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Extinctions on land are often inferred from sparse sightings over time, but this technique is ill-suited for wide-ranging species. We develop a space-for-time approach to track the spatial contraction and drivers of decline of sawfishes. These iconic and endangered shark-like rays were once found in warm, coastal waters of 90 nations and are now presumed extinct in more than half (n = 46). Using dynamic geography theory, we predict that sawfishes are gone from at least nine additional nations. Overfishing and habitat loss have reduced spatial occupancy, leading to local extinctions in 55 of the 90 nations, which equates to 58.7% of their historical distribution. Retention bans and habitat protections are urgently necessary to secure a future for sawfishes and similar species.

Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a "Green List of Species" (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species' progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species' viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species' recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard.

Chimaera ogilbyi Waite, 1898 Ogilby’s Chimaera Table 1; Figs 3 –7 Chimaera ogilbyi Waite, 1898: 56, pl. 11 (off Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; syntypes AMS I.3732, 3734, 3736, 3737) Hydrolagus (Psychichthys) waitei Fowler, 1907: 419, Fig. 1 (Victoria, Australia; holotype ANSP 33119, dry, poor condition) Chimaera waitei — Garman, 1911: 91 (Victoria, Australia) Phasmichthys lemures Whitley, 1939: 261, pl. 22 (Fig. 2) (Great Australian Bight, off Eucla, Western Australia; holotype AMS E.3591, paratype AMS E.3592) Hydrolagus ogilbyi — Bigelow & Schroeder, 1953: 534, 537 (southern Australia, Tasmania) Hydrolagus lemures — Bigelow & Schroeder, 1953: 534 Hydrolagus cf lemures — White et al., 2006: 310, fig. (Indonesia) Lectotype. AMS I.3736, female 500 mm BDL, off Port Hacking, New South Wales, Australia, 34°04.8’ S, 151°12’ E, 22–38 fathoms (40–70 m) depth, 10 Mar 1898. Paralectotypes. (2 specimens) AMS I.3732, female, AMS I.3734, female (tail damaged, similar size to lectotype), off Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia, 34°01.8’ S, 151°15’ E, 50–52 fathoms (91–95 m) depth, 11 Mar 1898. Other specimens: New South Wales (20 specimens): CSIRO CA 114, female 647 mm TL, 258 mm BDL, east northeast of Sydney, 33°33’ S, 151°57’ E, 265–305 m depth, 2 Feb 1977; CSIRO CA 3226, adolescent male 722 mm TL, 324 mm BDL, CSIRO CA 3227, female 709 mm TL, 345 mm BDL, northeast of Port Stephens, 32°23’ S, 152°59’ E, 278 m depth, 30 Jan 1982; CSIRO H 2692-01, female 807 mm TL, 490 mm BDL, east of Yamba, 29°24’ S, 153°46’ E, 153–175 m depth, 22 May 1991; CSIRO H 2967-01, adult male 618 mm TL, 385 mm BDL, east of Coffs Harbour, 30°21’ S, 153°24’ E, 139–154 m depth, 11 Mar 1992; CSIRO H 3586-01, female 722 mm TL, 348 mm BDL, east of Wollongong, 34°25’ S, 151°11’ E, 141–145 m depth, 31 Aug 1993; CSIRO H 4472-03, female 896 mm TL, 402 mm BDL, CSIRO H 4472-04, female 839 mm TL, 365 mm BDL, northeast of Batemans Bay, 35°40’ S, 150°41’ E, 541–585 m depth, 4 Dec 1996; CSIRO H 4682-05 (tissue accession GN10981; Genbank