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As non-state actors, environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) are able to influence the governance process in many cases. Although the ENGOs role in climate change governance has been extensively studied over the last two decades, there is a dearth of research relating to Malaysian ENGOs. Accordingly, this study was conducted to compensate for this gap in the literature, and it employs a qualitative approach via analysis of relevant documents and in-depth interviews with eleven ENGO informants operating in Malaysia at national, sub-national and local levels. The informants were selected through purposive sampling, and the interview data were analysed using thematic analysis. The informants described the ENGO roles in climate change governance at national, sub-national, and local levels, and their roles were described in the context of the following six key themes: political, informational, educational, complementary, observational, and innovational. Similar to earlier perspectives, the results of the present study revealed that the government generally accepts the ENGOs’ role to facilitate climate change governance. This article provides insight into the ENGO’s role in assisting the government in governing climate change in Malaysia.

Flood is becoming the severe hydrologic issue at the Kelantan River basin in Malaysia. The joint distribution analysis amongst multiple interacting flood characteristics, i.e., flood peak discharge flow, volume, and duration series usually provide a comprehensive understanding of the hydrologic risk assessments through visualizing the multivariate exceedance probability or return periods. The traditional copulas-based methodology is frequently employed under parametric settings where parametric family functions are often employed to model univariate marginal distribution before capturing their dependence structure. Actually, no universal rules and literature are imposed to model any flood vectors through any fixed or predefined density function, which would follow the different distribution and needs to model by fitting most parsimonious function. Also, the copula function already relaxes the restriction of selecting marginal distributions from the same distribution families. Therefore, incorporation of non-parametric kernel density estimations or KDE would be much stable and less biased smoothing alternatives than the parametric approach. In this literature, the semi-parametric copula-based methodology is incorporated, where the flood marginals are modelled under the kernel functions and applied as a case study for 50 years annual maximum (AM) flood samples of the Kelantan River basin at the Gulliemard Bridge gauge station in Malaysia. The Archimedean families copulas (i.e., Frank, Gumbel and Clayton) and Elliptical copula (i.e., Gaussian copula) are tested, and thus best-fitted copulas are employed to model the bivariate joint distribution amongst flood characteristics, and which further employed to derive joint and conditional return periods.

Floods are becoming the most severe and challenging hydrologic issue at the Kelantan River basin in Malaysia. Flood episodes are usually thoroughly characterized by flood peak discharge flow, volume and duration series. This study incorporated the copula-based methodology in deriving the joint distribution analysis of the annual flood characteristics and the failure probability for assessing the bivariate hydrologic risk. Both the Archimedean and Gaussian copula family were introduced and tested as possible candidate functions. The copula dependence parameters are estimated using the method-of-moment estimation procedure. The Gaussian copula was recognized as the best-fitted distribution for capturing the dependence structure of the flood peak-volume and peak-duration pairs based on goodness-of-fit test statistics and was further employed to derive the joint return periods. The bivariate hydrologic risks of flood peak flow and volume pair, and flood peak flow and duration pair in different return periods (i.e., 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years) were estimated and revealed that the risk statistics incrementally increase in the service lifetime and, at the same instant, incrementally decrease in return periods. In addition, we found that ignoring the mutual dependency can underestimate the failure probabilities where the univariate events produced a lower failure probability than the bivariate events. Similarly, the variations in bivariate hydrologic risk with the changes of flood peak in the different synthetic flood volume and duration series (i.e., 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years return periods) under different service lifetimes are demonstrated. Investigation revealed that the value of bivariate hydrologic risk statistics incrementally increases over the project lifetime (i.e., 30, 50, and 100 years) service time, and at the same time, it incrementally decreases in the return period of flood volume and duration. Overall, this study could provide a basis for making an appropriate flood defence plan and long-lasting infrastructure designs. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091599 Full Text: PDF

Environmental nongovernmental organizations (ENGOs) are considered key players for engendering good climate change governance to address both climate change and sustainable development. The participation of ENGOs in climate change governance occurs in a four-phase policy cycle. They include (1) identification of policy options, (2) policy formulation, (3) policy implementation, and (4) policy monitoring and evaluation. The ENGOs, however, have been criticized for their lack of effectiveness, and their roles in tackling climate change remain unclear. To date, the study on the roles and activities of Southeast Asian ENGOs in climate change governance has been under-researched. This study, therefore, applies a systematic literature review of 19 published articles from Scopus and Web of Science-indexed journal to understand the current state of the Southeast Asian ENGOs participation in climate change governance based on the four-phase policy cycle. The findings show that the ENGOs in Southeast Asia are involved directly and indirectly in climate change governance. They are significant actors in the implementation of the climate change policy, but they play a minimal role in the formulation of said policy. It implies that they could also be a vital partner to the government in the climate change governance process as they can bring effective policy improvements. Lastly, this review will recommend future avenues of research for scholars.

