sub)acute grade 3 or 4 nephrotoxicity.

Introduction: The prevalence of urinary incontinence is increasing. Two major risk factors are overweight and age. We present objective and subjective cure rates of elderly and overweight patients treated with an adjustable single-incision sling system (AJUST™, C.R. BARD, Inc.)., Materials and Methods: Between 04/2009 and 02/2012 we treated 100 female patients with the single incision sling. Patients were retrospectively evaluated by Stamey degree of incontinence, cough test, pad use, and overall satisfaction. The primary outcomes of the study were objective and subjective cure rates, secondary outcomes were the safety profile of the sling and complications., Results: The overall success rate in this population was 84.6% with a mean follow-up of 9.3 months. The average usage of pads per day decreased from 4.9 to 1.6 and was significantly lower in patients with a BMI <30 (p=0.004). Postoperative residual SUI was also lower in patients with a BMI <30 (p=0.006). Postoperative satisfaction was better in patients with a lower BMI, but this difference did not reach a level of significance (p=0.055). There were no complications such as bleeding, bladder injury, or tape infection., Conclusions: In elderly and obese patients a considerable success rate is achievable with this quick and minimal invasive procedure. However, the success rate shows a clear trend in favor of a lower body-mass-index. The cut-off point has been identified at a BMI of 30. The AJUST™ system can be regarded as safe and beneficial for elderly and obese patients., (Copyright® by the International Brazilian Journal of Urology.)

Purpose: Placement of ureteral stents (DJ-stents) may lead to complications. Inappropriate friction properties of the implant are, inter alia, made responsible for primary injuries, injury-related inflammation and a cascade of consecutive side effects. Hydrophilicity is considered to be related to low friction. The question arises, whether the various products on the market show their respective maximum hydrophilicity directly after unwrapping or a pre-use moistening, as already routinely done with the guide wire, is necessary., Methods: The surface wettability of commercial and experimental DJ-stents was determined by water contact angle (WCA) measurements using the sessile drop method. One reference surface and 11 different stent surface types were tested. In order to determine the influence of moistening on the stents' surface wettability, WCAs were measured twice, with dry, and soaked (30 min, 0.9%-NaCl) specimens. Each sample of a surface type was tested at three different positions to avoid effects of surface heterogeneities. Up to six samples of the same surface type were examined., Results: Mean WCAs on fresh and soaked stent surfaces ranged from 75°-103° and 71°-99°. In every case the WCAs on soaked surfaces were lower. On average the WCAs decrease by 7%, the individual decreases differ considerably, from 2 to 16%. For 7/12 of the examined surface types, the decrease in contact angle is statistically significant with p ≤ 0.01., Conclusions: DJ-stents freshly unwrapped show less hydrophilic properties compared to DJ-stents soaked in saline. To obtain maximum hydrophilicity at stent placement, DJ-stents should be soaked. The results may advocate a similar approach for other urological equipment.

Background: The prevalence of urolithiasis in Germany is 4.7%; its incidence has trebled in the last three decades. The risk of recurrence is 50-80%, depending on the type of stone, unless secondary prevention is instituted. Risk-adapted secondary prevention lowers this risk to 10-15%., Methods: This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed using the key words "urolithiasis," "urinary stones," "epidemiology," "lithogenesis," "biominerals," "risk factors," and "diagnosis, therapy, metaphylaxis." These publications were evaluated with the aid of the urolithiasis guideline of the European Association of Urology., Results: Acute renal colic can usually be diagnosed without sophisticated equipment. Stones can be dealt with by a variety of techniques depending on their size and location, including extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, ureterorenoscopy, percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy, and open surgery. Most ureteric stones of diameter up to 5 mm pass spontaneously. 75% of patients have no complications. The basic evaluation needed for secondary prevention can be carried out by any physician on an ambulatory basis. In the 25% of patients who have complications, a more extensive interdisciplinary evaluation of metabolic parameters should be performed in a clinical center for urinary stones., Conclusion: Urolithiasis has many causes and can be treated in many different ways. An extensive metabolic work-up is often necessary for secondary prevention. The various treatment options must be considered for their suitability in each individual patient. Robust data are now available on surgical and interventional methods, but there are as yet no high-quality trials of secondary prevention. Further research should concentrate on the etiology and pathogenesis of urolithiasis.

Introduction: MicroRNAs play an important role in many human malignancies; so far, their expression remains to be studied in upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UUTUC)., Materials and Methods: The expression of eleven microRNAs (miR-10a, miR-21, miR-96, miR-135, miR-141, miR-182, miR-200b, miR-205, miR-429, miR-520b, miR-1244) formerly shown to be upregulated in urothelial bladder cancer were studied in corresponding normal and cancerous tissue samples of patients undergoing nephroureterectomy for UUTUC. Upregulated microRNAs were then measured in serum samples of patients with UUTUC and patients with non-malignant urological diseases to evaluate their potential as non-invasive biomarkers for UUTUC., Results: MicroRNA expression allowed differentiation of normal and cancerous tissue: miR-21, miR-96, miR-135, miR-141, miR-182, miR-205, miR-429 and miR-520b were significantly overexpressed. Furthermore, miR-205 was upregulated in poorly differentiated UUTUC. The analysis of circulating RNA in serum demonstrated an increase of miR-141 in patients with UUTUC; receiver operator characteristic analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.726 for miR-141 as a diagnostic biomarker. Furthermore, we observed lower levels of miR-10a and miR-135 in UUTUC patients., Conclusions: MicroRNA expression is altered in UUTUC. The analysis of circulating miR-141 may be useful to identify patients with UUTUC.