accession DQ108122), male 675 mm TL, 318 mm BDL, east of Broken Bay, 33°35’ S, 151°58’ E, 324–329 m depth, 10 Sep 1997; CSIRO H 4760-01, juvenile male 631 mm TL, 273 mm BDL, east of Eden, 37°12’ S, 150°22’ E, 373–401 m depth, 29 Oct 1996; CSIRO H 4704-03, adolescent male 658 mm TL, 325 mm BDL, east of Sydney, 33°40’ S, 151°53’ E, 326–331 m depth, 24 Sep 1996; CSIRO H 7029-02 (Genbank accession KY260632), adult male 906 mm TL, 429 mm BDL, east of Wooli, 29°58.72’ S, 153°38.98’ E, 500 m depth, 5 Sep 2009; CSIRO H 7041-09, female 682 mm TL, 324 mm BDL, east of Port Stephens, 32°32’ S, 152°54’ E, 510 m depth, 9 Sep 2009; CSIRO H 7043-07 (tissue accession GN13677; Genbank accession KY260650), adult male 717 mm TL, 432 mm BDL, east of Ballina, 28°59.87’ S, 153°53.20’ E, 440 m depth, 3 Sep 2009; CSIRO H 7048-02 (tissue accession GN13678; Genbank accession KY260637), adult male 822 mm TL, 433 mm BDL, east of Tweed Heads, 28°17.64’ S, 153°53.54’ E, 455 m depth, 2 Sep 2009; CSIRO H 7053-09 (Genbank accession KY260631), female 691 mm TL, 374 mm BDL, CSIRO H 7053-10 (Genbank accession KY260633), adult male 736 mm TL, 408 mm BDL, east of Terrigal, 33°21’ S, 152°11’ E, 560 m depth, 14 Sep 2009; CSIRO H 7063-01 (tissue accession GN10984; Genbank accession KY260628), female 908 mm TL, 439 mm BDL, east of Jervis Bay, 35°12’ S, 150°59’ E, 385– 520 m depth, 21 Sep 2009; CSIRO H 8058-01 (Genbank accession KY260627), adult male 897 mm TL, 432 mm BDL, east of Sydney, 34°03.16’ S, 151°36.86’ E, 450 m depth, 16 Sep 2009; CSIRO H 8058-02 (Genbank accession KY260630), adult male 884 mm TL, 450 mm BDL, Taupo Seamount, 33°05’ S, 156°16’ E, 525 m depth, 11 Sep 2009; not retained (Genbank accession DQ108121), east of Ulladulla, 33°25’ S, 151°11’ E, 141 m depth, 3 Nov 1994; not retained (Genbank accession DQ108123), east of Broken Bay, 33°32’ S, 152°00’ E, 329 m depth, 26 Sep 1996. Northern Territory (2 specimens): CSIRO CA 1262, juvenile male 351 mm TL, 165 mm BDL, CSIRO CA 1263, female 374 mm TL, 162 mm BDL, CSIRO CA 1264, female 166 mm TL, 83 mm BDL, north of Bathurst Island, Arafura Sea, 10°02’ S, 130°03’ E, 216 m depth, 8 Jul 1980. South Australia (1 specimen): CSIRO H 2867-06, female 977 mm TL, 541 mm BDL, Great Australian Bight, 33°25’ S, 129°54’ E, 490–514 m depth, 13 Mar 1992. Queensland (14 specimens): CSIRO H 648-05, female 296 mm TL, 108 mm BDL, east of Townsville, 18°59.7’ S, 149°28.7’ E, 452–453 m depth, 26 Nov 1985; CSIRO H 713-4, adolescent male 716 mm TL, 314 mm BDL, south of Saumarez Reef, 22°34.5’ S, 153°37.4’ E, 314–319 m depth, 16 Nov 1985; CSIRO H 1167-03 (2 embryos), 155 and 235 mm TL, 67.5 and 83 mm BDL, west of Lihou Reef and Cays, Queensland Plateau, 17°02.1’ S, 151°03.7’ E, 696 m depth, 6 Dec 1985; CSIRO H 2278-1, female 728 mm TL, 308 mm BDL, east of Flinders Reefs, 17°32.8’ S, 149°31.9’ E, 500–504 m depth, 3 Dec 1985; CSIRO H 2279-1, female 496 mm TL, 234 mm BDL, east of Hinchinbrook Island, Queensland Trough, 17°59.1’ S, 147°09.6’ E, 400–402 m depth, 29 Nov 1985; CSIRO H 2280-1, juvenile male, 442 mm TL, 180 mm BDL, Townsville Trough, 18°59.7’ S, 149°28.7’ E, 452– 453 m depth, 26 Nov 1985; CSIRO H 2281-1, juvenile male 511 mm TL, 221 mm BDL, Saumarez Reef, 22°35.3’ S, 153°46.7’ E, 