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Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the human health sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue, and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound's studies on representativeness is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the field of industrial relations in the EU Member States. This study identified the European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU) - representing employees - and the European Hospital and Healthcare Employers' Association (HOSPEEM) - representing employers - as the most representative European-level social partner organisations in the human health sector. The member organisations of the European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (CESI) and UNI Europa also organise employees in the sector in several Member States.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Alejandro Godino, This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the audiovisual sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound's studies on representativeness is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the field of industrial relations in the EU Member States. This study identifies EURO-MEI, EFJ, FIA and FIM - representing employees - and ACT, AER, CEPI, the EBU and the FIAPF - representing employers - as the representative European-level social partner organisations in the audiovisual sector.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Alejandro Godino, This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the live performance sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound's studies on representativeness is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the EU Member States. This study identified EURO-MEI, FIA and FIM - representing employees - and PEARLE* - representing employers - as the representative European-level social partner organisations in the live performance sector.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Alejandro Godino, The most relevant changes in working time regulation in Europe in 2019 and 2020 addressed challenges arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most focused on short-time working schemes, on approaches to teleworking for those able to work from home and on regulations to ensure the safe provision of essential services. In 2020, the average collectively agreed working week in the EU stood at 37.8 hours. Across the sectors analysed in the report, the collectively agreed normal working week was shortest in public administration (38 hours) and longest in transport (39.2 hours). Paid annual leave entitlement (taking into account those set through collective bargaining) stood at an average of 24.5 days across the EU. Key topics for discussion in all Member States during the COVID-19 pandemic included dealing with the impact of changes in working hours on different groups of workers and the role of working time in supporting economic recovery and job creation.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the role of social partners. It discusses developments in statutory minimum wages and presents data on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to 10 low-paid jobs for countries without statutory minimum wages.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, The aim of this report is to add to the discussion on how Eurofound can contribute to supporting capacity building of social partners for effective social dialogue. The report includes a review by Eurofound aimed at identifying the capacity-building needs and initiatives of social partners in relation to national frameworks for autonomous collective bargaining, involvement in European social dialogue and the European Semester, and the development of membership and services for members. It also includes the results from stakeholder consultations and two exchange seminars held in 2019, along with a set of policy pointers for further discussion.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the paper sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound's studies on representativeness is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the EU Member States. This study identified the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) (representing the employers) and IndustriAll Europe (representing the employees) as the most representative European-level social partner organisations in the paper sector.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Alejandro Godino, This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the sea fisheries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound's representativeness studies is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations. This study identified the Association of National Organisations of Fishing Enterprises in the European Union (Europêche) (representing employers) and European Transport Workers' Federation (ETF) (representing employees) as the most representative European level social partner organisations in the sea fisheries sector. COPA-COGECA, representing employers in the primary sector, has also some representativeness in the sector.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the education sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound's representativeness studies is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the field of industrial relations in the EU Member States. This study identified the European Federation of Education Employers (EFEE - representing employers) and the European Trade Union Committee for Education (ETUCE - representing employees) as the most representative European-level social partner organisations in the education sector. The European Public Service Union (EPSU) and the European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (CESI) also organise workers in the sector in several EU Member States and the UK.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, Seniority systems - schemes that allot improving employment rights or benefits to employees as their length of employment increases - have not been widely studied. This report provides the first comprehensive study comparing the design and spread of seniority-based entitlements (SBEs) in Europe and mapping related policy debates. It is primarily based on contributions from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents, covering the 28 EU Member States and Norway, but also presents aggregate seniority-earnings curves for the EU based on data from the Structure of Earnings Survey. The aim of the report is to take stock of the currently existing different types of SBEs in the private and public sectors. It concludes that despite an obvious trend to remove them from regulations or reform them, a substantial amount of such entitlements is here to stay. Paradoxically, countries which have regulations on seniority pay in place tend to have flatter aggregate seniority-earnings curves than countries without such regulations.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Alejandro Godino, This study provides information to allow for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the industrial cleaning sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue, and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound's representativeness studies is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the field of industrial relations in selected sectors in the EU Member States. This study identified the European Cleaning and Facility Services Industry (EFCI) (representing employers) and UNI Europa (representing employees) as the most representative European-level social partner organisations in the industrial cleaning sector.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, Female entrepreneurs represent just a small proportion of the total number of entrepreneurs in the European Union today. Some of the hurdles facing female entrepreneurs - or would-be entrepreneurs - are related to getting adequate funding, access to the right networks, and finding the right information and advice. In the last few years, some private funds have realised that female founders are not always well served and there is a market gap when it comes to investing in women-led enterprises. This report examines the use of private funds to invest in female entrepreneurs in the European Union and Norway. In addition, it investigates the prevalence of public finance tools and public support schemes that effectively remove barriers and enable women to become competent entrepreneurs.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the private security sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound's representativeness studies is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the field of industrial relations in the EU Member States. This study identified the Confederation of European of Security Services (CoESS) (representing employers) and UNI Europa Private Security (representing employees) as the most representative European-level social partner organisations in the private security sector.

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina, In most EU Member States, reviews of the statutory minimum wage rates spark a great deal of public interest. Such reviews affect the wider workforce, beyond those workers on the statutory minimum wage. Pay rates in collective agreements may be adapted in response to an increase in the minimum wage, affecting lower-paid workers more generally; social benefits may also be affected, making the impact of such revisions even more widespread. This report covers developments in statutory minimum wages in 2018-2019 in the EU and Norway. It looks at the level of minimum wages, how they were set and how they have developed over time in nominal and real terms. It also covers major debates in relation to setting minimum wage levels. While the report focuses on the net remuneration of those receiving the minimum wage, it also documents minimum rates from selected collective agreements in countries without statutory minimum wages as well as minimum wage coverage rates of workers by gender.

The main focus of this study is to examine if Finnish university-students’ family background (measured as the education and SES of their parents) is associated with their 10-year degree completion rate. Class-based analysis examines the association between educational outcomes and students’ social background. Selection on the basis of social class on different educational levels still appears in the Finnish educational system, despite a declining trend in the magnitude of this effect. For example, students from socially disadvantaged backgrounds are still underrepresented in universities in Finland. In this study the discussion of retention, dropout and graduation rates at Finnish universities is put in a Bourdieuan perspective. The association between graduation rates and the following variables are analysed: students’ social background (educational level and SES of mother and father), gender, age, mother tongue and type of degree when enrolled at university. In addition, the association is analysed on different study programs or faculties. The research questions were analysed using register-based data compiled by Statistics Finland. The data covers all the new students enrolled at universities in Finland in 2002 (N = 21 341). The examined final sample consisted of all of the students who didn’t have a university degree when enrolled on a program leading to a Master’s degree or equivalent (N = 16 910). Degree completion rate by 2012 was reported for students with different backgrounds. The difference between groups was tested with chi-square and the effect of the background variables on the dependent variable was tested with logistic regression. The results showed that all the background variables were associated with degree completion, although with fairly small effect sizes respectively. For instance; women were more likely than men to graduate within ten years on all faculties, and the offspring from families with more educational capital were more likely to gra, Huvudfokus i denna avhandling är att granska om utexamineringsgraden för finländska högskolestuderande har ett samband med deras sociala bakgrund, mätt som föräldrarnas utbildningsnivå och SES. Trots en lång tradition av att betona jämlikhet i utbildningspolitiken i Finland visar forskning att individens sociala bakgrund fortfarande sätter sin prägel på vad, var och hur långt man studerar. På högskolenivå talas om en social snedrekrytering − att barn från högre samhällsklasser är överrepresenterade på universitet och högskolor, särskilt på vissa studielinjer. Skillnaderna i olika samhällsklassers deltagande i högre utbildning har minskat under det senaste halvseklet i Finland, men fortfarande kan man se att utbildningsnivå går i arv från föräldrar till barn. Ett annat utbildningspolitiskt tema som väckt mycket diskussion är högskolestuderandes studietid och utexamineringsålder. I denna avhandling granskas huruvida genomströmningen inom tio år på finländska universitet och högskolor under 2000-talet har ett samband med faktorer som de studerandes sociala bakgrund, kön, ålder, modersmål och tidigare erlagda examina. Dessutom undersöks om det finns fakultetsvisa skillnader. Materialet för undersökningen var ett registerdata beställt från Statistikcentralen över samtliga inskrivna högskolestuderande i Finland år 2002 (N = 21 341). Till de slutliga analyserna valdes de förstagångsstuderande som studerade på en studielinje som ledde till högre högskoleexamen (N = 16 910). Studerandenas examensstatus år 2012 granskades för att kunna rapportera vem som tagit examen och resultaten angavs i form av andelen utexaminerade inom tio år. Sambandet mellan variablerna analyserades med chi-square test och de förklarande variablernas effekt på den beroende variabeln med logistisk regression. Resultaten visade att bakgrundsvariablerna kön, ålder, modersmål, examen vid inskription och de studerandenas sociala bakgrund hade ett samband med genomströmningen. Effektstorlekarna på sambanden