The multivariate approach of flood characteristics such as flood peak flow (P), volume (V), and duration (D) is much beneficial in recognizing the critical behaviour of flood episodes at a river basin scale. The incorporation of 2-dimensional copulas for establishing bivariate flood dependency frequently appears, but it could be more comprehensive if we focus all the three flood characteristic simultaneously. In such circumstances, incorporation of vine or Pair-Copula Construction (PCC) could produce a better approximation of joint probability density and much practical approach in the uncertainty analysis, in comparison with conventional trivariate copula distribution. This study demonstrated the efficacy of parametric vine copula in the modelling of trivariate flood characteristics for the Kelantan River basin in Malaysia. The D-vine tree structure is selected where the Gaussian and Frank copula is recognized for bivariate flood pairs (P-V) and (P-D) pairs in the first stage, using the maximum-pseudo-likelihood (MPL) estimation procedure. Similarly, the Gumbel copula is selected in the modelling of conditioned data obtained through the conditional distribution function of bivariate copulas selected in the previous stage based on the partial differentiation, also called h-function. Finally, the full density function of the 3-dimension structure is derived and compared with the observed flood characteristics. Furthermore, tail dependence properties and behaviour of D-vine copula are also investigated, which reveals for well capturing the general behaviour of Gaussian and Frank copula fitted to flood pair (P-V) and (V-D) and reproduces the overall flood correlation structure fairely well. Both the primary ‘OR’ and ‘AND’ joint return periods for trivariate flood events are estimated which pointing that ‘AND’ joint case produces higher return value than ‘OR’ case.

The joint distribution analysis of multidimensional flood characteristics i.e., flood peak flow, volume and duration, often facilitates a comprehensive understanding in the hydrologic risk assessments. Copula-based methodology are frequently incorporated via parametric approach to model dependence structure of parametric based univariate marginal distributions. But, if the targeted copulas and univariate marginal distributions belongs to some specific parametric families, it might be problematic, if the underlying assumption are violated. Also, no universal rules and literatures are imposed to model any hydrologic vectors and their joint dependence structure through any fixed or pre-defined distributions. In this literature, a nonparametric copula simulation are incorporated and applied as a case study for 50 years annual maximum flood samples of the Kelantan River basin at the Gulliemard bridge station in Malaysia. In this study, a combination of both parametric and nonparametric marginal distribution separately conjoined by a nonparametric copulas framework, which is based on the Beta kernel function. The Beta kernel copula function are incorporated to estimate bivariate copula density which further used to derived joint cumulative density of flood peak-volume, volume-duration and peak-duration pairs and their associated joint as well as conditional return periods.

Flood is becoming an intensive hydro-climatic issue at the Kelantan River basin in Malaysia. Univariate frequency analysis would be unreliable due to multidimensional behaviour of flood, which often demands multivariate flow exceedance probabilities. The joint distribution analysis of multiple interacting flood characteristics, i.e. flood peak, volume and duration, is very useful for understanding critical hydrologic behaviour at a river basin scale. In this paper, a copula-based methodology is incorporated for multivariate flood frequency analysis for the 50-year annual basis flood characteristics of Kelantan River basin at Guillemard bridge station in Malaysia. Investigation reveals that the Lognormal (2P), Johnson SB-4P and Gamma-3P are selected as marginal distributions for the flood peak flow, volume and duration series. Several bivariate families such as mono-parametric, bi-parametric (i.e. mixed version) and rotated version of Archimedean copulas and also the elliptical copula are introduced to cover a large dependence pattern of flood characteristics. The dependence parameter of bivariate copulas is estimated by the method of moments (MOM) based on the inversion of Kendall’s tau and maximum pseudo-likelihood estimator. To analytically validate and recognize most parsimonious copulas, GOF test and Cramer–von Mises distance statistics (Sn) with the parametric bootstrap method are employed. The Gaussian copula is identified as the most justifiable model for joint modelling of the flood peak–volume and peak–duration combination for MOM-based parameter estimation procedure. Similarly, the Frank copula is selected as the best-fitted structure for modelling peak–duration combination based on MPL estimators, but the MOM estimator recognized Gaussian copula as most suitable for peak–volume pair. Furthermore, the best-fitted copulas are used for obtaining the joint and conditional return periods of the flood characteristics.