345–350 m depth, 17 Nov 1985; CSIRO H 2282-1, female 619 mm TL, 258 mm BDL, Marian Plateau, 19°29.2’ S, 150°16.5’ E, 324–328 m depth, 15 Nov 1985; CSIRO H 2283-1, female 530 mm TL, 194 mm BDL, Saumarez Reef, 22°40’ S, 154°05.5’ E, 416–419 m depth, 17 Nov 1985; CSIRO H 7569-01 (tissue accession GN15671), female 571 mm TL, 301 mm BDL, CSIRO H 7569-02 (tissue accession GN15672), juvenile male 659 mm TL, 307.5 mm BDL, Swain Reefs, 23°46.40’ S, 152°30.96’ E, 227–234 m depth, 2 Jun 2011; CSIRO H 7720- 0 1, 774 mm TL, 434 mm BDL, Swains Reef, 22°38.82’ S, 152°49.32’ E, 135 m depth, 8 Oct 2010; not retained (Genbank accession KY260640, KY260642, KY260647, KY260251, KY260253), Swains Reef, 23°39.34’ S, 152°24.22’ E, 234 m depth, 2 Jun 2011. Tasmania (17 specimens): CSIRO T 442, female 753 mm TL, 333 mm BDL, off Tranmers Point, 42°38’ S, 148°36’ E, 480 m depth, 12 Oct 1994; CSIRO T 1377-02, adult male 1002 mm TL, 496 mm BDL, west of Strahan, 42°19’ S, 144°46’ E, 548 m depth, 19 Jan 1979; CSIRO H 789-02, embryo 122 mm TL, west of Mawson Bay, 41°02.3’ S, 143°49.6’ E, 820–872 m depth, 15 May 1986; CSIRO H 1908-1, juvenile male 512 mm TL, 206 mm BDL, CSIRO H 1908-2, female 565 mm TL, 292 mm BDL, CSIRO H 1908-3, juvenile male 602 mm TL, 255 mm BDL, CSIRO H 1908-5, female 541 mm TL, 205 mm BDL, CSIRO H 1908-6, female 462 mm TL, 181 mm BDL, CSIRO H 1908-7, juvenile male 488 mm TL, 203.5 mm BDL, CSIRO H 1908-8, female 528 mm TL, 194 mm BDL, CSIRO H 1908-9, female 455 mm TL, 179 mm BDL, CSIRO H 1908-10, juvenile male 468 mm TL, 172 mm BDL, west of King Island, 40°53.9’ S, 143°44.5’ E, 496–524 m depth, 31 Aug 1994; CSIRO H 3500-08, female 929 mm TL, 480 mm BDL, CSIRO H 3500-09, female 1005 mm TL, 457 mm BDL, east of Maria Island, Darcy’s Patch, 42°42’ S, 148°25.7’ E, 510–520 m depth, 24 Jul 1993; CSIRO H 5942-01 (tissue accession GN10983), female 1037 mm TL, 602 mm BDL, CSIRO H 5943-01 (tissue accession GN10964), adult male 854 mm TL, 436 mm BDL, south of Tasman Peninsula, 43°35’ S, 147°55’ E, 460 m depth, 1 Sep 2002; CSIRO H 7061-08 (Genbank accession KY260655), adult male 904 mm TL, 436 mm BDL, CSIRO H 7061-09 (Genbank accession KY260639), female 810 mm TL, 388 mm BDL, east of Cape Barren Island, 40°14’ S, 148°54’ E, 580 m depth, 4 Oct 2009. Victoria (6 specimens): CSIRO H 3522-07, female 622 mm TL, 232 mm BDL, south of Cape Everard, 38°11.9’ S, 149°16.5’ E, 230–240 m depth, 6 Aug 1993; CSIRO H 3546-02, adult male 758 mm TL, 412 mm BDL, south of Cape Everard, 38°12.4’ S, 149°16.6’ E, 240–250 m depth, 7 Aug 1993; CSIRO H 3690-08, female 464 mm TL, 173 mm BDL, south of Cape Everard, 38°11.8’ S, 149°17.9’ E, 258–296 m depth, 24 Feb 1994; CSIRO H 5322-02 (tissue accession GN10982; Genbank accession DQ108108), female 604 mm TL, 243.5 mm BDL, southsoutheast of Cape Everard, Victoria, Australia, 38°09.98’ S, 149°38.33’ E, 225–295 m depth, 23 Apr 2000; CSIRO H 7060-05 (Genbank accession KY260624), female 928 mm TL, 479 mm BDL, south of Gabo Island, 37°48.30’ S, 150°11.64’ E, 510–515 m depth, 1 Oct 2009; CSIRO H 7065-03 (Genbank accession KY260644), female 955 mm TL, 481 mm BDL, south of Gabo Island, 37°48’ S, 150°10’ E, 550 m depth, 30 Sep 2009. Western Australia (44 specimens): AMS E.3591 (holotype of Phasmichthys