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This book deals with Descartes'efforts in his Meditations to discover the first principles of human knowledge, that is, what must be known before anything else can be known. In order for these principles to be first principles, they cannot be conclusions obtained through deductive reasoning. Further, Descartes insists that these first principles cannot be known through the senses, but only through intuition or meditation, our only cognitive faculties for grasping self-evident first principles. This book provides Descartes'reasons for rejecting the senses as the source of these first principles, and offers textual support for the role of intuition and meditation in apprehending the first principles of human knowledge. Although the bulk of the book is largely exegetical in nature, the last chapter proceeds more critically to show the failures of Descartes'approach.

David Lewis (1941-2001) was a celebrated and influential figure in analytic philosophy. When Lewis died, he left behind a large body of unpublished notes, manuscripts, and letters. This volume contains two longer manuscripts which Lewis had originally intended to turn into books, and thirty-one shorter items. The longer manuscripts are'The Paradoxes of Time Travel', his David Gavin Young Lectures at the University of Adelaide, and'Confirmation Theory', which is based on a graduate course on probability and logic that he gave at UCLA. Lewis's described his purposes in'The Paradoxes of Time Travel'as being, `(1) to solve a philosophical problem hitherto largely ignored or casually mis-solved by philosophers […]; (2) to introduce the layman to various topics in metaphysics, since our problem turns out to connect with many more familiar ones; and (3) to show of several of my favorite doctrines and methods in metaphysics'. By contrast,'Confirmation Theory'is a technical work in which Lewis aimed to present in a unified fashion what he considered to be the best from competing theories of confirmation. Lewis described the work as'Mathematically self-contained, with proofs for the major theorems; but the mathematics is kept down to hairy high-school algebra'. The thirty-one shorter items cover such topics as causation, freedom of the will, probability, counterparts, reference, logic, value, and divine evil. They are included here both for their intrinsic philosophical interest and their historical value. This volume also contains an intellectual biography of the young David Lewis by the editors.

In'Von der Ursache dem Princip und dem Einen'gelingt Giordano Bruno eine meisterhafte Erkundung der metaphysischen Grundlagen des Seins. Mit einem eloquenten und präzisen Stil konstruiert Bruno ein anspruchsvolles Argument über die Einheit und die Ursachen aller Dinge. Sein Werk steht in der Tradition der Renaissance-Philosophie und bezieht sich stark auf die Hermetik sowie die Lehren der antiken Philosophen, wodurch es einen einzigartigen literarischen und philosophischen Kontext erhält. Bruno hinterfragt die dogmatischen Grenzen seiner Zeit und fordert die Leser auf, über die Natur der Realität hinauszudenken. Giordano Bruno, ein Vordenker der modernen Philosophie und der Kosmologie, war nicht nur ein Theologe, sondern auch ein mutiger Rebell gegen die dogmatischen Vorstellungen seiner Zeit. Geboren im Jahr 1548 in Italien, entwickelte er eine tiefgreifende Philosophie, die die Unendlichkeit des Universums und die relative Natur von Wahrheit und Wissen betont. Brunos Streben nach Wissen und Wahrheit führte ihn schließlich zu seinem tragischen Schicksal, als er wegen seiner Überzeugungen auf dem Scheiterhaufen verbrannt wurde. Dieses Werk ist für jeden Leser, der sich für die Grundlagen des Denkens, der Metaphysik und die Philosophie der Renaissance interessiert, von unschätzbarem Wert. Es fordert heraus und regt zum Nachdenken an, während es tiefe Einblicke in die menschliche Existenz und die Natur des Universums vermittelt. Brunos tiefe Einsichten sind auch heute noch relevant und laden dazu ein, die Grenzen des eigenen Wissens zu hinterfragen.

Die 1766 erschienenen »Träume eines Geistersehers« nehmen eine Schlüsselstellung in Kants Werk ein. Anlässlich der Aus­einandersetzung mit der Geisterseherei Emmanuel Sweden­borgs prüft Kant die Erkenntnisansprüche der rationalen Psychologie und weist sie als haltlos zurück. Diese Kritik weitet sich zu einer Ablehnung der gesamten herkömmlichen Metaphysik aus, deren Scheitern Kant zum Anlass nimmt, nach der angemessenen Methode in der Philosophie zu fragen. Als solche empfiehlt er die Hinwendung zu erfahrungswissenschaftlichen Verfahren. Damit hat Kant bereits wesentliche Momente seiner späteren Vernunftkritik erarbeitet. Aber auch die praktische Philosophie profitiert von der im Geist des Skeptizismus und im Tonfall ironisch­sarkastischer Redeweise durchgeführten Untersuchung. Es zeigt sich, dass die Grundzüge von Kants Moralphilosophie bereits 1766 gefunden sind. Kants Abhandlung bedeutet somit in mehrfacher Hinsicht das Ende seiner vorkritischen Phase und markiert die eigentliche Geburtsstunde des Kritizismus. Die Ausgabe präsentiert Kants Text erstmals in historisch­kritischer Gestalt und mit deutschen Übersetzungen der Stellen aus den »Arcana Coelestia« Sweden­borgs, auf die sich Kant bezieht. Die umfänglichen Erläuterungen decken die Anknüpfungen an die zeitgenössische Philosophie auf und stellen die Verbindung der Abhandlung mit Kants vorkritischen wie kritischen Werken her.