Floods are becoming the most challenging hydrologic issue in the Kelantan River basin in Malaysia. All three flood characteristics, i.e. peak flow, flood volume and flood duration, are important when formulating actions and measures to manage flood risk. Therefore, estimating the multivariate designs and their associated return periods is an essential element of making informed risk-based decisions in this river basin. In this paper, the efficacy of a kernel density estimator is tested by assessing the adequacy of kernel functions for capturing flood marginal density of 50 years (from 1961 to 2016) of daily streamflow data collected at Gulliemard Bridge gauge station in the Kelantan River basin. Tests for stationarity or the existence of serial correlation within the flood series is often a pre-requisite before introducing the random samples into a univariate or a multivariate framework. It was found that homogeneity existed within the flood vector series. It was concluded therefore that time series of the flood vectors do not exhibit any significant trend. Based on analytically based fitness measures, it was concluded that it is likely that Triweight kernel function is the best-fitted distribution for defining the marginal distribution of peak flows, flood volumes and flood durations in the Kelantan River basin.

Water resources operational planning, managements or either flood defence infrastructure designs often demand the estimations of flow exceedance probability for visualizing the risk of flood episodes. Numerous literature often incorporated copulas for the development of bivariate joint dependence structure among the flood characteristics, flood peak flow, volume and duration, but it could be more realistic and comprehensive if we focus all the three mutually correlated flood characteristics simultaneously. Actually, the inclusion of more flood characteristics could provide better and much justifiable information in correlation and dependency modelling. In this study, trivariate copulas are incorporated and applied to a case study to analyse flood episodes in the Kelantan River basin at Gulliemard bridge gauge station in Malaysia. Firstly, for describing best-fitted bivariate copulas for establishing the joint dependence structure of each flood attribute pairs, the Gaussian copula is recognized most justifiable model for peak-volume pair and the Frank copula for peak-duration and volume-duration pairs. After that, the trivariate joint distribution is modelled using one Archimedean copula, the Frank copula and one Elliptical copula, the Gaussian copula. Based on Cramer-von-Mises-type statistics, Sn and p-value, the Gaussian copula best representing the trivariate dependence structure of flood and which further employed in the deriving of trivariate joint and conditional return periods.

The agricultural sector is one of the most directly affected by the movement's control order due to COVID-19 pandemic outbreaks, which disconnect farm production to the consumer. The travel restrictions had a significant effect on food delivery, affecting any stage of agricultural production and the food supply chain. While panic buying has significantly subsided, and logistics issues for fresh produce are quickly being resolved, these images have sparked some concern about how self-sufficient the country is in food to endure future emergencies and possible trade disruptions. The negative impact of the pandemic on supply and demand for food might lead to food security at risk. Thus, the pandemic has seeded a serious impact on the food and agriculture production system, which needs to be addressed on their implications by systematic research methodology. This chapter will provide sufficient evidence to confirm that the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 disease has an important effect on agriculture, farmers' income, and the food supply chain, mainly affecting food demand and food security. This study was carried out from September 2020 to April 2021. Finally, some recommendations are suggested to ensure the continuity and sustainability of agricultural sectors and to activate the food supply system.

The aim of this study is to develop landslide susceptibility models for the northern part of the Bordj Bou Arreridj (BBA) region, Northeast Algeria, to reduce the physical degradation caused by landslides and, to inspect what is required to properly control it. A comprehensive landslide inventory and susceptibility assessment of this region are not available, even though this region is prone to frequent disruption by geological hazards, mainly landslides. To achieve this objective, an inventory map and 12 variables (including geomorphic, geological, hydrological and environmental factors) are created. The inventory dataset is divided to training dataset with 148 landslides (70%) and validation dataset with 64 landslides (30%). Then, 2 machine learning (ML) techniques are applied to learn the internal relationship between the target set (212 landslide locations) and the 12 variables as inputs. The used methods are Random Forest (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Their performances are assessed through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the standard error (Std. error), and the confidence interval (CI) at 95%. As the main results, RF and XGBoost models give identical predictive accuracy (AUC) of ≈ 90%. This indicates that the proposed procedure can be useful for handling and monitoring present and future landslides. In addition, the models proposed in this study will be useful for the continuous assessment of land degradation trends for this region. Therefore, presenting these models in the best possible way allows stakeholders to benefit from them to identify key areas that may be targeted for protection and restoration procedures to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) goals by 2030.