lemures), female 458 mm TL, 212 mm BDL, AMS E.3590 (paratype of Phasmichthys lemures), female 446 mm TL, 172 mm BDL, southwest of Eucla, Great Australian Bight, 126°45.5’ E, 190–320 fathoms (348–585 m) depth, 4 Apr 1913; CSIRO CA 407, juvenile male 412 mm TL, 176 mm BDL, south of Mermaid Reef, 10 Jun 1978; CSIRO CA 3500, adult male 712 mm TL, 448 mm BDL, Great Australian Bight, 33°23.2’ S, 127°34.3’ E, 296–300 m depth, 2 Dec 1981; CSIRO CA 367, adolescent male 583 mm TL, 282 mm BDL, north-northwest of Port Hedland, 18°24’ S, 118°03’ E, 258– 270 m depth, 20 May 1978; CSIRO H 822-20, juvenile male 269 mm BDL, southwest of Shark Bay, 27°03’ S, 112°40’ E, 402 m depth, 27 Oct 1986; CSIRO H 1652-5, female 397 mm TL, 186 mm BDL, northwest of Port Hedland, 18°25’ S, 117°48’ E, 375 m depth, 21 Aug 1988; CSIRO H 2007-3, female 586 mm TL, 281 mm BDL, southwest of Rowley Shoals, 17°50’ S, 118°33’ E, 420 m depth, 12 Feb 1989; CSIRO H 2031-1 (3 specimens; 2 males, 1 female), 204–297 mm TL, 98–123 mm BDL, northeast of Mermaid Reef, 16°54’ S, 120°25’ E, 396 m depth, 12 Apr 1989; CSIRO H 2366-1, juvenile male 531 mm TL, 284.5 mm BDL, west of Geraldton, 28°48’ S, 113°37’ E, 457 m depth, 27 Dec 1989; CSIRO H 2555-14 (tissue accession GN10961; Genbank accession EU398877), female 614 mm TL, 302 mm BDL, west of Alison Point, 23°25.4’ S, 113°03.9’ E, 297–311 m depth, 26 Jan 1991; CSIRO H 2567-11, juvenile male 503 mm TL, 271 mm BDL, west of Dorre Island, 25°07.5’ S, 112°09.3’ E, 312 m depth, 28 Jan 1991; CSIRO H 2575-22, female 380 mm TL, CSIRO H 2575-23, female 637 mm TL, 300 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2575-24 (tissue accession GN10986; Genbank accession EU398882), male 604 mm TL, 342 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2575-25 (tissue accession GN10987; Genbank accession EU398881), female 821 mm TL, 430 mm BDL, west of Freycinet Estuary, 26°40.4’ S, 112°32.7’ E, 456–478 m depth, 30 Jan 1991; CSIRO H 2587-12, female 521 mm TL, 202 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2587-14, female 474 mm TL, 252 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2587-15, female 422 mm TL, 194 mm BDL, southwest of Shark Bay, 27°08.8’ S, 112°44.8’ E, 370–438 m depth, 2 Feb 1991; CSIRO H 2590-08, adult male 613 mm TL, 328 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2590-09, adult male 658 mm TL, 337 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2590-10, adult male 664 mm TL, 392 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2590-13 (tissue accession GN10962; Genbank accession EU398878), female 581 mm TL, 298 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2590-14 (tissue accession GN10988; Genbank accession EU398880), male 644 mm TL, 375 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2590-15, adult male 581 mm TL, 342 mm BDL, west of Leander Point, 29°15.8’ S, 113°56.8’ E, 320–325 m depth, 6 Feb 1991; CSIRO H 2591-03, female 277 mm TL, 121 mm BDL, CSIRO H 2591-12, female 481 mm TL, 211 mm BDL, west of Leander Point, 29°20.5’ S, 113°58.3’ E, 490–505 m depth, 6 Feb 1991; CSIRO H 2898-01, female 527 mm TL, 251 mm BDL, southwest of Rowley Shoals, 18°03.8’ S, 118°16.3’ E, 357–361 m depth, 26 Sep 1991; CSIRO H 3071-04, adult male 721 mm TL, 360 mm BDL, southwest of Geraldton, 29°14.2’ S, 113°52.2’ E, 556 m depth, 28 Jan 1989; CSIRO H 3222-04, adult male 631 mm TL, 325 mm BDL, north of Dampier Archipelago, 19°12.1’ S, 116°25.2’ E, 190–203 m depth, 11 Oct 1990; CSIRO H 4031-03 (tissue accession GN10963; Genbank accession DQ108124), female 671 mm TL, 380 mm BDL, CSIRO H 4031-84, adult male 607 mm TL, 340 mm BDL, CSIRO H 4031-85, adult male 656 mm TL, 356 mm BDL, north of Cape Lambert, 18°58.2’ S, 117°12.1’ E, 248–253 m depth, 30 Aug 1995; CSIRO H 4664-32, female 428 mm TL, 195 mm BDL, Rowley Shoals area, 17°38.9’ S, 119°00.3’ E, 310 m depth, 31 Aug 1997; CSIRO H 5188-10, female 527 mm TL, 267 mm BDL, CSIRO H 5188-11, female 487 mm TL, 194 mm BDL, CSIRO H 5188-12, female 409 mm TL, 193 mm BDL, north of Dampier Archipelago, 19°11.14’ S, 116°16.05’ E, 256 m depth, 27 Oct 1998; CSIRO H 5194-01, female 432 mm TL, 260 mm BDL, CSIRO H 5194-02, female 454 mm TL, 214 mm BDL, southeast of Rowley Shoals, 17°40.57’ S, 119°40.57’ E, 235 m depth, 9 Nov 1998; CSIRO H 5196-01, juvenile male 526 mm TL, 256 mm BDL, north of Dampier Archipelago, 19°12.30’ S, 116°20.70’ E, 220 m depth, 17 Oct 1998; CSIRO H 7242-01, female 144 mm TL, 72 mm BDL, west of Perth, 31°36.53’ S, 114°58.86’ E, 329–370 m depth, 19 Nov 2005; NMV 29673-004 (tissue accession GN10960; Genbank accession KY260648), northwest of Cape Leveque, 14°53.28’ S, 121°36.12’ E, 285 m depth, 27 Jun 2007. Papua New Guinea (2 specimens): NTUM 10332 (tissue accession GN17213), juvenile male 362 mm TL, 129 mm BDL, NTUM 10333 (tissue accession GN17214), female 287 mm TL, 109 mm BDL, west of Kairiru Island, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, 3°20’S, 143°28’E, 378–495 m depth, 19 Dec 2012. Indonesia (16 specimens): CSIRO H 5691-02, female 800 mm TL, 521 mm BDL, Kedonganan fish market, Bali, Indonesia, 6 Jul 2001; CSIRO H 5860-15 (tissue accession GN11228; Genbank accession KY260654), adult male 599 mm TL, 419 mm BDL, CSIRO H 5860-16 (tissue accession GN11229; Genbank accession KY260643), adult male 658 mm TL, 406 mm BDL, Cilacap fishing port, Central Java, Indonesia, 22 Mar 2002; CSIRO H 5889- 32, adult male 705 mm TL, 514 mm BDL, CSIRO H 5889-33, female 850 mm TL, 481 mm BDL, CSIRO H 5889- 34, adult male 794 mm TL, 434 mm BDL, Kedonganan fish market, Bali, Indonesia, Jul 2002; MZB 15111, female 663 mm TL, MZB 15112 (tissue accession GN11230; Genbank accession KY260626), female 630 mm TL, Cilacap fishing port, Central Java, Indonesia, 22 Mar 2002; CSIRO H 6410-04 (tissue accession GN10965; Genbank accession KY260634), adult male 736 mm TL, 346 mm BDL, west of Shark Bay, Western Australia, 25°31.5’ S, 112°11.2’ E, 256–326 m depth, 22 Apr 2006; CSIRO H 6570-01 (tissue accession GN10966; Genbank accession KY260638), female 668 mm TL, 312 mm BDL, northwest of Cape Leveque, Western Australia, 14°59.42’ S, 121°39.15’ E, 187–206 m depth, 26 Jun 2007; CSIRO H 6571-12 (tissue accession GN10967; Genbank accession KY260629), adult male 639 mm TL, 318 mm BDL, CSIRO H 6571-13 (tissue accession GN10968; Genbank accession KY260641), adult male 610 mm TL, 327 mm BDL, northwest of Cape Leveque, Western Australia, 15°00.86’ S, 121°38.13’ E, 205–211 m depth, 26 Jun 2007; CSIRO