Philosophy has sometimes been described as the discipline in which you can never be wrong, as the reserve of absentminded professors, aloof academics and purveyors of obscure ideas or interesting opinions. Quite the contrary. Philosophy answers the hard questions: Does everything happen by chance? Is there anything more than matter in the universe? Are humans in the same class as animals? Is there a God? Can we know the correct answer to these questions? The answers to these questions matter. We are all philosophers even though we are not aware of the fact. We each have a set of ultimate priorities and principles, answers to these questions, a big picture that determines our everyday thoughts, decisions, and actions. In this book Brian Cronin uses the ideas of Bernard Lonergan's Insight: A Study of Human Understanding, to argue methodically towards a correct, critical, comprehensive worldview, an answer to those big questions which is the precise task of first philosophy. This book is an accessible and readable presentation of Lonergan's metaphysics, a somewhat neglected topic. Science and philosophy are complementary. Scientists answer the concrete, detailed questions about everything around us: the parts. Philosophy integrates all these into a correct worldview of the whole: of everything.

In seiner'Abhandlung über die Methode, richtig zu denken und Wahrheit in den Wissenschaften zu suchen'präsentiert René Descartes eine fundamentale Untersuchung der Erkenntnistheorie und der Methoden des rationalen Denkens. Dieses Werk ist nicht nur ein Meilenstein der Philosophie, sondern auch ein grundlegender Beitrag zur Entwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Methodik. Descartes nutzt eine klare, prägnante Sprache, um seine vier Regeln des Denkens zu skizzieren, dabei kombiniert er analytisches und synthetisches Denken, was den Leser dazu anregt, eigene Annahmen zu hinterfragen und zu systematisieren. Der Kontext seiner Zeit, geprägt von der Aufklärung und einem Wandel im wissenschaftlichen Paradigma, schafft eine tiefere Dimension für sein argumentatives Zusammentreffen mit Traditionen und Glaubensvorstellungen. René Descartes, ein einflussreicher französischer Philosoph und Mathematiker des 17. Jahrhunderts, formte mit seinen Ideen das Fundament der modernen Philosophie. Sein Streben nach Evidenz in der Erkenntnis und die Ablehnung von Aberglauben zeugen von seinem revolutionären Geist. Die Entwicklung der analytischen Geometrie und sein berühmter Satz „Cogito, ergo sum“ sind nur einige Beispiele seines anhaltenden Einflusses. Diese Werke reflektieren nicht nur seine intellektuelle Neugier, sondern auch seine Auseinandersetzung mit den Herausforderungen seiner Zeit. Dieses Buch wird jedem Leser ans Herz gelegt, der sich für die Grundlagen der modernen Denkweise und der wissenschaftlichen Methodik interessiert. Es ist nicht nur für Philosophen und Wissenschaftler von Bedeutung, sondern auch für alle Suchenden, die die Prinzipien des klaren Denkens und der rationalen Analyse verstehen möchten. Descartes ermutigt den Leser, in einer Welt voller Unsicherheiten einen persönlichen und methodischen Zugang zur Wahrheit zu finden.

This book offers a new theological approach to the multiverse hypothesis. With a distinctive methodology, it shows that participatory metaphysics from ancient and medieval sources represents a fertile theological ground on which to grapple with contemporary ideas of the multiverse.There are three key thinkers and themes discussed in the book: Plato and cosmic multiplicity, Aquinas and cosmic diversity, and Nicholas of Cusa and cosmic infinity. Their insights are brought into interaction with a diverse range of contemporary theological, philosophical, and scientific figures to demonstrate that a participatory account of the relationship between God and creation leads to a greater continuity between theology and the multiverse proposal in modern cosmology. This is in contrast to existing work on the subject, which often assumes that the two are in conflict.By offering a fresh way to engage theologically with multiverse theory, this book will be a unique resource for any scholar of Religion and Science, Theology, Metaphysics, and Cosmology.