Mustafa, F.-B. and Bwadi, B.E., 2018. Determination of optimal freshwater prawn farming site locations using GIS and multicriteria evaluation. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.)...

Istilah vulnerabiliti ataupun keterancaman bertujuan untuk menjelaskan perhubungan yang wujud di antara keterdedahan ancaman fizikal dengan kesejahteraan manusia dan keupayaan mereka untuk menghadapi ancaman. Kajian ini melihat vulnerabiliti komuniti miskin yang tinggal di zon pinggir laut Negeri Kelantan. Komuniti miskin yang mempunyai daya tahan yang rendah merupakan kelompok komuniti yang paling berisiko terdedah kepada ancaman yang berlaku di zon pinggir laut seperti ancaman ombak, ribut, banjir air masin dan sebagainya. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai indeks vulnerabiliti komuniti miskin zon pinggir laut di sepanjang pinggir laut Negeri Kelantan. Terdapat dua komponen yang diambilkira iaitu komponen ancaman dan komponen sistem yang berisiko (komuniti miskin). Jumlah responden atau ketua isi rumah yang terlibat dalam sesi soal selidik ialah sepuluh peratus daripada jumlah ketua isi rumah miskin pada tahun 2012 bagi setiap Dewan Undangan Negeri di sepanjang pinggir laut Negeri Kelantan iaitu 515 orang. Ciri-ciri yang diambilkira seterusnya dinilai dengan skala Likert lima pilihan dan dianalisis bagi mendapatkan nilai indeks vulnerabiliti komuniti miskin zon pinggir laut Negeri Kelantan bagi 26 buah kampung di 11 mukim dalam empat daerah di pinggir laut Negeri Kelantan. Hasil daripada penilaian indeks tersebut menunjukkan tahap vulnerabiliti komuniti miskin sangat kritikal dan memerlukan satu mekanisma adaptasi yang sesuai agar komuniti ini boleh meningkatkan daya tahan mereka. Kesimpulannya, penilaian indeks vulnerabiliti komuniti miskin zon pinggir laut bukan sahaja menggambarkan tahap keterancaman komuniti tersebut, malah boleh dijadikan petunjuk dan panduan bukan sahaja kepada mereka tetapi pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam aspek pengurusan di zon pinggir laut.

Basin perspective hydrology and hydraulic water-related queries often demanding an accurate estimation of flood exceedance probabilities or return periods for assessing hydrologic risk. The research on the advancements of flood probability modelling contributed to reduction of flood risk, damage property and human life losses associated with the occurrence of flood events. Higher degree of uncertainty and complex flood dependence structure did not facilitate for their accurate prediction through deterministic approaches, which often demand a probability distribution framework. Unreliability of univariate frequency analysis under parametric or non-parametric framework would be an attribute for underestimation or overestimation of flood risk. Multivariate distribution framework facilitating a comprehensive understanding of flood structure for various possible occurrence combinations among the flood-related random vectors (i.e. flood peak flow, volume and duration). In this literature, copula function is recognized as a highly flexible tool for establishing multivariate joint dependency and their associated return periods in comparison with traditional multivariate functions. The incorporation of vine or pair-copula constructions (or PCC) further exaggerated the efforts of higher dimension copula construction, in terms of precision level in their estimated quantiles, under the minimum information concept. This review explored the efficacy of copula-based methodology for tackling multivariate design problems and can be used as a guideline for water practioner and hydrologist.