H 6574-19 (tissue accession GN10969; Genbank accession KY260635), female 824 mm TL, 481 mm BDL, northwest of Cape Leveque, Western Australia, 14°50.81’ S, 121°26.44’ E, 382–401 m depth, 26 Jun 2007; CSIRO H 6579-13 (tissue accession GN10970; Genbank accession KY260649), adult male 645 mm TL, 353 mm BDL, northwest of Cape Leveque, Western Australia, 14°53.49’ S, 121°33.91’ E, 285–302 m depth, 27 Jun 2007; CSIRO H 6581-26 (tissue accession GN10971; Genbank accession KY260625), female 517 mm TL, 339 mm BDL, northwest of Cape Leveque, Western Australia, 14°58.69’ S, 121°40.18’ E, 191–202 m depth, 28 Jun 2007; CSIRO H 7774-02, female 907 mm TL, 483 mm BDL, Tanjung Luar fish market, Lombok, Indonesia, 14 Jul 2005; not retained (Genbank accessions DQ108124, DQ108125, DQ108117 and DQ108118), north of Cape Lambert, Western Australia, 18°57’ S, 117°14’ E, 248 m depth, 30 Aug 1995. Diagnosis. Chimaera ogilbyi is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: no anal fin; lateral line with tight sinuous undulations; moderately long, narrow snout; relatively thick, nondeciduous skin; uniformly silvery greyish dorsally and laterally, paler ventrally; first dorsal fin mostly uniformly dark; second dorsal fin even height for whole length; preopercular and oral lateral line canals usually not sharing a common branch; dorsal spine long, usually longer than first dorsal fin; claspers slender, trifurcate, divided for more than half their length, not bulbous distally. Description. Trunk very short and slightly compressed; deep groove on interdorsal space which partly receives depressed first dorsal fin; a low membrane connects soft elements of first and second dorsal fins; precaudal tail tapering evenly from pelvic fins to caudal base; anal insertion usually connected to ventral origin of caudal fin by a very low membrane. Skin smooth, leathery, relatively thick; usually intact, not deciduous. Dermal denticles absent. Snout moderately long, preorbital snout 6.8 in lectotype (4.9–7.2 in other specimens) in body length; tip broadly pointed in lateral view, narrowly pointed in dorsoventral view. Postorbital head compressed. Eyes moderately large, horizontally oval, parallel to body axis (not directed anterodorsally); horizontal length 3.6 (3.4– 4.7) in head length, vertical height 0.7 (0.5–0.7) times horizontal length; almost lateral on head (very slightly dorsolateral), without subocular ledges. Gill openings large, broadly separated, with prominent posterior flap which stands outwards from base of head and forms a short tube with rear end of gill cover. Gular flap between gill openings low. Nostrils, lips and mouth slightly expanded below ventral contour of snout. Nostrils with incurrent apertures close together on underside of snout located close to mouth, separated by a narrow septum; a deep blind dermal pocket between incurrent apertures; anterior nasal flaps extending posteriorly from incurrent apertures lateral to tooth plates of upper jaw and delimiting ventromedial surfaces of nasa, Published as part of Finucci, Brittany, White, William T., Kemper, Jenny M. & Naylor, Gavin J. P., 2018, Redescription of Chimaera ogilbyi (Chimaeriformes; Chimaeridae) from the Indo-Australian region, pp. 