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The article discusses the use of Arduino in introductory thermal energy experiments, specifically focusing on thermal equilibrium. By utilizing Arduino Uno boards and DS18B20 temperature sensors, students can explore heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures. The experiment is suitable for high school or college students in nonmajor science courses and can be adapted for elementary or middle school students. The article emphasizes the advantages of using sensors in STEM education, making experiments engaging and accessible to all students, regardless of their prior knowledge or skills. [Extracted from the article]

Liquid hydrogen (LH 2) is a promising and economical clean energy for achieving global carbon neutrality. Multi-layer insulation (MLI) with high performance is essential for the safe storage and operation of LH 2. To perform a better optimization of MLI, the second law of thermodynamics becomes a complement to the first law of thermodynamics. However, very few studies have carried out the optimization of MLI performance through the second law of thermodynamics. For the sake of achieving more efficient optimization of MLI as well as revealing the fundamental indicators limiting the performance of MLI, this paper analyzes the characteristics of entropy generation produced by the solid heat conduction, thermal radiation, and residual gas conduction distributed in the MLI schemes by a validated layer-by-layer model. For a 40-layer MLI arranged with a constant layer density of 20 layers/cm, the first 15 layers near the cold boundary occupy more than 98% of the total entropy generation, providing an effective range of layers for thermodynamic optimization. Besides, an optimization of variable-density MLI (VDMLI) separated into two segments based on the entropy generation minimization is conducted. The optimal VDMLI has substantially lowered the entropy generation from the solid heat conduction but at the cost of increasing the entropy generation from radiation and residual gas conduction. This study provides a reliable optimization method of MLI, which allows the safe storage of clean energy with a low boiling temperature. • A modified layer-by-layer model is built for entropy generation analysis. • Characteristics of entropy generation distributed in MLI are investigated. • Effect of layer density on components of entropy generation is detailed discussed. • Optimization of 2-segment VDMLI upon entropy generation minimization is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamics is a fundamental topic of continuum mechanics and biomechanics, with a wide range of applications to physiological and biological processes. This study addresses two fundamental limitations of current thermodynamic treatments. First, thermodynamics tables distributed online by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) report properties of fluids as a function of absolute temperature T and absolute pressure P. These properties include mass density p, specific internal energy u, enthalpy h = u + P/p, and entropy s. However, formulations of jump conditions across phase boundaries derived from Newton's second law of motion and the first law of thermodynamics employ the gauge pressure p = P - Pr, where P, is an arbitrarily selected referential absolute pressure. Interchanging p with P is not innocuous as it alters tabulated NIST values for u while keeping h and s unchanged. Using p for functions of state and governing equations solves the problem with using NIST entries for the specific internal energy u in standard thermodynamics tables and analyses of phase transformation in continuum mechanics. Second, constitutive models for the free energy of fluids, such as water and air, are not typically provided in standard thermodynamics treatments. This study proposes a set of constitutive models and validates them against suitably modified NIST data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the September 2022 issue of The Physics Teacher (TPT), Richard Kaufman and Harvey Leff showed the interdependence of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Here, I go further and use the facts that the first law implies the second law, and that the second law implies the first law. This two-way implication establishes the logical equivalence of the first and second laws. Although the laws are logically equivalent (when one is true, then the other must be true), this does not mean that they are the same. The equivalence provides for a deeper and richer understanding of the laws of thermodynamics for students, teachers, and physicists. Surely, if we can know that the first and second laws are equivalent, then we should know. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignite‐fired boilers usually encounter the insufficient drying capacity of the pulverizer due to the inherent drawback of high moisture content in fuel. In this study, four schemes of heat sources for temperature boosting of hot primary air are proposed for an ultra‐supercritical large‐scale single reheat lignite‐fired power plant according to heat sources such as inlet flue gas of air preheater (Scheme 1), the third stage extraction steam (Scheme 2), outlet steam of low‐temperature reheater (Scheme 3), and inlet flue gas of economizer (Scheme 4). The thermodynamic system models are built by using EBSILON Professional software. The thermodynamic performance of the four schemes is analyzed and compared from the perspectives of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. First law analysis indicates that the power generation standard coal consumption of Scheme 3 is reduced by 0.87, 0.42, and 0.04 g·kW−1·h−1 compared with Schemes 1, 2, and 4, respectively. Second law analysis indicates that the exergy loss of Schemes 2–4 is 3.7, 7.6, and 7.5 MW lower than that of Scheme 1. The present study may provide guidance for the energy efficiency improvement of lignite‐fired power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a short review of the recent developments in entropic cosmology based on two thermodynamic laws of the apparent horizon, namely the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The first law essentially provides the change in entropy of the apparent horizon during the cosmic evolution of the universe; in particular, it is expressed by T d S = − d (ρ V) + W d V (where W is the work density and other quantities have their usual meanings). In this way, the first law actually links various theories of gravity with the entropy of the apparent horizon. This leads to a natural question—"What is the form of the horizon entropy corresponding to a general modified theory of gravity?". The second law of horizon thermodynamics states that the change in total entropy (the sum of horizon entropy + matter fields' entropy) with respect to cosmic time must be positive, where the matter fields behave like an open system characterised by a non-zero chemical potential. The second law of horizon thermodynamics importantly provides model-independent constraints on entropic parameters. Finally, we discuss the standpoint of entropic cosmology on inflation (or bounce), reheating and primordial gravitational waves from the perspective of a generalised entropy function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to escalating environmental concerns and the imperative to institute effective energy management strategies, the pursuit of alternative fuels has emerged as a pivotal endeavor for realizing sustainable energy solutions. Methanol and ammonia have surfaced as particularly promising and environmentally friendly liquid fuels, holding significant potential for aiding in the attainment of decarbonization objectives and addressing global energy requirements. This research proposes and scrutinizes a sophisticated cogeneration system integrating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), gas turbine (GT), steam Rankine