Courageous scientists challenge the dominant paradigm of reality. Why are they so brave and what does their research reveal? What is reality? Is there more than we know from our five senses? Vanguard scientists believe there is more than we see so they formulate a non-materialist paradigm that expands human potential, to include mind and matter interaction. Since going against the dominant worldview provokes opposition, this book explores the personal backgrounds of the scientists to find out why they are so courageous. We learn that there is another dimension that allows for enhanced abilities. Based on interviews conducted by Gayle Kimball, The Mysteries of Reality: Dialogues with Visionary Scientists reports on the current research and personal characteristics of visionaries from around the world.

Mou Zongsan (1909–1995), one of the representatives of Modern Confucianism, belongs to the most important Chinese philosophers of the twentieth century. From a more traditional Confucian perspective, this book makes a critical analysis on Mou's'moral metaphysics,'mainly his thoughts about Confucian ethos.The author observes that Mou simplifies Confucian ethos rooted in various and specific environments, making them equal to modern ethics, which is a subversion of the ethical order of life advocated by traditional Confucianism. The author believes, also, that Mou has twisted Confucian ethos systematically by introducing Kant's concept of autonomy into the interpretation of Confucian thoughts. Scholars and students in Chinese philosophy, especially those in Confucian studies, will be attracted by this book. Also, it will appeal to readers interested in comparative philosophy.

In The First Principle, Jonathan Greig examines the philosophical theology of the two Neoplatonists, Proclus and Damascius (5th–6th centuries A.D.), on the One as the first cause. Both philosophers address a tension in the Neoplatonic tradition: namely that the One was seen as absolutely transcendent, yet it was also seen as intimately related to other things as the source of their unity and being. Proclus'solution is to posit intermediate causes after the One, while Damascius posits a distinct principle, the ‘Ineffable', above the One. This book provides a new, thorough study of the theories of causation that lead each to their respective position and reveals crucial insights involved in a rigorous negative theology employed in metaphysics.

Are humans the only creatures that can appreciate God's creation? What if consciousness is spread more widely across all things? This volume examines panpsychism through the lens of Christian doctrine. Minding Creation is the first substantial examination of what a panpsychist theory of consciousness implies for key theological debates concerning God's presence and action, evolution and the origin of the soul, human uniqueness and the environmental crisis.Joanna Leidenhag develops a theological panpsychism that is based on an exceptionally wide range of scholarship. Minding Creation draws on the theologies of historical figures such as Augustine of Hippo, Gottfried von Leibniz and others, in order to create a critical and constructive conversation with contemporary analytic philosophers of mind, such as Thomas Nagel, Galen Strawson, and David J. Chalmers. Leidenhag also discusses key concepts and issues, such as emergence theory, divine action, and ecology. She concludes that God created a universe from nothing which is filled with indwelling powers, sacramental value, and intrinsic experience. This is a creation in which the Holy Spirit is internally present at every point, a creation that worships God, and a creation that human beings must protect and lead in praise.

Traditionell wird die Metaphysik thematisch zweigeteilt: Einerseits wird sie als jene Disziplin bezeichnet, die das Seiende als solches behandelt (Ontologie), andererseits als jene, die sich mit dem Wirklich-Seienden und damit mit der fundamentalen Realität befasst (Theologie). Wie verhalten sich aber diese zwei Seiten zueinander? Einer dominierenden Auffassung nach entsteht die Verbindung durch eine inferentielle Dynamik, die, ausgehend vom Seienden als solchem, zum Göttlichen übergeht. Es gibt aber auch eine Nebentradition, nach der das Göttliche nicht metaphysisch vermittelt werden muss, weil sich das Sein selbst, wenn richtig erfasst, von Anfang an als göttlich erweist. Metaphysik ist deshalb in diesem Kontext eine Evidenzdarstellung. Roberto Vinco leistet mit seiner Studie einen Beitrag zur Erläuterung und Verteidigung dieser zweiten Strömung. Dabei zeigt er vor allem, dass diese Auffassung fundamentale Motive des klassischen Theismus übernimmt. Evidenzmetaphysik ist Transzendenzmetaphysik.

In this book, Charles Larmore develops an account of morality, freedom, and reason that rejects the naturalistic metaphysics shaping much of modern thought. Reason, Larmore argues, is responsiveness to reasons, and reasons themselves are essentially normative in character, consisting in the way that physical and psychological facts - facts about the world of nature - count in favor of possibilities of thought and action that we can take up. Moral judgments are true or false in virtue of the moral reasons there are. We need therefore a more comprehensive metaphysics that recognizes a normative dimension to reality as well. Though taking its point of departure in the analysis of moral judgment, this book branches widely into related topics such as freedom and the causal order of the world, textual interpretation, the nature of the self, self-knowledge, and the concept of duties to ourselves.

The Meditations on First Philosophy is one of Descartes's best-known works and one of the most influential philosophical texts ever written, this treatise offers Descartes'metaphysical views on the relationship between the mind and thought, the nature of reality and how accumulated knowledge and our experiences affect us. First published in 1641, the work consists of six meditations on the following topics: the dubiousness of thoughts and assumptions - as Descartes puts it,'what can be called into doubt'; the nature of the human mind; the existence of God; truth versus falsehood; the essence of material things and, finally, the difference between mind and body. For anyone interested in the study of philosophy, this is an essential and illuminating read.This volume also includes the great philosopher's Discourse on the Method, a brilliant discussion of reasoning and experimentation which helped establish the foundations of the scientific process, a selection of enlightening essays from his Principles of Philosophy and a classic introduction by Frank Sewall.

'The heresy of heresies was common sense.'--George Orwell, 1984. This book is a defense of common-sense realism, which is the greatest heresy of our time. Following common-sense philosophers like Thomas Aquinas, G. K. Chesterton, C. S. Lewis, Dallas Willard, and J. P. Moreland, this book defends a common-sense vision of reality within the Christian tradition. Mosteller shows how common-sense realism is more reasonable than the materialist, idealist, pragmatist, existentialist, and relativist spirits of our age. It maintains that we can know the nature of reality through common-sense experience and that this knowledge has profound implication for living the good life and being a good person.

This book shows the importance of the possibility approach for contemporary debates about metaphysics, the idea of God, the problem of evil, the role of reason and the understanding of humanity in the light of contemporary transhumanist challenges. It discusses the turn to possibility not only as a historical phenomenon, but as a systematic starting point for a contemporary philosophical theology that points beyond the barren alternatives between classical or neoclassical metaphysics as well as modern and postmodern antimetaphysics. It thus offers a new starting point for critical engagement with the philosophical and theological challengers and shortcomings of our contemporary culture.

Metaphysics and Hermeneutics in the Medieval Platonic Tradition consists of twelve essays originally published between 2006 and 2015, dealing with main trends and specific figures within the medieval Platonic tradition. Three essays provide general surveys of the transmission of late ancient thought to the Middle Ages with emphasis on the ancient authors, the themes, and their medieval readers, respectively. The remaining essays deal especially with certain major figures in the Platonic tradition, including pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Iohannes Scottus Eriugena, and Nicholas of Cusa. The principal conceptual aim of the collection is to establish the primacy of hermeneutics within the philosophical program developed by these authors: in other words, to argue that their philosophical activity, substantially albeit not exclusively, consists of the reading and evaluation of authoritative texts. The essays also argue that the role of hermeneutics varies in the course of the tradition between being a means towards the development of metaphysical theory and being an integral component of metaphysics itself. In addition, such changes in the status and application of hermeneutics to metaphysics are shown to be accompanied by a shift from emphasizing the connection between logic and philosophy to emphasizing that between rhetoric and philosophy. The collection of essays fills in a lacuna in the history of philosophy in general between the fifth and the fifteenth centuries. It also initiates a dialogue between the metaphysical hermeneutics of medieval Platonism and certain modern theories of hermeneutics, structuralism, and deconstruction. The book will be of special interest to students of the classical tradition in western thought, and more generally to students of medieval philosophy, theology, history, and literature. (CS1094).

Have you ever wondered what makes the questions a philosopher asks different from those asked by a non-philosopher? Is it a desire to seek the truth? Is it their reliance on scientific methods? Or is a philosophical question one that deals with the world we live in?For the Ancient Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle, questions about philosophy concerned the fundamental nature of reality and how we know about it. This introduction is based on their views, boiling philosophy down to nine essential questions and using them to reveal how we think about the major topics of metaphysics (the nature of reality) and epistemology (knowledge). From'What Am I?'to'What is Time?', this is a fast-paced tour of the Western philosophical tradition. It walks you through age-old questions about God, free will, skepticism, truth and perception and along the way introduces you to distinctive features and methods including: · How to differentiate between a good and bad arguments · How to draw distinctions· How to clarify the terms and concepts used in common philosophical debates· How to tackle a thought experiment By unpacking and exploring each of the nine questions in turn, you find out what it really means to do philosophy. Not only do you emerge with a better understanding of the conceptual landscape around essential philosophical questions, you come to realize why it is that philosophers agree on very little. Here is a golden opportunity to think about some of the most important questions asked by philosophers over across the history of Western philosophical thought and discover why they still matter.

Als Günthers Buch 1957 erschien, galt die Kybernetik als die Universalwissenschaft der Zukunft. Man hatte entdeckt, dass Staubsauger und Staaten nach denselben Prinzipien funktionieren. Günther war nicht nur ein im Deutschen Idealismus und in der Logik ausgebildeter Philosoph, sondern auch ein Fan von Science-Fiction-Literatur. Diese Mischung befähigte ihn, die Bedeutung der vor allem von Norbert Wiener erläuterten Denkart anzuerkennen. Das Buch „Das Bewußtsein der Maschinen“ ist wohl nach Wieners grundlegenden Texten das erste philosophische Werk, das die Kybernetik im größtmöglichen Zusammenhang der abendländischen Metaphysik lokalisiert und interpretiert. Für Günther — wie übrigens auch für seinen Antipoden Martin Heidegger — war klar, dass die Kybernetik die Menschheit verändern sollte. Anders aber als der Antipode begrüßte Günther diese Veränderung enthusiastisch, wenn auch in Bezug auf die Möglichkeit selbstbewusster Maschinen zurückhaltend. Weil sich diese Prognose einer tiefgreifenden Veränderung der Welt durch die Maschine vor allem des Computers bestätigt hat und weil darüber hinaus eine weitere Veränderung der Welt durch Roboter schon im Gange ist, kann uns eine Neuveröffentlichung von Günthers Werk an eine Diskussion erinnern, deren Bedeutung wir vielleicht erst heute angemessen beurteilen können.

This book articulates and defends Fregean realism, a theory of properties based on Frege's insight that properties are not objects, but rather the satisfaction conditions of predicates. Robert Trueman argues that this approach is the key not only to dissolving a host of longstanding metaphysical puzzles, such as Bradley's Regress and the Problem of Universals, but also to understanding the relationship between states of affairs, propositions, and the truth conditions of sentences. Fregean realism, Trueman suggests, ultimately leads to a version of the identity theory of truth, the theory that true propositions are identical to obtaining states of affairs. In other words, the identity theory collapses the gap between mind and world. This book will be of interest to anyone working in logic, metaphysics, the philosophy of language or the philosophy of mind.

This book celebrates the research career of Lynne Rudder Baker by presenting sixteen new and critical essays from admiring students, colleagues, interlocutors, and friends. Baker was a trenchant critic of physicalist conceptions of the universe. She was a staunch defender of a kind of practical realism, what she sometimes called a metaphysics of everyday life. It was this general “common sense” philosophical outlook that underwrote her famous constitution view of reality. Whereas most of her contemporaries were in general given to metaphysical reductionism and eliminativism, Baker was unapologetic and philosophically deft in her defense of ontological pluralism. The essays in this book engage with all aspects of her unique and influential work: practical realism about the mind; the constitution view of human persons; the first-person perspective; and God, Christianity, and naturalism.Common Sense Metaphysics will be of interest to scholars of Baker's work, as well as scholars and advanced students engaged in research on various topics in metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of religion.

This is the first volume of essays devoted to Aristotelian formal causation and its relevance for contemporary metaphysics and philosophy of science. The essays trace the historical development of formal causation and demonstrate its relevance for contemporary issues, such as causation, explanation, laws of nature, functions, essence, modality, and metaphysical grounding.The introduction to the volume covers the history of theories of formal causation and points out why we need a theory of formal causation in contemporary philosophy. Part I is concerned with scholastic approaches to formal causation, while Part II presents four contemporary approaches to formal causation. The three chapters in Part III explore various notions of dependence and their relevance to formal causation. Part IV, finally, discusses formal causation in biology and cognitive sciences.Neo-Aristotelian Perspectives on Formal Causation will be of interest to advanced graduate students and researchers working on contemporary Aristotelian approaches to metaphysics and philosophy of science.This volume includes contributions by José Tomás Alvarado, Christopher J. Austin, Giacomo Giannini, Jani Hakkarainen, Ludger Jansen, Markku Keinänen, Gyula Klima, James G. Lennox, Stephen Mumford, David S. Oderberg, Michele Paolini Paoletti, Sandeep Prasada, Petter Sandstad, Wolfgang Sattler, Benjamin Schnieder, Matthew Tugby, and Jonas Werner.

What if life isn't just a part of the universe... what if it determines the very structure of the universe itself? The theory that blew your mind in Biocentrism and Beyond Biocentrism is back, with brand-new research revealing the startling truth about our existence. What is consciousness? Why are we here? Where did it all come from—the laws of nature, the stars, the universe? Humans have been asking these questions forever, but science hasn't succeeded in providing many answers—until now. In The Grand Biocentric Design, Robert Lanza, one of Time Magazine's'100 Most Influential People,'is joined by theoretical physicist Matej Pavšic and astronomer Bob Berman to shed light on the big picture that has long eluded philosophers and scientists alike. This engaging, mind-stretching exposition of how the history of physics has led us to Biocentrism—the idea that life creates reality-takes readers on a step-by-step adventure into the great science breakthroughs of the past centuries, from Newton to the weirdness of quantum theory, culminating in recent revelations that will challenge everything you think you know about our role in the universe. ​This book offers the most complete explanation of the science behind Biocentrism to date, delving into the origins of the memorable principles introduced in previous books in this series, as well as introducing new principles that complete the theory. The authors dive deep into topics including consciousness, time, and the evidence that our observations-or even knowledge in our minds-can affect how physical objects behave. The Grand Biocentric Design is a one-of-a-kind, groundbreaking explanation of how the universe works, and an exploration of the science behind the astounding fact that time, space, and reality itself, all ultimately depend upon us.

For a human being to exist, does it require an immaterial mind, a physical body, a functioning brain, a soul?Is there a shared nature common to all human beings? What essential qualities might define this nature? These questions are among the most widely discussed topics in the history of philosophy and remain subjects of perennial interest and controversy. The Nature of Human Persons offers a metaphysical investigation of the composition of the human essence.Jason Eberl also considers the criterion of identity for a developing human being—that is, what is required for a human being to continue existing as a person despite undergoing physical and psychological changes over time? Eberl places Thomas Aquinas's account of human nature into direct comparison with several prominent contemporary theories: substance dualism, emergentism, animalism, constitutionalism, four-dimensionalism, and embodied mind theory. These theories inform conclusions regarding when human beings first come into existence (at conception, during gestation, or after birth), how we ought to define death for human beings, and whether (and if so how) human beings may survive death. Ultimately, The Nature of Human Persons argues that the Thomistic account of human nature addresses the matters of human nature and survival more holistically than other theories and offers a cohesive portrait of one's continued existence from conception through life to death and beyond.

What should Christian discourse look like after philosophical modernity? In one manner or another the essays in this volume seek to confront and intellectually exorcise the prevailing elements of philosophical modernity, which are inherently transgressive disfigurations and refigurations of the Christian story of creation, sin, and redemption. To enact these various forms and styles of Christian intellectual exorcism the essays in this volume make appeal to, and converse with, the magisterial corpus of Cyril O'Regan. The themes of the essays center around the gnostic return in modernity, apocalyptic theology, and the question of the bounds and borders of Christian orthodoxy. Along the way diverse figures are treated such as: Hegel, Shakespeare, von Balthasar, Przywara, Ricouer, Deleuze, Merleau-Ponty, and Kristeva. Exorcising Philosophical Modernity: Cyril O'Regan and Christian Discourse after Modernity is a veritable feast of post-modern Christian thought.

Mit der rekonstruierenden Textanalyse der Preisschrift über die Fortschritte der Metaphysik (1804) und der drei Kritiken hat der Autor den Begriff der „eigentlichen Metaphysik“ Kants zum Inhalt. Demnach wird die Hauptfrage der kantischen Metaphysik als die Frage nach der Möglichkeit der Erkenntnis von den übersinnlichen Prinzipien der Natur bestimmt. Die Grundmethode zur Kants Antwort auf diese Frage bezeichnet der Autor als „praktische Regulation der Natur“, in der die reine praktische Vernunft ihrem notwendigen Bedürfnis gemäß die reflektierende Urteilskraft dazu leitet, nach dem System der praktisch postulierten Prinzipien (Gott, Freiheit und Unsterblichkeit) eine moralisch-zweckmäßigen Natur zu regulieren. Durch dieses methodische Verfahren zeichnet sich die kantische Metaphysikkonzeption aus, die ihrerseits aber auch auf die aristotelische Tradition zurückbezogen ist. Yuwei Xie promovierte in Philosophie an der Universität Heidelberg und arbeitet derzeit am Philosophischen Seminar der Sun Yat-sen Universität in Guangzhou, China. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind klassische deutsche Philosophie und Phänomenologie.

This book provides a survey of key process-philosophical approaches that, in conversation with selected concepts across the biological and physical sciences, help us to think about living processes, or ‘lived time,'at different scales of functioning. The first part is written from an opening perspective on the question of the differing scales of analysis provided by Alfred North Whitehead. In particular, his interest in questions arising from the quantum mechanical reconciliation with classical mechanics informs the first two chapters that address problematic categorizations of life as variously ‘despotic,'‘invasive,'or as primitive (in the radically more-than-human case of micro-organisms), whose potential recategorization relies on our willingness to acknowledge changes in value depending on the scale at which we view them. The second part of the book concerns methodologies, in the light of works by Henri Bergson, whose intertwiningconcerns with epistemology and ontology in his theories of mind and life serve as a model for a process philosophy of biology. The chapters focus on techniques used across philosophy and the sciences to visualize processes that are otherwise unavailable to us due to the limitations of our perceptual faculties, no matter how sophisticated the tools for analysis, from microscopes to telescopes, have become. This book concludes with a consideration of the relations between parts and wholes in process, panpsychist, and ecological terms. It revisits the question of ecological balance and the place of human activities in relation to it, with reference to works of Charles Hartshorne and William James.

Metaphysics: An Introduction, Second Edition combines comprehensive coverage of the core elements of metaphysics with contemporary and lively debates within the subject. It provides a rigorous and yet accessible overview of a rich array of topics, connecting the abstract nature of metaphysics with the real world. Topics covered include: basic logic for metaphysics an introduction to ontology abstract objects material objects critiques of metaphysics natural and social kinds the metaphysics of race and gender grounding and fundamentality free will time modality persistence causation. This outstanding book not only equips the reader with a thorough knowledge of the fundamentals of metaphysics, but provides a valuable guide to contemporary metaphysics and metaphysicians.New for this second edition are updated sections on metaphysical indeterminacy; new sections on manipulation arguments and free will and neuroscience; and new chapters on the important topics of social ontology, fundamentality, and grounding.Additional features such as exercises, annotated further reading, a glossary, and a companion website https://routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/9780815350491 have also been updated and will help students find their way around this subject and assist teachers in the classroom.

In Whitehead's Radically Temporalist Metaphysics: Recovering the Seriousness of Time, George Allan argues that Whitehead's introduction of God into his process metaphysics renders his metaphysics incoherent. This notion of God, who is the reason for both stability and progressive change in the world and who is both the infinite source of novel possibilities and the everlasting repository for the finite values, inserts into a reality that is supposedly composed solely of finite entities an entity both infinite and everlasting. By eliminating this notion of God, Allan draws on the temporalist foundation of Whitehead's views to recover a metaphysics that takes time seriously. By turning to Whitehead's later writings, Allan shows how this interpretation is developed into an expanded version of the radically temporalist hypothesis, emphasizing the power of finite entities, individually and collectively, to create, sustain, and enhance the dynamic world of which we are a creative part.

Physicalism is a metaphysical thesis easily presented in slogan form – there is nothing over and above the physical – but notoriously difficult to formulate precisely. Understanding physicalism combines insights from contemporary philosophy of mind and metaphysics to present a new account of physical properties and metaphysical dependence and, on this foundation, develop a more rigorous and illuminating formulation of the thesis of physicalism

Drawing together his work from four decades, Phillip Bricker provides a comprehensive account of modal reality - the realm of possible worlds - from a Humean perspective, with excursions into neighboring topics in metaphysics. Many of the chapters in this volume focus on aspects of David Lewis's metaphysics and his defence of modal realism, sometimes further developing and defending Lewis's views, sometimes deviating from them in substantial ways. The volume is presented in four parts: part one sketches an account of reality as a whole, both the mathematical and the modal, defending a form of plenitudinous realism; part two presents and defends a realist theory of concrete possible worlds with an absolute ontological distinction between the actual and the merely possible; part three presents and defends a Humean account of modal plenitude, formulating and endorsing principles that guarantee a plenitude of recombination, of possible structures, and of alien contents; and part four applies the Humean account to truthmaking, mereology, spacetime, and quantities. An uncompromising Humean, Bricker shows that holding fast to Humean strictures leads to views that differ in radical ways from those prevalent among contemporary metaphysicians.

Heideggers Ontologie endet beim «Aufgang des Heiligen», in dessen «Huld» das Seiende «die Gewähr findet, zu sein». Ist dies nicht eine schöpferische Liebe? Und ist nicht sie schon immer der Referenzpunkt alles Bleibenden? Die Untersuchung verbindet die Seinsfrage mit dem christlichen Kern. Sie harmonieren ausgezeichnet, ist doch dem einen Weite, dem anderen Substanz gegeben. Profiteur ist ein Sein, das zum Mysterium geraten war. Das Sein in Relation ist wieder ein begreifbares, - das real Existierende, das nach seiner Bejahung fragt. Der Autor wendet die bekannte Frage, ob Heideggers Philosophie christlich sei, dahin, ob die getrennten Konfessionen es denn sind. Denn was sie predigen – das neue Sein der Liebe und Versöhnung - will auch gelebt sein. Wann wird die Theorie ihren ökumenischen Praxistest bestehen? Ein Christentum, das mit sich selbst ins Reine kommt, wird auch seiner Seins-Verantwortung gerecht.

Ein Leben lang leidet der Mensch an der nie zu überwindenden Endlichkeit seiner Vernunft, die ihn heftig mit Fragen bedrängt, zu deren Beantwortung sie selbst gar nicht in der Lage ist. Im Blick auf den Versuch, dieses Paradoxon aufzulösen, dass nämlich einerseits das metaphysische Bedürfnis der Vernunft zwar von dieser nicht aus eigener Kraft zufriedengestellt werden kann, andererseits aber diese Einsicht keineswegs ihr bohrendes Fragen zum Schweigen bringt, wird die Verführung nachvollziehbar, das Kind mit dem Bade auszuschütten und der Vernunft rundweg und grundsätzlich eine tragfähige lebens- und handlungsleitende Kraft abzusprechen. Große Teile der Postmoderne sind von diesem tiefen Misstrauen, das den Abschied von aller Vernunft zu rechtfertigen scheint, geprägt. Die Alternative zu ihrer Verabschiedung im Aufweis der Möglichkeit – ja Notwendigkeit – von Metaphysik auch und gerade angesichts einer stets in ihrer Endlichkeit gefangenen Vernunft wird in diesem Buch gezeichnet.

Spätestens mit dem Aufkommen der modernen Naturwissenschaften im 19. Jahrhundert wird die Rolle der Metaphysik für die naturwissenschaftliche Begriffsbildung in Frage gestellt. Bereits Kant identifiziert die Schwächen einer Metaphysik, die in ihren wesentlichen Begriffen allein dem aristotelischen Vorbild treu geblieben ist. Das heißt aber nicht, dass bewährte traditionelle metaphysische Begriffe völlig aufgegeben werden müssen. Gerade in den modernen Naturwissenschaften gibt es Fragen, die aus der einzelnen Wissenschaft heraus nicht beantwortet werden können, ohne begriffliche Anleihen bei traditionellen metaphysischen Konzepten zu nehmen. Anhand der metaphysischen und naturphilosophischen Konzeptionen Kants und Whiteheads untersucht Gordon Seitz den von Whitehead behaupteten Gegensatz zwischen Prozess- und Transzendentalphilosophie im Hinblick auf die Idee einer Einheit der Natur und unter Berücksichtigung moderner naturwissenschaftlicher Theorien. Auf dem Slavistentag in Gießen 2015 wurde die Austragung des nächsten Slavistentages für 2019 an den FB II: Slavistik der Universität Trier vergeben. Das Organisationsteam des 13. Deutschen Slavistentages in Trier lud alle promovierten Slavistinnen und Slavisten sowie die Promovierenden im Fach Slavistik aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz als auch deutschsprachige Kolleginnen und Kollegen aus dem weiteren europäischen Ausland und den USA zur Teilnahme ein. Die Einladung zum Slavistentag 2019 fand großen Zuspruch, der sich in 375 Anmeldungen widerspiegelte. Auf dem Slavistentag legen die Forscherinnen und Forscher der Öffentlichkeit Rechenschaft über ihre Tätigkeit ab, sie stellen aktuelle Forschungen vor und diskutieren wichtige Entwicklungen des Faches. Die Themen der Vorträge in den 16 Sektionen und den besonders stark repräsentierten 26 thematischen Panels umfassen die ganze Bandbreite der Forschungen im Bereich der slavistischen Sprach-, Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft sowie der Didaktik slavischer Sprachen.

'Meditations on First Philosophy'is a philosophical treatise written by René Descartes first published in Latin in 1641. The book is made up of six meditations, in which Descartes first discards all belief in things which are not absolutely certain, and then tries to establish what can be known for sure. The meditations were written as if he was meditating for 6 days: each meditation refers to the last one as'yesterday'. However, Descartes did not take 6 days to complete this work; it actually took several years.

In Just Theory, David Downing offers an alternative history of critical theory in the context of the birth and transformation of the Western philosophical tradition. Rather than providing a summary survey, it situates the production of theoretical texts within the geopolitical economy of just two pivotal cultural turns: Cultural Turn 1 (roughly 450–350 BCE) looks at the Platonic revolution, during which a new philosophic, universalist, and literate discourse emerged from what had long been an oral culture; Cultural Turn 2 (roughly 1770–1870) investigates the Romantic revolution and its nineteenth-century aftermath up to the Paris Commune. While focusing on the quest for social justice, Downing situates the two cultural turns within deep time: Cultural Turn 1 gave birth to the Western philosophical tradition during the Holocene; Cultural Turn 2 witnessed the beginnings of the shift to the Anthropocene when the Industrial Revolution and the fossil fuel age began to alter our complex biospheres and geospheres. As described in the epilogue, the aftereffects of Western metaphysics have dramatically shaped our twenty-first-century world, especially for teachers and scholars in English and the humanities.