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30 mei 2023, Item does not contain fulltext, This study reports on the short-term outcomes of the multi-family group intervention "No Kids in the Middle" (NKM). NKM is aimed at decreasing parental conflicts, hostile attributions about the ex-partner, and perceived social network disapproval of the ex-partner in high-conflict divorces (HCD). Interventions such as NKM are important as persistent parental conflicts can have severe negative consequences for children. For the current study, 167 HCD parents completed questionnaires at the start and end of NKM and at 6-month follow-up. A convenience sample of 136 divorced parents who were not in high conflict completed a single assessment. Their scores were used to define whether the reliable change index (RCI) for the HCD group represented a meaningful change. Parental conflict and social network disapproval of parents in a HCD decreased throughout all assessments. Hostile attributions did not change. The results provide initial evidence that NKM might help reduce conflict in HCD.

Item does not contain fulltext, Es ist nur schwer vorstellbar, dass ein Mensch völlig isoliert von anderen Menschen lebt. Tatsächlich sind wir in unserem Alltag fast ständig von anderen umgeben; das reicht von Fremden bis zu Menschen, denen wir uns sehr nahe fühlen, mit denen wir befreundet sind oder mit denen wir eine Liebesbeziehung führen. Doch warum empfinden wir überhaupt das Bedürfnis, mit anderen zusammen zu sein, und warum kann es so schmerzvoll sein, von anderen zurückgewiesen zu werden? Warum fühlen wir uns von einigen Menschen angezogen, von anderen jedoch nicht? Was bestimmt darüber, dass einige Beziehungen von Glück erfüllt sind, während andere in eine Katastrophe zu führen scheinen? Mit solchen Fragen beschäftigt sich dieses Kapitel. Wir beginnen mit einer Erklärung des offenbar natürlichen Bedürfnisses von Menschen, mit anderen in Kontakt zu sein. Wir folgen dann der Entwicklung einer Beziehung und beginnen dabei mit einer Erörterung der Faktoren, die über die anfängliche zwischenmenschliche Anziehung bestimmen, und geben einen Überblick über die Prozesse, die eine erfolgreiche bzw. eine erfolglose Liebesbeziehung kennzeichnen. Wir schließen das Kapitel mit einigen allgemeinen Prozessen ab, die in unterschiedlichen Arten von Beziehungen auftreten können.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background: The impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on parenting and the parent-child relationship has been well-documented in the scientific literature. However, some conceptual and methodological challenges within this research field remain. Procedure: We reflect on a number of challenges that we identified while examining the literature in preparation of an individual participant data meta-analysis on the relationships between PTSD and parenting. Findings: We address 1) the presence of 'trauma-islands'; 2) the need for transdiagnostic theoretical frameworks for mechanisms between PTSD and parenting; 3) the lack of developmental perspectives; 4) the overuse of self-reported retrospective measures; 5) the need to study more diverse samples and cultural contexts; and 6) the lack of research on resilience and post-traumatic growth in parenting. Based on these reflections, we offer suggestions on strategies for responding to these challenges through: 1) welcoming open science; 2) working towards shared theoretical frameworks; 3) doing more longitudinal research 4) expanding the methodological palette; 5) centering lived experience; and 6) taking systemic inequality into account. Conclusion: With this commentary, we aim to open a discussion on next steps towards a more comprehensive understanding of the association between PTSD and parenting, and inspire collaborative research.