cycle, and organic Rankine cycle. Direct utilization of ammonia and methanol as fuel in this intricate system is examined, with the design and modeling facilitated through the utilization of Aspen HYSYS V.12.1. The thermodynamic performance of the proposed system is rigorously assessed by employing the foundational principles of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The direct SOFCs fueled by ammonia and methanol exhibit notable energy efficiencies of 64.25 % and 58.42 %, respectively. Remarkably, the amalgamated systems showcase heightened energy efficiencies, witnessing a commendable increase of 12.64 % and 10.66 % when powered by ammonia and methanol, respectively, as compared to individual SOFC systems. Examination of exergy destruction reveals the SOFC as the principal contributor, with electrochemical and chemical processes constituting the primary sources of irreversibility. Additionally, explicit values for exergy destruction in the GT, afterburner, and heat exchanger components are provided. A comprehensive parametric study underscores the pivotal role of the fuel utilization factor (Uf), identifying a value of 0.85 as optimal and significantly augmenting the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This analysis not only substantiates the potential of ammonia and methanol as effective carriers for hydrogen but also underscores the efficacy of waste heat recovery as a viable strategy for enhancing the overall thermodynamic performance of an SOFC system. The findings presented herein contribute valuable insights, paving the way for the strategic utilization of alternative fuels and cogeneration systems in the broader context of sustainable and environmentally conscious energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To develop a model and construct an experimental, innovative co-generator with high energy efficiency and low emissions. This involves developing a system that can efficiently generate both electricity and heat simultaneously while minimizing emissions, contributing to sustainability efforts, and addressing energy demands in a more environmentally friendly manner. Methodology. To achieve the goal, a system approach is utilized, enabling the selection of modelling types for the development of an experimental, cutting-edge co-generation system capable of efficiently producing both electricity and heat with superior energy efficiency and minimal emissions. For this purpose, the following steps were completed: processing and summarizing available literature and patent sources, analysing scientific and technical papers on the selection and application of modelling types in co-generation systems, and considering principles and individual approaches to input data formation for mathematical modelling. This process enables the selection of a mechanism and the creation of simulation models for effective energy production at various enterprises. Findings. Assessment is performed of the energy efficiency of the co-generator system under various operating conditions, comparing it with existing conventional methods of electricity and heat generation. Results are presented of performance testing to determine the system’s capability to simultaneously generate electricity and heat efficiently, considering factors such as output stability, load responsiveness, and overall reliability. Identification and evaluation are performed of innovative technologies and methodologies integrated into the co-generator design, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing emissions. Insights into any operational challenges encountered during the construction, testing, and optimization phases, along with proposed solutions or improvements to solve these problems. The analysis of the overall environmental impact of deploying the co-generator showed potential benefits in terms of reduced greenhouse gas emissions and local air quality improvement. Originality. Using a combination of scientific approaches encompassing physics and heat transfer engineering, in accordance with the first law of thermodynamics, such as the conservation laws of energy and entropy, and principles of heat exchange employed to transfer heat between different mediums, gas kinetics have yielded values for the energy transformation coefficient, indicating qualitative characteristics of fuel thermolysis and power generation as the final product. Practical value. The results provide for developing a comprehensive model of an advanced co-generation system capable of efficiently producing both electricity and heat with superior energy efficiency and minimal emissions. It also entails determining the types of models for mathematical modelling at all management levels and establishing a new method for input data formation for both technologies and their subsystems, incorporating additional technological implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In thermodynamic theory, free energy (i.e., available energy) is the concept facilitating the combined applications of the theory's two fundamental laws, the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The critical step was taken by Kelvin, then by Helmholtz and Gibbs—that in natural processes, free energy dissipates spontaneously. With the formulation of the second law of entropy growth, this may be referred to as the dissymmetry proposition manifested in the spontaneous increase of system/environment entropy towards equilibrium. Because of Kelvin's pre-entropy law formulation of free energy, our concept of free energy is still defined, within a framework on the premise of primacy of energy, as "body's internal energy or enthalpy, subtracted by energy that is not available". This primacy of energy is called into question because the driving force to cause a system's change is the purview of the second law. This paper makes a case for an engineering thermodynamics framework, instead, to be based on the premise of the primacy of dissymmetry over free energy. With Gibbsian thermodynamics undergirded with dissymmetry proposition and engineering thermodynamics with a dissymmetry premise, the two branches of thermodynamics are unified to become classical thermodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, we consider an exponential potential V (ϕ) = V 0 e − α ϕ in the framework of Barrow entropy under the constant-roll inflation and check their viability in the light of observable Planck 2020 data. By applying the first law of thermodynamics to the apparent horizon of the Universe, a modification of the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) metric is derived in the context of Barrow entropy. We consider the early inflationary period of the universe to consist phenomenologically of a single inflationary state, that is, a state of the costant-roll inflation in which inflation is driven by an exponential potential field function. By fitting the constant-roll inflationary models to the observations, we examined the effect of the Barrow parameter Δ on the inflation mechanism with the constant-roll parameter γ. As a result, we concluded that for a viable inflation, the observation limits of the inflation parameters determine that the constant-roll parameter is in the range 0. 0 1 1 ≤ γ ≤ 0. 0 1 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we delve into the study of thermodynamics and phase transition of charged Gauss–Bonnet black holes within the context of anti-de Sitter space, with particular emphasis on the central charge's role within the dual conformal field theory (CFT). We employ a holographic methodology that interprets the cosmological constant and the Newton constant as thermodynamic variables, leading to the derivation of a modified first law of thermodynamics that incorporates the thermodynamic volume and pressure. Our findings reveal that the central charge of the CFT is intrinsically linked to the variation of these constants, and its stability can be ensured by simultaneous adjustment of these constants. We further explore the phase structures of the black holes, utilizing the free energy. Our research uncovers the existence of a critical value of the central charge, beyond which the phase diagram displays a first-order phase transition between small and large black holes. We also delve into the implications of our findings on the complexity of the CFT. Our conclusions underscore the significant role of the central charge in the holographic thermodynamics and phase transition of charged Gauss–Bonnet black holes. Furthermore, we conclude that while the central charge considered provides suitable and satisfactory solutions for this black hole in 4 and 5 dimensions, it becomes necessary to introduce a unique central charge for this structure of modified gravity. In essence, the central charge in holographic thermodynamics is not a universal value and requires modification in accordance with different modified gravities. Consequently, the physics of the problem will significantly deviate from the one discussed in this article, indicating a rich and complex landscape for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through energy and exergy analysis, the present work revisits the combustion processes generated using different fuels (CH4, C3H8, H2, LPG, Natural gas and Biogas) under the same operating conditions. First, numerical computations, in which the turbulent dynamic k-ϵ model coupled with a probability density function (PDF) approach together with different sub-models that ensure the reliability of the results, are used. Then, the First and Second Laws of thermodynamics are applied to all fuel combustion cases considered previously to predict the energy loss, exergy destruction and their corresponding efficiencies. Next, variations in the air factor, the air inlet temperature and the fuel inlet temperatures are considered to analyse the response of combustion system performance as well as energy and exergy losses for the different fuels under investigation. The results show an amelioration of combustion parameters for the mixture of fuel and air using values of λ greater than 1. Also, the preheating of the inlet air temperature has a positive effect on energetic parameters. However, preheating the inlet fuel does not take a considerable role in the efficiency amelioration and loss reduction of the combustion system. It further turns out that biogas features higher energy efficiency compared to other fuels, at approximately 89.64%, while hydrogen fuel exhibits higher exergy efficiency at around 78.70% followed by biogas with 74.96%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to include the effect of high energy and topological parameters on black holes in |$\mathrm{ F}(R)$| gravity, we consider two corrections to this gravity: energy-dependent spacetime with different topological constants, and a nonlinear electrodynamics field. In other words, we combine |$\mathrm{ F}(R)$| gravity's rainbow with ModMax nonlinear electrodynamics theory to see the effects of high energy and topological parameters on the physics of black holes. For this purpose, we first extract topological black hole solutions in |$\mathrm{ F}(R)$| -ModMax gravity's rainbow. Then, by considering black holes as thermodynamic systems, we obtain thermodynamic quantities and check the first law of thermodynamics. The effect of the topological parameter on the Hawking temperature and the total mass of black holes is obvious. We also discuss the thermodynamic topology of topological black holes in |$\mathrm{ F}(R)$| -ModMax gravity's rainbow using the off-shell free energy method. In this formalism, black holes are assumed to be equivalent to defects in their thermodynamic spaces. For our analysis, we consider two different types of thermodynamic ensembles. These are: fixed q ensemble and fixed |$\phi$| ensemble. We take into account all the different types of curvature hypersurfaces that can be constructed in these black holes. The local and global topology of these black holes are studied by computing the topological charges at the defects in their thermodynamic spaces. Finally, in accordance with their topological charges, we classify the black holes into three topological classes with total winding numbers corresponding to |$-1, 0$|⁠ , and 1. We observe that the topological classes of these black holes are dependent on the value of the rainbow function, the sign of the scalar curvature, and the choice of ensembles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation focuses on enhancing the efficiency of a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) by proposing a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) control strategy based on the evaporator's two-phase length and superheat temperature. A moving boundary dynamic model for the VCRS is implemented using the Thermosys Matlab Toolbox. The study analyzes the influence of actuation parameters, specifically compressor speed and expansion valve opening, on control parameters, namely two-phase length and superheat temperature. A comprehensive analysis based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics is conducted across a wide range of operating conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that two-phase length can be effectively utilized as a control parameter by selecting operating points that maximize the system efficiency. Additionally, the study reveals that extending the evaporator's two-phase length to 80–90% of its limit increases system efficiency, enabling a reduction in compressor speed while maintaining the cooling capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread use of multi-generation systems utilizing renewable energy sources and the growing global demand for such systems from both economic and environmental considerations, numerous researchers have focused on the design and evaluation of their performance. To this end, this research presents a biomass-based multi-generation system with an innovative and practical design that can generate electricity, heat, and hydrogen. This system includes a modified gas turbine cycle, a supercritical CO 2 (SCO 2) cycle, a transcritical CO 2 (TCO 2) cycle, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, and a PEM fuel cell unit. This study aims to evaluate the impact of various biomass sources (paper, wood, paddy husk, and municipal solid waste) on the system performance. The proposed system has been analyzed using the first and second laws of thermodynamics. This system uses the maximum capacity to produce power, heat and hydrogen. A fuel cell unit has been used to consume hydrogen and generate more electricity. In the basic mode, the system has energy and exergy efficiencies of 47.89% and 32.26%, respectively, and can produce 2.74 kg/h of hydrogen. The biomass fuel consumption rate within the system is 0.055 kg/s. The overall exergy destruction of the system amounts to 1240 kW, with the biomass boiler and the condenser being the components that experience the greatest exergy destruction, registering values of 535.5 kW and 432.3 kW, respectively. Notably, employing municipal waste as biomass increases the system's exergy efficiency to 33.16%. • To investigate a biomass-driven system for producing power, hydrogen, and heating. • To evaluate the impact of various biomass sources on the system performance. • To use PEME for hydrogen and PEMFC for power and heat production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, employing the exponential corrected entropy (Chatterjee and Ghosh in Phys Rev Lett 125:041302, 2020), we derive the modified Friedmann equations from the first law of thermodynamics at apparent horizon and Verlinde's entropic gravity scenario. First, we derive the modified Friedmann equations from the first law of thermodynamics. We investigate the validity of generalised second law (GSL) of thermodynamics and find that it is always satisfied for the all eras of universe. Moreover, we investigate the deceleration parameter for the case k = 0 in two frameworks. Finally, we numerically study the bouncing behaviour for the modified Friedmann equations obtained from entropic gravity. The results indicate that the bouncing behaviour is possible for the cases k = 1 and k = -1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of snowfall, it is crucial to restore safe road passage promptly and efficiently. Considering the timeliness of melting operations, comprehensiveness of melting areas, safety of operating personnel, and rationality of the amount of snow-melting agent, this paper proposes a dynamic spraying approach of snow-melting agent based on snow-melting autonomous vehicle. Firstly, a dynamic calculation model is designed based on real-time recognition of ice or snow covered on the road, which uses the first law of thermodynamics to calculate the required amount of snow-melting agent for specific road segments, especially considering the surrounding thermal supply effect and snow-covering depth predicted by micro-regional weather forecasts within the expected operating period to adjust the amount. Secondly, it coordinates the spraying amount with the operating speed, achieving quantitative and uniform spraying of snow-melting agents on specific road segments. In addition, a novel form of snow removal based on autonomous driving is designed, which can move smoothly on particular road segments in multiple scenarios at a speed that matches the amount of snow-melting agent sprayed. Numerical experiments were conducted on the overall approach to verify its feasibility, adaptability, and economic and environmental sustainability in complex and extensive areas. The proposed approach is beneficial for exploring new fields of uncrewed operations. It promotes safe, efficient, and environmental clearance of ice-covered or snow-covered roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have now identified two thermodynamically distinct types (A and B) of energetic processes naturally occurring on Earth. Type-A energy processes, such as classical heat engines, apparently well follow the second law of thermodynamics; Type-B energy processes, such as the newly discovered thermotrophic function that isothermally utilizes environmental heat energy to perform useful work in driving ATP synthesis, follow the first law of thermodynamics (conservation of mass and energy) but do not have to be constrained by the second law, owing to their special asymmetric functions. Several Type-B energy processes such as asymmetric function-gated isothermal electricity production and epicatalysis have been created through human efforts. The innovative efforts in Type-B processes to enable isothermally utilizing endless environmental heat energy could help to liberate all peoples from their dependence on fossil fuel energy, thus helping to reduce greenhouse gas CO2 emissions and control climate change towards a sustainable future for humanity on Earth. In addition to the needed support for further research, development, and commercialization efforts, currently, better messaging and education on Type-B energetic processes are also highly needed to achieve the mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused into vacuum freeze dryer technology for increasing food shelf life in a drying food technology. The determinants of energy consumption increase as the energy density of food production and storage increases. Reducing the amount of energy used for drying, freezing, chilling, refrigeration, and air conditioning is becoming more important. The objective of this study was to extend food's shelf life utilizing creative and novel technical approaches, such as vacuum freeze-drying's energy-efficient process. Despite being a part of this investigation, the vacuum freeze drier was created using environmentally benign energy sources. To minimize the carbon footprint of food preservation, it is essential to use eco-friendly energy sources in chilling storage. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy efficiency at 1 atm pressure and 25 [°C] temperature (neglecting potential and kinetic energies) in the dead state is calculated under thermal equilibrium conditions. In this study, the energy efficiency was shown according to 5 different scenarios. The results of energy efficiencies are as follows: η1 is from 14.3 to 21.4%, η2 is from 20.7 to 31.0%, η3 is from 27.3 to 40.9%, η4 is from 32.1 to 48.1%, and η5 is from 34.6 to 51.9%, respectively. This analysis demonstrates that the energy efficiency improved from 12 to 18 h. In this study, optimizations with scenarios were employed considering vacuum freeze-drying technology in the plant with sustainable energy sources can considerably improve food shelf life while limiting our environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several engineering systems currently use microchannel heat sinks. In order to increase the performance of these devices, optimisation according to the first and second law of thermodynamics is employed. One way to achieve the goal is to modify the geometry of the cross-section, as is done in this paper for square ducts, having the walls at a uniform temperature which is higher than that of the bulk fluid at the inlet. The effects of both the thermal entry region of the duct and the heat generation due to viscous dissipation are considered. The resulting Graetz–Brinkman problem is solved numerically to obtain the velocity and temperature fields. It is demonstrated that non-negligible viscous heating eventually causes the heat flux to reverse (from fluid to walls), and that, only after this condition is achieved, can the flow become fully developed, which makes the entry region the only useful stretch for real-life applications. The length after which the direction of the heat flux reverses due to viscous heating in the fluid is obtained as a function of the Brinkman number and of the smoothing radius. Optimisation with performance evaluation criteria and entropy generation minimisation was carried out separately, and the results were combined into a single objective function. A comparison with published models highlights how neglecting the entry region and viscous heating yields misleading results. It turns out that smoothing the corners is always profitable in the case of the constrained heated perimeter or area of the cross-section but seldom when the characteristic length or the hydraulic diameter is fixed. With few exceptions, viscous heating amplifies the trends experienced for zero-Brinkman flows. The results are in non-dimensional form, yet they have been obtained starting from plausible dimensional values and are applicable to real-life devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the two-way coupled thermoelastic behavior of axially graded composite plate and doubly-curved (cylindrical, spherical, hyperbolic, and elliptical) panels is examined under conductive-convective boundary and uniformly distributed loading conditions. Here, the material properties of the axial functionally graded panel are computed by employing the power-law-based Voigt's scheme. The material and geometric nonlinearities are incorporated using the cubic-polynomial-based temperature-dependent constitutive model and higher-order kinematics-based Green-Lagrange strain, respectively. The temperature profile is obtained through thermally nonlinear theory associated with high temperature, which is used to extract the energy equations obtained from the first law of thermodynamics and deformation-dependent entropy relation. The weak forms of motion and heat-transfer equations are derived using Galerkin's method and further combined into the two-way coupled field equation through 2D-finite element approximation via Lagrangian elements. The transient responses are computed via the Newmark and the Crank-Nicolson schemes, whereas the nonlinear iterations are executed through Picard's iteration technique. The performance of the fully coupled model for an