Androgen deprivation is a common treatment option in patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. No case of long term treatment with an intermittent approach with only low dose bicalutamide (50 mg daily) has been described yet. We report a 60-year-old patient, initially presenting with a PSA elevation of 19.2 ng/mL in 1996. After diagnosis of well to moderately differentiated prostate cancer by transrectal biopsy, the patient underwent an open radical prostatectomy. Final diagnosis was adenocarcinoma of the prostate, classified as pT3a, pR1, pV0, and pL1. Adjuvant intermittent androgen deprivation therapy with flutamide 250 mg was applied, which was changed to bicalutamide 50 mg once daily when it became available in 2001. Six on-phases were performed and PSA values never exceeded 20 ng/mL. The patient did not experience any serious side effects. To date, there are no clinical or radiological signs of progression. Current PSA value is 3.5 ng/mL.

Crystal formation reflects the entire composition of the surrounding solution. In case of urolithiasis, induced crystal formation in native urine has led to the development of the Bonn-Risk-Index (BRI), a valuable tool to quantify an individual's risk of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. If the progression of a disease is associated with characteristic changes in the activities of urinary components, this leads to an altered urinary crystallisation capacity. Therefore, the results of induced urinary crystal formation can be used to detect and monitor any disease linked to the altered urinary composition. Since crystal formation inherently takes into account the entire urinary composition, the influence of the disease on individual urinary parameters does not have to be known in order to monitor the consequent pathologic alterations. In this paper, we review the background of urinary crystal formation analysis and describe its established application in urolithiasis monitoring as well as potential further fields of clinical application.

Urinary composition is the result of the interplay of all metabolic processes, including all metabolites and toxins produced. Any change in urine composition influences urinary supersaturation, the major thermodynamic driving force of crystal formation. Urolithiasis is a wide-spread disease with a prevalence rate of 4% to 10%. Formation risk of calcium-oxalate, by far the most common mineral in uroliths, is quantified by the Bonn-Risk-Index (BRI). The BRI measures induced crystal growth within native urine and shows superior diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared to other urolithiasis risk indices. The concept of BRI quick test presented in this work allowes even untrained persons to easily determine the urolithiasis risk. Many diseases lack a simple, easily accessible and cost effective diagnostic approach to monitor their course and treatment success. Since BRI takes into account every constituent of native urine, it can be used to monitor a wide range of metabolic diseases., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Introduction: The implantation of penile nodules under the foreskin is unusual in Western society. This practice is known in Slavic and Asian cultures and occasionally appears in the western world. We review the historical and medical evidence found in world literature to this date., Aim: We discuss case reports and other literature on penile nodules and evaluate their medical significance., Main Outcome Measures: Literature search for MEDLINE publications and additional references from non-Medline indexed publications concerning the implantation of foreign bodies under the foreskin., Methods: Literature search for MEDLINE-indexed papers followed by a manual bibliographic review of cross-references. We extended the search to non-MEDLINE references using an Internet-based search engine. More information was retrieved by contacting different experts. A statistical analysis was applied to the data collected., Results: There seems to be a predominance of penile bead implantation in Asian countries. The average age of a patient was 25.47 years. The average number of beads implanted was 2.71. There is a higher risk of becoming a sexually transmitted disease., Conclusions: The prevalence of complications seems to be low. The incidence and severity of early or delayed complications are unknown but are probably underreported. Complications associated with this procedure should be known, especially partner complications. These nodules will possibly be encountered more often in western countries., (© 2010 International Society for Sexual Medicine.)

Purpose: Usually, hampered urine flow and failing of Seldinger technique leads to the explanation "obstructed ureteral stent" with no further clarification where exactly the obstructions are located. If stent obstruction is caused by intra-luminal biofilm and/or crystal deposits, the need of biofilm reducing coatings on the stent's inside has to be discussed., Materials and Methods: We investigated 59 stents from patients in whom acute hydronephrosis and/or acute pyelonephritis required stent replacement and/or usage of Seldinger technique failed. The stents were investigated by X-ray and, after longitudinal cutting, by light-microscopy for occurrence of obstructing material., Results: The inside of 25% of the samples was lined with a thick film composed of blood clots and tiny non-aggregated crystals. Only in these samples X-ray investigation showed a positive result for massive inner encrustations, which in fact may be responsible for stent occlusion. 48% of the stents contained few small domains composed of blood clots and crystals. 27% of the stent samples showed no alteration., Conclusions: 75% of the "obstructed" stents showed no significant inner deposits. Obstruction of urine transport and failure of Seldinger technique occurred due to other reasons. Thus, coating of the stent's inner surface may be overrated.

A giant tumor of the urinary bladder in a 73 year old female patient consisting of mesenchymal and epithelial parts turned out to be the first case of a Malignant Mixed Muellerian tumor of the urinary bladder.

Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a locally invasive soft tissue tumor with a high risk of local recurrence but without metastatic spread. The mesenchymal tumor is relatively site-specific and has a peak incidence in females in their 2nd or 4th decade. Only few cases in males have been reported in the literature. We describe what we think is the first case of an aggressive angiomyxoma arising in the prostate presenting with classical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia.