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INTRODUCTION: The development of wound dressing materials that combine healing properties, ability to self-repair the material damages, skin-friendly adhesive nature, and competent mechanical properties have surpassing functional importance in healthcare. Due to their specificity, hydrogels have been recognized as a new gateway in biological materials to treat dysfunctional tissues. The design and creation of injectable hydrogel-based scaffolds have extensively progressed in recent years to improve their therapeutic efficacy and to pave the way for their easy minimally invasive administration. Hence, injectable hydrogel biomaterials have been prepared to eventually translate into minimally invasive therapy and pose a lasting effect on regenerative medicine.AREAS COVERED: This review highlights the recent development of adhesive and injectable hydrogels that have applications in wound healing and wound dressing. Such hydrogel materials are not only expected to improve therapeutic outcomes but also to facilitate the easy surgical process in both wound healing and dressing.EXPERT OPINION: Wound healing seems to be an appealing approach for treating countless life-threatening disorders. With the average increase of life expectancy in human societies, an increase in demand for injectable skin replacements and drug delivery carriers for chronic wound healing is expected.

Conventional drug delivery systems are challenged by concerns related to systemic toxicity, repetitive doses, drug concentrations fluctuation, and adverse effects. Various drug delivery systems are developed to overcome these limitations. Nanomaterials are employed in a variety of biomedical applications such as therapeutics delivery, cancer therapy, and tissue engineering. Physiochemical nanoparticle assembly techniques involve the application of solvents and potentially harmful chemicals, commonly at high temperatures. Genetically engineered organisms have the potential to be used as promising candidates for greener, efficient, and more adaptable platforms for the synthesis and assembly of nanomaterials. Genetically engineered carriers are precisely designed and constructed in shape and size, enabling precise control over drug attachment sites. The high accuracy of these novel advanced materials, biocompatibility, and stimuli-responsiveness, elucidate their emerging application in controlled drug delivery. The current article represents the research progress in developing various genetically engineered carriers. Organic-based nanoparticles including cellulose, collagen, silk-like polymers, elastin-like protein, silk-elastin-like protein, and inorganic-based nanoparticles are discussed in detail. Afterward, viral-based carriers are classified, and their potential for targeted therapeutics delivery is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects of these delivery systems are concluded.

Today's consumer electronics are made from nonrenewable and toxic components. They are also rigid, bulky, and manufactured in an energy-inefficient manner via CO2-generating routes. Though petroleum-based polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate can address the rigidity issue, they have a large carbon footprint and generate harmful waste. Scalable routes for manufacturing electronics that are both flexible and ecofriendly (Fleco) could address the challenges in the field. Ideally, such substrates must incorporate into electronics without compromising device performance. In this work, we demonstrate that a new type of wood-based [nanocellulose (NC)] material made via nanosilicate (NS) reinforcement can yield flexible electronics that can bend and roll without loss of electrical function. Specifically, the NSs interact electrostatically with NC to reinforce thermal and mechanical properties. For instance, films containing 34 wt % of NS displayed an increased young's modulus (1.5 times), thermal stability (290 → 310 °C), and a low coefficient of thermal expansion (40 ppm/K). These films can also easily be separated and renewed into new devices through simple and low-energy processes. Moreover, we used very cheap and environmentally friendly NC from American Value Added Pulping (AVAP) technology, American Process, and therefore, the manufacturing cost of our NS-reinforced NC paper is much cheaper ($0.016 per dm-2) than that of conventional NC-based substrates. Looking forward, the methodology highlighted herein is highly attractive as it can unlock the secrets of Fleco electronics and transform otherwise bulky, rigid, and "difficult-to-process" rigid circuits into more aesthetic and flexible ones while simultaneously bringing relief to an already-overburdened ecosystem.