To combat soil erosion in the northern part of Taraba State, Nigeria, farmers are of major importance. Their perceptions vitally influence the levels of support and investment associated with solving problems of soil erosion through adoption of practices that are alternative to those in current use, including approaches focused on soil conservation. The objective of this study was to evaluate how farmer perceptions of soil erosion influence their investments in soil conservation, particularly soil or stone bunds, their applications of organic amendments and inorganic fertilizers and other soil conservation practices. In the study area, we undertook a field plot experiment and carried out a survey, using open- and closed-ended questions. Water erosion and depletion of fertility were taken as the main indicators of soil erosion. The results of the experiment showed that farmers were aware of and perceived both indicators as having increased over the past decade. Farmer investments in water erosion control (3.7 US/ha) and the prevention of soil fertility depletion (37.8 US/ha) in the study area were found to be limited. The results also showed that awareness of water erosion was only marginally correlated with investment in water erosion control (χ2 = 4.906, P = 0.09) and not associated with investments in soil fertility control measures (χ2 = 0.175, P = 0.92). Those farmers who identified depletion of soil fertility as a problem, based on erosion, were not significantly more likely to make greater investments in soil conservation (χ2 = 0.947, P = 0.62) but did invest more in fertility measures (χ2 = 3.199, P = 0.20). Hence, further research is needed to determine other factors that may influence farmer investment in soil conservation, especially factors related to socio-economic characteristics of farm households, institutional and technological innovations and field characteristics that were not addressed in this study.

Perubahan guna tanah sesuatu kawasan yang menuntut eksploitasi terhadap alam sekitar telah menimbulkan pelbagai isu berkaitan dengan guna tanah seperti kawasan hutan telah digantikan dengan kawasan perbandaran dan kawasan pertanian. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengkaji pola perubahan guna tanah di Negeri Sembilan daripada perspektif ruang dan masa antara tahun 1961 dan 2014, serta mengkaji faktor pendorong perubahan guna tanah yang berlaku. Data guna tanah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah peta guna tanah Negeri Sembilan tahun 1961 dan 2014 serta data sekunder lain. Guna tanah di kawasan kajian telah dibahagikan kepada empat jenis iaitu guna tanah bandar, guna tanah pertanian, guna tanah hutan dan guna tanah lain-lain. Hasil analisis menggunakan ArcGIS 9.3 telah menunjukkan perubahan yang ketara dalam setiap jenis guna tanah. Proses analisis tindanan peta dilakukan bagi mengetahui perubahan keluasan yang berlaku pada setiap jenis guna tanah. Guna tanah pertanian mengalami perubahan paling tinggi dari tahun 1961 sehingga 2014, manakala guna tanah perbandaran mengalami perubahan paling rendah. Guna tanah hutan pula telah mengalami pengurangan dari tahun 1961 sehingga 2014. Perubahan guna tanah berlaku disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor iaitu penambahbaikan polisi melalui Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976, pertambahan populasi penduduk, jaringan pengangkutan, ekonomi dan konurbasi bandar Kuala Lumpur. Kajian ini dilihat dapat membantu dalam proses pembuatan keputusan bagi mengawal perubahan dan perancangan guna tanah yang berlaku dalam cara yang lebih sistematik dan memastikan kemampanan alam sekitar pada masa akan datang. Kata kunci: analisis guna tanah, ArcGIS, faktor perubahan, guna tanah, Sistem Maklumat Geografi, pola perubahan Analysis of land use changes of Negeri Sembilan using Geographic Information System (GIS) Abstract The land use changes of an area, an indication of exploitation on the environment, have led to various issues related to land use such as forest areas have been replaced with urban areas and agricultural areas. The purpose of this study was to examine the land use changes in Negeri Sembilan in terms of space and time between the year of 1961 and 2014 as well as to study the driving factors of land use changes. Land use data obtained in this analysis is a land use map of Negeri Sembilan in 1961 and 2014 as well as other secondary data. Land use in the study area was divided into four types of land use which are urban land use, agriculture land use, forest land use and other land use. The analysis using Arc GIS 9.3 has demonstrated a significant change in each type of land use. The map overlay analysis was conducted to determine the total change area for each type of land use. Agriculture land use has the highest changes from 1961 to 2014 and the urban land use has the lowest changes. While forest land use has decreased from 1961 to 2014. Land use changes occur due to several factors such as the improvement of the policy through “Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976”, the increase in population, transportation links, economy and Kuala Lumpur conurbation. This study is seen to assist in decision making processes to control changes in land use and land use planning in a more systematic way to ensure environmental sustainability in the future. Keywords: land use analysis, ArcGIS, change factor, land use, Geographic Information System, change pattern