191-210 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on pages 198-206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1158359, {"references":["Waite, E. R. (1898) New South Wales fisheries. Trawling operations off the coast of New South Wales, between the Manning River and Jervis Bay, carried on by H. M. C. S. \" Thetis \". Scientific report on the fishes. Official report, Sydney, 62 pp.","Fowler, H. W. (1907) A collection of fishes from Victoria Australia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 59 (3), 419 - 444. Available from: http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 4063196? seq = 1 page _ scan _ tab _ contents (accessed 11 December 2017)","Garman, S. (1911) The Chismopnea (chimaeroids). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 40 (3), 81 - 101.","Whitley, G. P. (1939) Taxonomic notes on sharks and rays. Australian Zoologist, 9 (3), 227 - 262.","Bigelow, H. R. & Schroeder, D. M. (1953) Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part Two. Sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and rays. Chimaeroids. Memoirs of the Sears Foundation for Marine Research, U. S. A., 588 pp.","White, W. T., Last, P. R., Stevens, J. D., Yearsley, G. K., Fahmi & Dharmadi (2006). Economically Important Sharks and Rays of Indonesia. ACIAR Publishing, Canberra, 329 pp."]}

20 pages, 3 tables, 5 figures.-- Samantha Andrzejaczek ... et al.-- Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC), Knowledge of the three-dimensional movement patterns of elasmobranchs is vital to understand their ecological roles and exposure to anthropogenic pressures. To date, comparative studies among species at global scales have mostly focused on horizontal movements. Our study addresses the knowledge gap of vertical movements by compiling the first global synthesis of vertical habitat use by elasmobranchs from data obtained by deployment of 989 biotelemetry tags on 38 elasmobranch species. Elasmobranchs displayed high intra- and interspecific variability in vertical movement patterns. Substantial vertical overlap was observed for many epipelagic elasmobranchs, indicating an increased likelihood to display spatial overlap, biologically interact, and share similar risk to anthropogenic threats that vary on a vertical gradient. We highlight the critical next steps toward incorporating vertical movement into global management and monitoring strategies for elasmobranchs, emphasizing the need to address geographic and taxonomic biases in deployments and to concurrently consider both horizontal and vertical movements, Data analysis was funded by the Bertarelli Foundation through the Marine Science program through grants to D.J.C., B.A.B., and S.A. D.J.C. is also funded through Research England, UK. S.A. and B.A.B. thank the Moore Foundation and the Packard Foundation. F.G.-M. thanks the Instituto Politecnico Nacional for fellowships (COFAA, EDI). S.B.W. thanks funding from the Darwin Initiative (DPLUS046). A.D.M.D. acknowledges funding from the Research and Conservation Budget at Georgia Aquarium, including philanthropic gifts from several anonymous donors. K.F. acknowledges funding from the Rolex Awards for Enterprise and the Whitley Fund for Nature