Bone tissue engineering has come on the scene to overcome the difficulties of the current treatment strategies. By combining biomaterials, active agents and growth factors, cells and nanomaterials, tissue engineering makes it possible to create new structures that enhance bone regeneration. Herein, hyaluronic acid and alginate were used to create biologically active hydrogels, and montmorillonite nanoclay was used to reinforce and stabilize them. The developed scaffolds were found to be biocompatible and osteogenic with mMSCs in vitro, especially those reinforced with the nanoclay, and allowed mineralization even in the absence of differentiation media. Moreover, an in vivo investigation was performed to establish the potential of the hydrogels to mend bone and act as cell-carriers and delivery platforms for SDF-1. Scaffolds embedded with SDF-1 exhibited the highest percentages of bone regeneration as well as of angiogenesis, which confirms the suitability of the scaffolds for bone. Although there are a number of obstacles to triumph over, these bioengineered structures showed potential as future bone regeneration treatments. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (PID2019-106094RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and technical assistance from the ICTS NANBIOSIS (Drug Formulation Unit, U10) at the University of the Basque Country. We also appreciate the support from the Basque Country Government (Grupos Consolidados, No ref: IT907-16) . I. Erezuma and I. Lukin thank to the Basque Government for the PhD grants (PRE_2021_2_0021 & PRE_2021_2_0023) . C. Pimenta-Lopes is a recipient of a F.P.U. fellowship from the Ministry of Universidades. A.D.-P. would like to acknowledge the Danish Council for Independent Research (Technology and Production Sciences, 8105-00003B) , and the VIDI research programme with project number R0004387, which is (partly) financed by The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) . This work has also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 951747.

Osteoarthritis of the hip is a painful and debilitating condition commonly occurring in humans and dogs. One of the main causes that leads to hip osteoarthritis is hip dysplasia. Although the current surgical methods to correct dysplasia work satisfactorily in many circumstances, these are associated with serious complications, tissue resorption, and degeneration. In this study, a one-step fabrication of a regenerative hip implant with a patient-specific design and load-bearing properties is reported. The regenerative hip implant is fabricated based on patient imaging files and by an extrusion assisted 3D printing process using a flexible, bone-inducing biomaterial. The novel implant can be fixed with metallic screws to host bone and can be loaded up to physiological loads without signs of critical permanent deformation or failure. Moreover, after exposing the hip implant to accelerated in vitro degradation, it is confirmed that it is still able to support physiological loads even after losing ≈40% of its initial mass. In addition, the osteopromotive properties of the novel hip implant is demonstrated as shown by an increased expression of osteonectin and osteocalcin by cultured human mesenchymal stem cells after 21 days. Overall, the proposed hip implant provides an innovative regenerative and mechanically stable solution for hip dysplasia treatment.

Biomaterials capable of transmitting signals over longer distances than those in rigid electronics can open new opportunities for humanity by mimicking the way tissues propagate information. For seamless mirroring of the human body, they also have to display conformability to its curvilinear architecture, as well as, reproducing native-like mechanical and electrical properties combined with the ability to self-heal on demand like native organs and tissues. Along these lines, a multifunctional composite is developed by mixing silk fibroin and reduced graphene oxide. The material is coined "CareGum" and capitalizes on a phenolic glue to facilitate sacrificial and hierarchical hydrogen bonds. The hierarchal bonding scheme gives rise to high mechanical toughness, record-breaking elongation capacity of approximate to 25 000%, excellent conformability to arbitrary and complex surfaces, 3D printability, a tenfold increase in electrical conductivity, and a fourfold increase in Young's modulus compared to its pristine counterpart. By taking advantage of these unique properties, a durable and self-healing bionic glove is developed for hand gesture sensing and sign translation. Indeed, CareGum is a new advanced material with promising applications in fields like cyborganics, bionics, soft robotics, human-machine interfaces, 3D-printed electronics, and flexible bioelectronics.

Soft and electrically active materials are currently being utilized for intelligent systems, including electronic skin, cybernetics, soft robotics, and wearable devices. However, fabricating materials that fulfill the complex requirements of such advanced applications remains a challenge. These attributes include electronic, adhesive, self-healing, flexible, moldable, printable, and strong mechanical properties. Inspired by the recent interest in transforming monofunctional materials into multifunctional ones through nanoreinforcement and mussel-inspired chemistry, we have designed a simple two-step methodology based on halloysite nanotube (HNT) and polydopamine (PDA) to address the grand challenges in the field. In brief, HNTs were coated with PDA and embedded within a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based polymeric matrix in combination with ferric ions (Fe