Istilah keterancaman bertujuan untuk menjelaskan perhubungan yang wujud di antara keterdedahan ancaman fizikal dengan kesejahteraan manusia dan keupayaan mereka untuk menghadapi ancaman. Penilaian keterancaman menggabungkan tiga komponen utama iaitu ancaman, sistem yang mengalami risiko dan daya tahan diri sedia ada. Keterancaman bagi kajian ini merujuk kepada komuniti orang asli yang tinggal di zon tanah tinggi Cameron Highlands. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti jenis ancaman perubahan alam sekitar tempatan di tiga lembangan utama Cameron Highlands iaitu Telom, Bertam dan Lemoi. Ancaman ini dilihat daripada hasil proses pembangunan guna tanah di kawasan tanah tinggi yang mendatangkan kesan keterancaman ke atas komuniti orang asli sebagai golongan yang memiliki daya tahan yang rendah. Hasil soal selidik iaitu ciri-ciri yang dinilai dan penghasilan peta indeks keterancaman ini akan menggambarkan keadaan sebenar komuniti orang asli Semai Cameron Highlands yang telah lama menjadikan sistem alam sekitar tanah tinggi sebagai satu bentuk perhubungan. Jumlah ketua isi rumah yang terlibat dalam sesi soal selidik ialah 153 orang iaitu 30% daripada jumlah keseluruhan ketua isi rumah bagi kampung terpilih. Hasil daripada penilaian indeks secara keseluruhan menunjukkan tahap keterancaman komuniti orang asli adalah terancam dan mereka memerlukan peningkatan daya tahan diri sedia ada. Kesimpulannya, penilaian indeks keterancaman komuniti orang asli di zon tanah tinggi bukan sahaja menggambarkan tahap keterancaman komuniti tersebut, malah boleh dijadikan petunjuk dan panduan kepada mereka dan pihak yang terlibat dalam aspek pengurusan komuniti orang asli di zon tanah tinggi.

In this study we analyzed sequences of the COI gene to investigate the genetic structure and diversity in four populations of the Giant Malaysian Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and to test the effectiveness of cyclical mating as means of securing genetic diversity. Forty-three haplotypes were generated for the parental populations; most of these were unique, with moderate genetic and low nucleotide diversities. However Tajima's neutrality test indicated a significant (p < 0.05) departure of the Negeri Sembilan population from the mutation–drift equilibrium, suggesting that it may be losing genetic variability. To combat this problem we recommend a seasonal fishing ban. The AMOVA test results (5.45%, p < 0.00001), the networking of haplotypes and their phylogenetic tree all revealed clear population structuring between the populations. Genetic or haplotype diversity in the progeny groups had increased indicating that a cyclical mating system could be an effective means of maintaining it. The utilization of unique haplotypes in aquaculture, developing DNA barcodes for broods in genetic improvement programs as well as in evaluating restocking activities is recommended. For a better insight into the differences between and among the populations, further investigations using nuclear markers are required.

Pond management is one of the most critical aspects in aquaculture production. The mass production of aquatic species need a systematic approach starting from the selection of species and fry, pond preparation, equipment, water management, feeding schedule, material and maintenance. This chapter focuses on the pond management among small farmers in Khulna Bangladesh. The analysis covers (i) farming system, (ii) pond preparation, (iii) seedling/brood stock/fry (iv) feeding management, (v) water management and (vi) stocking and harvesting. The Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii farming in Khulna was using traditional method, with minimum input from modern technology, and yet it was very sustainable and environmental friendly. The farmers prefer to produce shrimp rather than paddy due to high income generation. Despite having small size of ponds, farmers are producing more and earn sufficient income to run the family and have succeeded in eliminating poverty. The yield is promising and reaching almost 80–95% every season and achieved higher survival rate. The understanding of management practices in Khulna, Bangladesh can be inspiration and guide for improving aquaculture management practices especially in maintaining higher survival rate and sustainability of small farmers can be seen as potential driver of demarginalization.

Longitudinal water quality trends were assessed in the Tengi River system, Selangor State, Malaysia, as the water moved from a peat swamp forest, through different agricultural land uses, and finally through an urban area to the Straits of Malacca. Water draining from the peat swamp forest was dark in color due to its organic content and low in dissolved oxygen, pH, E. coli, calcium, nitrate, and ammonia. The normal diurnal pattern for water temperature was observed for the peat swamp forest drainage, but no diurnal pattern was evident in the dissolved oxygen data. The E. coli levels increased monotonically from the peat forest waters (0 colonies/100 mL) through the agricultural areas (100–2,000 colonies/100 mL) and the urban area (7,100 colonies/100 mL), and similarly pH increased along the same continuum. Dissolved oxygen increased from the peat swamp forest through the agricultural areas, but was lower in the urbanimpacted reach of the Tengi River.