axially graded (metal/ceramic) structure is verified with analytical, numerical, and experimental results and tested through a variety of numerical illustrations under various sets of conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For crushable sand, compared to non-crushable sand, this paper describes the experimental phenomenon of the opposite turning direction of stress–dilatancy curve after the peak stress ratio. Then, based on the first law of thermodynamics, we derive a new stress–dilatancy model which incorporates the derivatives of breakage energy and rearrangement energy to account for the opposite turning hook of crushable sand. In the framework of this model, the mechanism for opposite turning hook is attributable to the breakage-caused change of particle size distribution, which leads to the decrease of the critical stress ratio M and the decrease of the rearrangement-energy-related term. Our model is verified through our triaxial tests on crushable calcareous sand, non-crushable silica sand, and artificial particles, which well depicts the opposite turning phenomenon. Our model is also verified through other crushable sands from two existing literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We start with the cosmic Friedmann equations, where we adopt a novel perspective rooted in a Lagrangian formulation, grounded in Newtonian mechanics and the first law of thermodynamics. Our investigation operates under the assumption that the universe is populated by either a perfect fluid or a scalar field. By elucidating the intricate interplay between the Lagrangian formulation and the cosmic Friedmann equations, we uncover the fundamental principles governing the universe's dynamics within the framework of these elemental constituents. In our concluding endeavor, we embark on the task of harmonizing the classical equations—namely, the conservation, Euler, and Poisson equations—with the principles of General Relativity. This undertaking seeks to extend these foundational equations to encompass the gravitational effects delineated by General Relativity, thus providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the behavior of matter and spacetime in the cosmic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its business-as-usual scenario, the 1972 Club-of-Rome report—The Limits to Growth—describes the collapse of the world economy around the year 2030, either because of the scarcity of natural resources or because of pollution. Mainstream economists, the high priests of secular societies, condemned it fiercely. Their gospel of perpetual economic growth, during which technological progress would solve all problems, promises a bright future for all mankind. On the other hand, engineers, natural scientists, and mathematicians realized that the breakdown scenario is due to the inclusion of the First and the Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Club-of-Rome's world model. According to these laws, nothing happens in the world without energy conversion and entropy production. In 1865, Rudolph Clausius, the discoverer of entropy, published the laws as the constitution of the universe. Entropy is the physical measure of disorder. Without a proper understanding of energy and entropy in the economy, all efforts to achieve sustainability will fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we focus on the inflation dynamics of the early Universe using an inverse power law potential scalar field (V(ϕ) = V0ϕ-n) within the framework of Tsallis entropy. First, we derive the modified Friedmann equations from the non-additive Tsallis entropy by applying the first law of thermodynamics to the apparent horizon of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) Universe. We assume that the inflationary era of the Universe consists of two phases; the slow roll inflation phase and the kinetic inflation phase. We obtained the scalar spectral index ηs and tensor-to-scalar ratio r and compared our results with the latest Planck data for these phases. By choosing the appropriate values for the Tsallis parameters, which bounded by α < 2, and the inverse power-term of the potential η, we determined that the inflation era of the Universe in Tsallis entropy can only occur in the second phase (kinetic inflation), while the slow-roll inflation phase is incompatible with the Planck data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two crucial challenges in energy production are emissions and efficient energy utilization. Renewable energy sources and the harnessing of waste heat are important solutions to address these issues. This study focuses on investigating the applicability of the supercritical CO 2 (S–CO 2) Brayton cycle in conjunction with an intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) as a waste heat source. A system is designed and its performance is analyzed using the first law of thermodynamics. Initially, the operating parameters are determined, and then the effects of variations in compressor inlet parameters and turbine inlet temperature on the efficiency and performance of the Brayton cycle are investigated. The performance of the S–CO 2 cycle and the heat transferred from the waste heat source to the fluid are examined from the thermodynamic point of view at these intermediate-temperature levels. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of considering the waste heat from the commercialized IT-SOFC in the S–CO 2 Brayton cycle. Furthermore, it is observed that the efficiency of the Brayton cycle improves at the critical pressure and temperature points. The system's performance parameters are determined with a turbine inlet temperature of 823 K (550 °C). Through thermodynamic analysis, it is determined that the S–CO 2 cycle generates 125.6 kW of power with a thermal efficiency of 16.34%. It is shown that an IT-SOFC with an electrical power output of 163 kW can supply the necessary heat to this system. • S–CO 2 basic Brayton cycle is used as a bottoming cycle of the SOFC. • IT-SOFC/S–CO 2 Brayton cycle hybrid system is analyzed thermodynamically. • Effects of different operation parameters on efficiency are investigated. • S–CO 2 Brayton cycle thermal efficiency is 16.34% at 550 °C turbine inlet temperature. • The highest cycle efficiency is obtained at the critical point of CO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a macroscale constitutive model that couples magnetism with thermal, elastic, plastic, and damage effects in an Internal State Variable (ISV) theory. Previous constitutive models did not include an interdependence between the internal magnetic (magnetostriction and magnetic flux) and mechanical fields. Although constitutive models explaining the mechanisms behind mechanical deformations caused by magnetization changes have been presented in the literature, they mainly focus on nanoscale structure–property relations. A fully coupled multiphysics macroscale ISV model presented herein admits lower length scale information from the nanoscale and microscale descriptions of the multiphysics behavior, thus capturing the effects of magnetic field forces with isotropic and anisotropic magnetization terms and moments under thermomechanical deformations. For the first time, this ISV modeling framework internally coheres to the kinematic, thermodynamic, and kinetic relationships of deformation using the evolving ISV histories. For the kinematics, a multiplicative decomposition of deformation gradient is employed including a magnetization term; hence, the Jacobian represents the conservation of mass and conservation of momentum including magnetism. The first and second laws of thermodynamics are used to constrain the appropriate constitutive relations through the Clausius–Duhem inequality. The kinetic framework employs a stress–strain relationship with a flow rule that couples the thermal, mechanical, and magnetic terms. Experimental data from the literature for three different materials (iron, nickel, and cobalt) are used to compare with the model's results showing good correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power plant engineers today are primarily focused on maximizing the extraction of fuel energy. This objective involves improving the efficiencies of different thermodynamic elements and the overall cycle in terms of both first and second laws of thermodynamics. To achieve this, engineers are employing various techniques aimed at increasing these efficiencies. In the present work, one such technique being utilized is the substitution of water/steam with a different working fluid. By changing the working fluid, engineers aim to optimize the thermodynamic performance of the power plant. In this study, the analysis focuses on the utilization of an ammonia-water mixture combined with Trans critical carbon dioxide in a heat recovery vapor generator. The results of this research reveal that the highest work output and second law efficiency achieved are 1192 kJ/sec and 81.68% respectively. These optimal values are obtained when the topping cycle pressure is set to 50 bar, and the turbine inlet temperatures are 500°C and 300°C for the ammonia-water mixture and Trans critical carbon dioxide respectively. Furthermore, the maximum first law efficiency of 43.57% is observed when the topping cycle pressure is set to 50 bar, the bottoming cycle pressure is set to 160 bar, and the turbine inlet temperature is 300°C. The analysis also reveals that the heat source is responsible for the majority of energy destruction, with a maximum of 1970 kJ/sec of available energy being destroyed at a temperature of 500°C. To achieve the highest values of thermodynamic performance parameters, it is recommended to maintain low pressure in the absorber and condenser. Additionally, the analysis indicates that the cost of electricity generation reaches its peak when the condenser pressure is set at 70 bar, amounting to 0.050 USD/kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study a constant-roll inflation model embedded in the Barrow entropy scenario. In this regards, we derive the modified of the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe from the Barrow entropy using the first law of thermodynamics for the apparent horizon of the universe. We consider the inflation dynamics of the early universe under the constant-roll condition where the inflation is driven by a power-law scalar potential field, V (Φ) = Φ n . We calculated the tensor-to-scalar ratio r and scalar spectral index n s by applying the constant-roll condition with some other parameters and compared them with the Planck 2020 observable data. To reveal the effect of the Barrow parameter Δ on the inflation, we fixed the constant-roll inflation parameter as γ = 0. 0 1 4 and focused on the exponent of potential in the range 0 < n < 1. We observed that as the value of the Barrow parameter approaches zero in the range 0 ≤ Δ ≤ 1 , a long and sufficient inflation occurs, consistent with the observation data. This strengthens the claim that the observable values of the Barrow parameter occur at very small values. In addition, the obtained results were also examined numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of the cooling performance of liquid‐cooled microchannel heat sinks used for densely packed electronic circuits is sorted via passive techniques like tuning substrate or coolant properties. We propose a design for enhancing heat sink performance by simulataneously modifying the channel geometry and tuning the fluid rheology. By modeling the coolant as a power law fluid, its rheological behavior is varied ranging from shear‐thinning to shear‐thickening, alongside Newtonian fluid. We introduced tapering to the middle wall that separates the bottom and top channels of a double layered microchannel heat sink (DL‐MCHS), causing both channels to converge. This convergence not only increases the flow velocity within the downstream microchannel but also reduces the apparent viscosity of the shear‐thinning fluid being subjected to shear, resulting in enhanced thermal and hydraulic performance. We analyze the results from both the first and the second law of thermodynamics context, demonstrating that a tapered DL‐MCHS with shear‐thinning fluid outperforms a straight partition wall DL‐MCHS with Newtonian coolant. However, we also discovered that extreme tapering compromises thermodynamic viability, but by fine‐tuning the extent of tapering, we inferred that a DL‐MCHS with shear‐thinning fluid can become viable with little compromise in the thermal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of entropic cosmology and Prigogine's gravitational theory about the connection between geometry and matter, providing the production of particles in the cosmological fluid, as well as in the assumption of exchange entropy at the event horizon, a one-liquid model of the evolution of a spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic Universe is constructed. For its construction the energy conservation equation is derived from the first law of thermodynamics taking into account gravitationally induced creation of matter and exchange energy processes on the visible horizon of the Universe. On the basis of the energy equation and the fundamental Friedman equation describing the expansion of the Universe, modified Friedman–Robertson–Walker equations have been constructed in the context of the entropic formalism, designed for modelling various dynamical aspects of the evolution of the Universe taking into account adiabatic creation of matter. Several forms of exchangeable phenomenological non-extensive entropies associated with the region of the apparent cosmological horizon were used in their derivation. The obtained evolutionary model, consistent with the standard Λ-model for cold dark matter, is intended to describe without introducing new fields the accelerated expansion of the late Universe, providing its cosmological history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the end-of-the-world (EOW) branes anchored to the boundaries of BCFT 2 dual to the BTZ black hole. First, we explore the thermodynamics of the boundary system consisting of the conformal boundary and two EOW branes. This thermodynamics is extended by the tension appearing as the effective cosmological constant of JT black holes on the EOW branes. The tension contribution is identified with the shadow entropy equivalent to the boundary entropy of the BCFT 2 . The thermodynamics of the JT black holes and the bulk of BCFT 2 can be combined into a novel grafted thermodynamics based on the first law. Second, we focus on the observer's view of the EOW branes by lowering the temperature. We show that the EOW branes generate a scale called "reefs" inside the horizon. This scale also appears in the grafted thermodynamics. At high temperatures, observers on the EOW branes see their respective event horizons. The reef starts to grow relatively to the horizon size at the temperature, T grow . As the temperature cools down the reef area fills the entire interior of the JT black holes at the temperature T out . Then, the observers recognize their horizons disappear and see the large density of the energy flux. At this temperature, the two JT regions become causally connected. This connected spacetime has two asymptotic A d S 2 boundaries with a conformal matter. Also, we comment on the grafted thermodynamics to higher dimensions in Appendix B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the energy efficiency of ammonia production by a freely oscillating microbubble placed in an infinite domain of liquid. The spherical bubble initially contains a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen. The bubble is expanded from its equilibrium size to a specific maximum radius via an isothermal expansion. The work needed to expand the bubble is its potential energy calculated by the sum of the work done by the internal gas, the work needed to displace the mass of the surrounding liquid, and the work needed to increase the area of the bubble against the surface tension. During the radial pulsation of the freely oscillating bubble, the internal temperature can reach several thousands of degrees of Kelvin inducing chemical reactions. The chemical yield is computed by solving a set of ordinary differential equations describing the radial dynamics of the bubble (Keller--Miksis equations), the temporal evolution of the internal temperature (first law of thermodynamics), and the concentration of the chemical species (reaction mechanism). The control parameters during the simulations were the equilibrium bubble size, initial expansion ratio, ambient pressure, and the initial concentration ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen. In the best-case scenario, the energy requirement in terms of GJ/t is 6.8 times higher than the best available facility of the Haber--Bosch process (assuming that the hydrogen is produced via the electrolysis of water). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global utilization of RES, particularly geothermal energy, is rising and the inefficient nature of geothermal cycles necessitates recovering lost heat. This research proposes a combined power generation cycle that simulates integrating a trans-critical CO2 cycle with a single flash geothermal cycle, utilizing the engineering equation solver. The study contrasts the system's performance between two operating states: "Without Economizer" and "With Economizer". The investigation analyzes the impact of an economizer on key output parameters, including energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and net power output. In the "With Economizer" operating state, the net power output experiences a noticeable increase from 201.5 kW to 204.7 kW, resulting in a 1.58% enhancement in the performance of the "With Economizer" system. The energy efficiency metric demonstrates a corresponding improvement, rising by 1.55% from 3.28% in the "Without Economizer" system to 3.331% in the "With Economizer" system, aligning with the principles of the First law of thermodynamics. Furthermore, the energy efficiency, expressed as a percentage of energy units, shows an increase from 16.3% in the "Without Economizer" system to 16.56% in the "With Economizer" system, representing a 1.595% improvement based on the Second law of thermodynamics or exergy. Regarding cost analysis, the study identifies the optimal separator pressure value for the system without an economizer, equivalent to 23. This configuration achieves a total cost rate of 01 $ per GJ. Conversely, in the system with an economizer, the optimal pressure value for the production cost rate is 322.4 kPa, resulting in a cost rate of 23.57 $ per GJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider higher dimensional charged black holes to study nonperturbative corrected thermodynamics. This correction is dominant when the black hole size decreases due to the Hawking radiation. The nonperturbative correction on the black hole entropy is proportional to the exponential of the original entropy with a negative sign. We calculate some thermodynamics quantities such as the internal Helmholtz free energies, and obtain the effect of the exponential correction. We study the first law of thermodynamics and investigate how it satisfies. We also study the stability of the black hole through specific heat analysis and investigate the possible phase transition. We find a second-order phase transition that is interpreted as the unstable/stable phase transition. Then, we find a first-order phase transition that makes it unstable. Hence, the final stage of the Reissner–Nordström black holes may be an unstable phase, which means that black hole evaporation at the quantum scale. It may be a cause that we never find a black hole in accelerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, it was shown that the power-Maxwell (PM) theory could remove the singularity of the electric field (B. Eslam Panah, Europhys. Lett. 134, 20005 (2021)). Motivated by a great interest in three-dimensional black holes and a surge of success in studying massive gravity from both the cosmological and astrophysical points of view, we investigate three-dimensional black hole solutions in de Rham, Gabadadze, and Tolley massive theory of gravity in the presence of PM electrodynamics. First, we extract exact three-dimensional solutions in this theory of gravity. Then we study the geometrical properties of these solutions. Calculating conserved and thermodynamic quantities, we check the validity of the first law of thermodynamics for these black holes. We also examine the stability of these black holes in the context of the canonical ensemble. We continue calculating this kind of black hole's optical features, such as the photon orbit radius, the energy emission rate, and the deflection angle. Considering these optical quantities, finally, we analyze the effective role of the parameters of models on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, great efforts are devoted to reducing the work cost of the bit operation, but it is still unclear whether these efforts are sufficient for resolving the temperature stabilization problem in computation. By combining information thermodynamics and a generalized constitutive model which can describe Fourier heat conduction as well as non-Fourier heat transport with nonlocal effects, we here unveil two types of the thermodynamic costs in the temperature stabilization problem. Each type imposes an upper bound on the amount of bits operated per unit time per unit volume, which will eventually limit the speed of the bit operation. The first type arises from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, which is independent of the boundary condition and can be circumvented in Fourier heat conduction. The other type is traceable to the third law of thermodynamics, which will vary with the boundary condition and is ineluctable in Fourier heat conduction. These thermodynamic costs show that reducing the work cost of the bit operation is insufficient for resolving the temperature stabilization problem in computation unless the work cost vanishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to rapidly scale up Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) specifically emphasizing bioenergy generation for isolated rural communities. It aims to identify the most profitable and efficient configuration for HRES biomass-solar in João Pinheiro, taking advantage of local eucalyptus production to reduce costs associated with the transport of biomass waste, considering energy, economic and ecological indicators. Eucalyptus waste was chosen as the source of biomass as fuel, the Downdraft gasifier with air as the gasification agent, and monocrystalline silicon technology was selected for photovoltaic modules. Two case study scenarios were proposed based on global efficiency calculations. The techno-economic analysis was applied based on the First Law of Thermodynamics and the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) method. Case 2 showed the overall energy efficiency of 17.43% and LCOE 0.034 US$/kWh more suitable for HRES solar-biomass technology. Additionally, the eco-efficiency indicator indicator based on the calculated Net Present Value and ecological efficiency indicator, allowed evaluation of the relationship between added value and the environmental impacts associated with the studied configurations, with case 2 presenting 9.28e−05 kgCO2/US$ as best result. The conclusions show that the techno-economic analysis applied to the HRES syngas-solar, along with the eco-efficiency indicator, presents the viability of decentralized bioenergy supply, particularly in isolated rural communities. This innovative approach encourages sustainable measures to meet energy needs in isolated regions with climatic, environmental and biomass supply conditions like those of João