Contains fulltext : 238926.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Soft and electrically active materials are currently being utilized for intelligent systems, including electronic skin, cybernetics, soft robotics, and wearable devices. However, fabricating materials that fulfill the complex requirements of such advanced applications remains a challenge. These attributes include electronic, adhesive, self-healing, flexible, moldable, printable, and strong mechanical properties. Inspired by the recent interest in transforming monofunctional materials into multifunctional ones through nanoreinforcement and mussel-inspired chemistry, we have designed a simple two-step methodology based on halloysite nanotube (HNT) and polydopamine (PDA) to address the grand challenges in the field. In brief, HNTs were coated with PDA and embedded within a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based polymeric matrix in combination with ferric ions (Fe(3+)). The final composite displayed a 3-fold increase in electrical conductivity, a 20-fold increase in mechanical stiffness, and a 7-fold increase in energy dissipation in comparison to their nonfunctional counterparts, which arose from a combination of nanotube alignment and mussel-inspired chemistry. Moreover, the developed composite could elongate up to 30000% of its original length, maintain its electrical properties after 600% strain, self-heal within seconds (both electrically and mechanically), and display strain-sensitivity. Finally, it was 3D-printable and thus amenable for engineering of customized wearable electronics.

There are currently several commercialized products approved by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency based on the use of recombinant human BMP-2 for the treatment of non-unions long fractures and spinal fusion. However, the adverse effects recorded with the use of BMPs suggest the need for drug delivery carriers that allow reducing the required doses and improve their cost-effectiveness. Herein, we have developed a new osteoconductive scaffold that reduces the required doses of BMP-2 for promoting bone regeneration in an osteoporotic defect model. The composite is, in brief, a gelatin-based 3D scaffold reinforced with either calcium sulfate or hydroxyapatite as an inorganic osteoconductive biomaterial. To this end, the organic/inorganic composite systems showed high hydration capacity and good in vitro degradability. The incorporation of 7.5% (m/v) ceramic compounds resulted in scaffolds with stiffer Young modulus (179 and 75 kPa for CaSO4_7 and HA_7, respectively) than bare gelatin hydrogels (48 kPa). Studies with human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) revealed that the 3D scaffolds promote cell adhesion and proliferation along with osteogenic differentiation capabilities. Specifically, downregulation of stemness (Nanog, Oct4) genes and upregulation of osteogenic markers (ALP, Col1a1, Fmod) by two fold were observed over 10 days under basal culture conditions. Promisingly, the sustained in vitro release of BMP-2 observed from the porous reinforced scaffolds allowed us to address the critical-sized osteoporotic mice calvarial defects with a relatively low growth factor doses (600 ng BMP-2/scaffold) compared to conventional doses at 2–15 micrograms. Overall, this study demonstrates the promising potential of osteoconductive gelatin/calcium bioceramics composites as osteogenic growth factors delivery carriers for bone-regeneration via ultra-low growth factor doses.

[EN]The development of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has received extreme considerations from basic and clinical researches. To date, various luminogens with AIE property (AIEgens) have been broadly utilized in optoelectronic devices, fluorescent bio-probes, drug delivery, anticancer and chemosensors and many more. Scientists have likewise dedicated to investigating the possibilities of AIEgens in the biomedical field. Among the various AIE luminophores studied, tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivatives have demonstrated as most promising AIEgen, owing to their capacity in self-organization and conjugation with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) fluorophores to form larger multi-component assemblies. It likewise generally utilized in different fields, like organic and therapeutic science, supramolecular chemistry, organic electronics, cancer therapy, apoptosis and inflammation, microorganism imaging therapy etc. This review encompasses the recent advances of TPE based AIE-active luminophores and their potential applications in biomolecular science. K.S. Rangappa acknowledge CSIR for providing an emeritus scientist fellowship. GO wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (SAF2016-76150-R and BFU2017-82421-P) and technical assistance from the ICTS NANBIOSIS (Drug Formulation Unit, U10) at the University of the Basque Country.

Fluorination of graphene nanomaterials has multitude merits owing to the peculiar temperament of the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond. However, the current synthesis modalities of fluorinated graphene (FG) are based on the usage of toxic materials at high temperatures, which are problematic to be used. The methods to overcome these problems are challenging for chemists. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used in several chemical processes as auxiliaries and eco-friendly alternatives instead of volatile organic solvents because of their properties. Consequently, herein we exploited a highly effective and green process for the synthesis of FG at mild temperature (80 °C) by using ammonium fluoride salt as fluorine agent and a synthesized acidic IL ([TEA]+[TFA]–) as a solvent. Our goal was to synthesize enriched FG with a high degree of fluorination (66.4 wt.% of F) and F/C ratio (2.2), which measured and confirmed by XPS analysis. Subsequently, the obtained FG was used as a nanocarrier for delivery of curcumin to cancerous cells. The in-vitro results showed that these nanosheets possessed a higher Cur-loading efficiency (78.43%) than commercial FG (52.12%) due to the sheet-like structure with folded edges. This, in turn, translated into an excellent in-vitro anti-cancer effect when tested against cancerous cells.

One of the long-standing challenges in materials science involves synthesizing biomaterials that recapitulate important features of native biological tissues. Even though, the number of available biomaterials at the moment are virtually limitless, few of them has unlocked all the secrets of the human body by mimicking the combinatorial-like material properties of our tissues and organs. Inspired by the human body, we have developed a polymeric gum, which combines stretchability, toughness, strength, flexibility, and self-healing. It also exhibits a high bioactivity that can target and eliminate bacterial infections fast and reliably. Notably, this material is moldable into almost any complex shape, and therefore suitable as a building block for wearables designed to conform directly with the curved and personalized anatomy of patients. It also exhibits excellent drug retention and release capacity, which altogether makes it suitable for applications in personalized wearable drug-delivery devices.

Given their durability and long-term stability, self-healable hydrogels have, in the past few years, emerged as promising replacements for the many brittle hydrogels currently being used in preclinical or clinical trials. To this end, the incompatibility between hydrogel toughness and rapid self-healing remains unaddressed, and therefore most of the self-healable hydrogels still face serious challenges within the dynamic and mechanically demanding environment of human organs/tissues. Furthermore, depending on the target tissue, the self-healing hydrogels must comply with a wide range of properties including electrical, biological, and mechanical. Notably, the incorporation of nanomaterials into double-network hydrogels is showing great promise as a feasible way to generate self-healable hydrogels with the above-mentioned attributes. Here, the recent progress in the development of multifunctional and self-healable hydrogels for various tissue engineering applications is discussed in detail. Their potential applications within the rapidly expanding areas of bioelectronic hydrogels, cyborganics, and soft robotics are further highlighted. S.T. and M.M. contributed equally to this work. A.D.P. acknowledges the Danish Council for Independent Research (Technology and Production Sciences, 5054-00142B), Gigtforeningen (R139-A3864) and the Villum Foundation (10103). This work is also part of the VIDI research program with project number R0004387, which is (partly) financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The authors acknowledge funding from the Australian Research Council under the Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (J. Foroughi, DE130100517). The authors also thank Ashish for creating Figure 21.

The emergence of nontoxic, eco-friendly, and biocompatible polymers derived from natural sources has added a new and exciting dimension to the development of low-cost and scalable biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Here, we have developed a mechanically strong and durable hydrogel composed of an eco-friendly biopolymer that exists within the cell walls of fruits and plants. Its trade name is pectin, and it bears many similarities with natural polysaccharides in the native extracellular matrix. Specifically, we have employed a new pathway to transform pectin into a ultraviolet (UV)-cross-linkable pectin methacrylate (PEMA) polymer. To endow this hydrogel matrix with cell differentiation and cell spreading properties, we have also incorporated thiolated gelatin into the system. Notably, we were able to fine-tune the compressive modulus of this hydrogel in the range ∼0.5 to ∼24 kPa: advantageously, our results demonstrated that the hydrogels can support growth and viability for a wide range of three-dimensionally (3D) encapsulated cells that include muscle progenitor (C2C12), neural progenitor (PC12), and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our results also indicate that PEMA-gelatin-encapsulated hMSCs can facilitate the formation of bonelike apatite after 5 weeks in culture. Finally, we have demonstrated that PEMA-gelatin can yield micropatterned cell-laden 3D constructs through UV light-assisted lithography. The simplicity, scalability, processability, tunability, bioactivity, and low-cost features of this new hydrogel system highlight its potential as a stem cell carrier that is capable of bridging the gap between clinic and laboratory.

Despite the promise of hydrogel-based stem cell therapies in orthopedics, a significant need still exists for the development of injectable microenvironments capable of utilizing the regenerative potential of donor cells. Indeed, the quest for biomaterials that can direct stem cells into bone without the need of external factors has been the "Holy Grail" in orthopedic stem cell therapy for decades. To address this challenge, we have utilized a combinatorial approach to screen over 63 nanoengineered hydrogels made from alginate, hyaluronic acid, and two-dimensional nanoclays. Out of these combinations, we have identified a biomaterial that can promote osteogenesis in the absence of well-established differentiation factors such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) or dexamethasone. Notably, in our "hit" formulations we observed a 36-fold increase in alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and a 11-fold increase in the formation of mineralized matrix, compared to the control hydrogel. This induced osteogenesis was further supported by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Additionally, the Montmorillonite-reinforced hydrogels exhibited high osteointegration as evident from the relatively stronger adhesion to the bone explants as compared to the control. Overall, our results demonstrate the capability of combinatorial and nanoengineered biomaterials to induce bone regeneration through osteoinduction of stem cells in a natural and differentiation-factor-free environment.

The present work focuses on the development of template-free mesoporous NiO nanoarrays with large surface area grown on 3D nickel foam networks by a seed mediated aqueous chemical growth technique and subsequent annealing process. The resultant binder-free, well-aligned and vertically grown NiO nanoarrays exhibits a micron-sized planar structure as well as an ultrathin thickness (∼7 nm). The unique surface and electronic structure facilitates surface-dependent electrochemical reaction processes with no dead volume. They deliver a high capacitance of 2065 F g −1 at a current density of 16 A g −1 as a three electrode system. A specific capacitance of 1247 F g −1 is maintained at a higher current rate of 70 A g −1 with 88.9% retention after 5000 cycles. Finally, in a solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor configuration using NiO//activated carbon, the device delivers an enhanced supercapacitive performance, with an energy density of 43.5 Wh kg −1 and power density of 2.1 kW kg −1 . Thus, the current research paves the way for the use of NiO nanoarrays as an electrode material for practical supercapacitor devices with higher cycling retention and rate capacity.

Fluorinated graphene has recently gained much attention for cancer drug delivery, owing to its peculiar properties including high electronegativity difference, magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, and the photothermal effect. However, the hydrophobic nature of fluorinated graphene greatly hinders its application as a biological material. Herein, a novel green method is reported for synthesis of a pH-sensitive charge-reversal and water-soluble fluorinated graphene oxide, modified with polyethyleneimine anchored to sericin-polypeptide (FPS). This nanocarrier was further loaded with curcumin (Cur), and characterized as a nanocarrier for anti-cancer drug delivery. The synthesized nanocarriers contain two different pH-sensitive amide linkages, which are negatively charged in blood pH (≈7.4) and can prolong circulation times. The amide linkages undergo hydrolysis once they reach the mildly acidic condition (pH≈6.5, corresponding to tumor extracellular matrix), and subsequently once reached the lower acidic condition (pH≈5.5, corresponded to endo/lysosomes microenvironment), the FPS charge can be switched to positive (≈+28 mV), which aids the nuclear release. This nanocarrier was designed to selectively enhance cell internalization and nuclear-targeted delivery of curcumin in HeLa, SkBr3 and PC-3 cancer cells. Moreover, FPS-Cur demonstrated high curcumin loading capacity, prolonged curcumin release and promotion of apoptosis in HeLa, SkBr3 and PC-3 cells. Therefore, with its pH-responsive charge-reversal properties, FPS-Cur would be a promising candidate for chemotherapy of cervical, breast and prostate cancers.