Pinheiro. Highlights: Overall efficiency of the Biomass-Solar HRES can range from 14% to 17.8%. Biomass-solar HRES makes LCOE smaller compared to isolated subsystems. The higher the pollutant indicator, the lower the environmental efficiency. Syngas has better eco-efficiency than diesel, and B20 biodiesel. Biomass-solar HRES can meet energy demands of isolated regions with local resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the work of air conditioners for new powerful cars, the author created a heat pump air conditioner with various functions, such as cooling and heating passengers, cooling and preheating the battery, defogging, defrosting, and PTC heating. Developed basic components of AC heat pumps such as scroll compressor model, running condenser model, combined evaporator model, plate evaporator extended valve model, and radial basis function neural network model for predicting compressor volumetric efficiency and isentropic efficiency. The accuracy of the gas-flow, gas-flow, and plate evaporator simulation model was verified. The maximum error between the experimental and simulated values of compressor power, heat exchanger, and system COP in various operating models is 0.34~10.09, which is consistent with the experimental results. correct and can be used for ventilation pump research. Also, an operational simulation analysis platform was used to analyze the performance of the heat pump and study the system characteristics. It is clear that this system provides more warmth to the occupants in the defrost mode, and current research on the operation of the air conditioning pump is based on the first law of thermodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative fuels such as hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas are considered as feasible energy carriers. Selected positive factors from the EU climate and energy policy on achieving climate neutrality by 2050 highlighted the need for the gradual expansion of the infrastructure for alternative fuel. In this research, continuity equations and the first and second laws of thermodynamics were used to develop a theoretical model to explore the impact of hydrogen and natural gas on both the filling process and the ultimate in-cylinder conditions of a type IV composite cylinder (20 MPa for CNG, 35 MPa and 70 MPa for hydrogen). A composite tank was considered an adiabatic system. Within this study, based on the GERG-2008 equation of state, a thermodynamic model was developed to compare and determine the influence of (i) hydrogen and (ii) natural gas on the selected thermodynamic parameters during the fast-filling process. The obtained results show that the cylinder-filling time, depending on the cylinder capacity, is approximately 36–37% shorter for pure hydrogen compared to pure methane, and the maximum energy stored in the storage tank for pure hydrogen is approximately 28% lower compared to methane, whereas the total entropy generation for pure hydrogen is approximately 52% higher compared to pure methane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present an extensive analysis of the thermodynamics and holographic properties of three-dimensional C-metrics in the FG gauge, where we find that the free energy is equal to the Euclidean on-shell action with a generic conformal factor. For the black hole solutions we find that Smarr relation and the first law of thermodynamics can be formulated when the contributions of the boundary entropy are considered. We also compute holographic entanglement entropy following the AdS/BCFT formalism. By comparing the free energies of different bulk solutions with a fixed flat torus boundary geometry, we find that a specific type of accelerating black hole is dominant in the high temperature regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher-derivative corrections in the AdS/CFT correspondence allow us to capture finer details of the dual CFT and to explore the holographic dictionary beyond the infinite N and strong coupling limits. Following an effective field theory approach, we investigate extremal AdS black hole solutions in five-dimensional supergravity with higher-derivative corrections. We provide a general analysis of near-horizon geometries of rotating extremal black holes and show how to obtain their corresponding charges and chemical potentials. We discuss the near-horizon solutions of the two-derivative theory, which we write using a novel parametrization that eases our computation of the higher-derivative corrections. The charges and thermodynamic properties of the black hole are computed while clarifying the ambiguities in their definitions. The charges and potentials turn out to satisfy a near-horizon version of the first law of thermodynamics whose interpretation we make clear. In the supersymmetric case, the results are shown to match the field theory prediction as well as previous results obtained from the on-shell action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare definitions of the internal energy of an open quantum system and strategies to split the internal energy into work and heat contributions as given by four different approaches from the autonomous system framework. Our discussion focuses on methods that allow for arbitrary environments (not just heat baths) and driving by a quantum mechanical system. As a simple application we consider an atom as the system of interest and an oscillator field mode as the environment. Three different types of coupling are analyzed. We discuss ambiguities in the definitions and highlight differences that appear if one aims at constructing environments that act as pure heat or work reservoirs. Further, we identify different sources of work (e.g. coherence, correlations, or frequency offset), depending on the underlying framework. Finally, we give arguments to favour the approach based on minimal dissipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the motion of a frictionless piston that separates the surrounding atmosphere from an ideal gas enclosed within a cylinder, with no friction or viscous dissipation arising within the gas or surrounding atmosphere. Although no mechanically based dissipative mechanisms act, the motion of the piston is still damped if heat transfer between the gas and the piston occurs at a finite rate. Hence, as long as some kind of irreversibility develops within the system, such as irreversible heat transfer, the piston will not oscillate back-and-forth indefinitely and must eventually come to rest. We provide detailed thermodynamic and numerical analyses of this thermal damping, various aspects of which should prove useful to both students and instructors when discussing the first and second laws of thermodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entropy generation, formulated by combining the first and second laws of thermodynamics with an appropriate thermodynamic potential, emerges as the difference between a phenomenological entropy function and a reversible entropy function. The phenomenological entropy function is evaluated over an irreversible path through thermodynamic state space via real-time measurements of thermodynamic states. The reversible entropy function is calculated along an ideal reversible path through the same state space. Entropy generation models for various classes of systems—thermal, externally loaded, internally reactive, open and closed—are developed via selection of suitable thermodynamic potentials. Here we simplify thermodynamic principles to specify convenient and consistently accurate system governing equations and characterization models. The formulations introduce a new and universal Phenomenological Entropy Generation (PEG) theorem. The systems and methods presented—and demonstrated on frictional wear, grease degradation, battery charging and discharging, metal fatigue and pump flow—can be used for design, analysis, and support of diagnostic monitoring and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]