The inherent ability of native tissues to regenerate on demand has sparked enormous motivation to develop tissue engineering hydrogels with similar self‐repair mechanisms. However, self‐healable hydrogels still face several shortcomings, which limit their specific application for the replacement of electrically active and elastic tissues. In article number 1801664, Alireza Dolatshahi‐Pirouz and co‐workers discuss advances in this field with a special focus on application of these hydrogels in cyborganics, bioelectronics, and bioactuators.

In article number 1801241, Alireza Dolatshahi‐Pirouz and co‐workers develop an ultra‐sensitive, but low‐cost electrode with a broad range of exciting properties brought about through a simple “design and mixing procedure.” As examples, a touch panel screen for use in foldable electronics and a human motion sensitive device are manufactured with the electrode.

Contains fulltext : 215371.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Proteins present an ecofriendly alternative to many of the synthetic components currently used in electronics. They can therefore in combination with flexibility and electroactivity uncover a range of new opportunities in the field of flexible and green electronics. In this study, silk-based ionic conductors are turned into stable thin films by embedding them with 2D nanoclay platelets. More specifically, this material is utilized to develop a flexible and ecofriendly motion-sensitive touchscreen device. The display-like sensor can readily transmit light, is easy to recycle and can monitor the motion of almost any part of the human body. It also displays a significantly lower sheet resistance during bending and stretching regimes than the values typically reported for conventional metallic-based conductors, and remains fully operational after mechanical endurance testing. Moreover, it can operate at high frequencies in the kilohertz (kHz) range under both normal and bending modes. Notably, our new technology is available through a simple one-step manufacturing technique and can therefore easily be extended to large-scale fabrication of electronic devices.

Platinum (Pt) and its alloys have long been recognized as the best electrocatalyst for ORR in fuel cells. However, high cost due to the scarcity of Pt and its insufficient durability limited the mass production and commercialization of electrocatalysts.Thus, doped carbon materials with various heteroatoms, such as sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), boron (B), and phosphorous (P), has attracted intense attention due to its reportedly high catalytic activity, high long-term durability and tolerance to poisoning as a metal-free ORR electrocatalyst. In this work, we report the facile preparation of graphene decorated with N-doped carbon nanowires for an efficient ORR electrocatalyst. The proposed method here involves the formation of polypyrrole (PPy) nanowires decorated on reduced graphene oxide (rGO-PPy) by in situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer in the presence of rGO. Subsequently, the synthesized rGO-PPy is annealed at 800 oC in an argon atmosphere to afford the N-doped carbon nanowires decorated on rGO (rGO-CN) by the carbonization of PPy nanowires. The prepared rGO-CN exhibits the high nitrogen content and a unique nanostructure afforded by the integration of carbon nanowires and graphene sheets, which facilitate the efficient adsorption of oxygen molecules for improved electron transfer efficiency and increased electrocatalytic activity for ORR. The morphology of rGO-CN is confirmed by TEM analysis and the chemical composition and interaction of the prepared samples are analyzed by XPS and FT-IR analysis. The electrocatalytic activity of rGO-CN toward ORR is also evaluated by the cyclic voltammetry. It is found that the rGO-CN electrode shows superior electrocatalytic performance toward ORR, compared to rGO and rGO-PPy, which demonstrates the promising potential of rGO-CN as a carbon-based, metal-free electrocatalyst for enhancing the electrocatalytic property towards ORR.

A supramolecular conductive polymer composition comprising; a polymer comprising repeating subunits comprising at least one functional group, for forming a part in a hydrogen bond, selected from alcohol, amine, ether, amide, carboxylic acid, ester, ketone, nitrile, aldehyde and carbamide; a polyphenol comprising a minimum of 12 aromatic hydroxyl groups; a solvent with a dielectric constant of at least 20; and an electrically conductive filler.

Disclosed is an ionic conductive, stretchable, and flexible transparent material comprising silk fibroin, a nanomaterial, and an electrolyte and a method of recycling said material. Additionally disclosed is a flexible surface capacitive touch panel and a flexible motion sensor both based on the ionic conductive, stretchable, and flexible transparent material. The ionic conductive, stretchable, and flexible transparent material shows many desirable properties, such as a good crystallinity, transparency, mechanical strength, recyclability, optical transparency, and electrical sensitivity. Additional, the material shows chemical and thermal stability, in addition to excellent dimensional stability.