Contains fulltext : 239200.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Parental conflicts consistently predict negative outcomes for children. Research suggests that children from high-conflict divorces (HCD) may also experience post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), yet little is known about the association between parental conflicts in HCD families and child PTSS. We investigated this association, hypothesizing that parental conflicts would predict child PTSS. We also tested the moderating role of interparental contact frequency, hypothesizing that frequent contact would intensify the association between parental conflicts and child PTSS. This study was part of an observational study on the outcomes of No Kids in the Middle (NKM), a multi-family group intervention for HCD families. A total of 107 children from 68 families participated in the study with at least one parent. We used pre- (T1) and post-intervention (T2) data. Research questions were addressed cross-sectionally, using regression analyses to predict PTSS at T1, and longitudinally, using a correlated change (T1 to T2) model. The cross-sectional findings suggested that mother- and child-reported conflicts, but not father-reported conflicts, were related to the severity of child PTSS. Longitudinally, we found that change in father-reported conflicts, but not change in child- or mother-reported conflicts, were related to change in child PTSS. The estimated associations for the different informants were not significantly different from one another. The frequency of contact between ex-partners did not moderate the relationship between parental conflicts and child PTSS. We conclude that there is a positive association between parental conflicts and child PTSS in HCD families independent of who reports on the conflicts.

27 oktober 2021, Item does not contain fulltext, Parental conflicts consistently predict negative outcomes for children. Research suggests that children from high-conflict divorces (HCD) may also experience post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), yet little is known about the association between parental conflicts in HCD families and child PTSS. We investigated this association, hypothesizing that parental conflicts would predict child PTSS. We also tested the moderating role of interparental contact frequency, hypothesizing that frequent contact would intensify the association between parental conflicts and child PTSS. This study was part of an observational study on the outcomes of No Kids in the Middle (NKM), a multi-family group intervention for HCD families. A total of 107 children from 68 families participated in the study with at least one parent. We used pre- (T1) and post-intervention (T2) data. Research questions were addressed cross-sectionally, using regression analyses to predict PTSS at T1, and longitudinally, using a correlated change (T1 to T2) model. The cross-sectional findings suggested that mother- and child-reported conflicts, but not father-reported conflicts, were related to the severity of child PTSS. Longitudinally, we found that change in father-reported conflicts, but not change in child- or mother-reported conflicts, were related to change in child PTSS. The estimated associations for the different informants were not significantly different from one another. The frequency of contact between ex-partners did not moderate the relationship between parental conflicts and child PTSS. We conclude that there is a positive association between parental conflicts and child PTSS in HCD families independent of who reports on the conflicts.

Item does not contain fulltext, Forgiveness is crucial for establishing coparenting relationships following divorce, yet little is known about the predictors of forgiveness after divorce. In 2 studies, we explore dispositional and divorce-specific factors that correlate with ex-partner forgiveness. In Study 1, we used data from a convenience sample of 136 divorced parents. In Study 2, we used a clinical sample of 165 parents involved in a complex (high-conflict) divorce, who were referred to treatment because of the threat their conflicts posed to their children’s well-being. Across samples, forgiveness was negatively associated with conflict severity, narcissistic entitlement, hostile attributions, and traumatic impact of the divorce, and positively with trust and acceptance of the divorce. The main predictors of forgiveness in both samples were more acceptance of the divorce and less narcissistic entitlement. Forgiveness was unrelated to dispositional self-control and trait anger in either sample. We found no evidence of cross-partner effects in Study 2, except for women’s hostile attributions on men’s forgiveness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Item does not contain fulltext, In this study, we examined whether regular divorces can be distinguished from complex divorces by measuring the intensity of negative emotions that divorced parents report when thinking about their ex-partner. We recruited two groups of parents: n = 136 in a regular divorce, and n = 191 in a complex divorce. Based on the existing literature, we predicted that parents in complex divorces experience more intense negative emotions than parents in regular divorces; especially emotions that motivate emotional distancing (contempt, disgust, anger, hatred, and rage) and emotions that impair self-regulation (fear, shame, guilt, and sadness). We also predicted that these emotions would hamper co-parenting, particularly in complex divorces. The results provided support for our predictions, except for fear and sadness. We found that parents in a complex divorce reported more co-parenting concerns than parents in a regular divorce. In contrast to our expectations, the relation between negative emotions and coparenting concerns was stronger among parents in a regular divorce than in a complex divorce. These findings underline the importance of emotions in the divorce trajectory and suggest that especially the intensity of emotional distancing emotions may serve as a screening tool to identify parents at risk for a complex divorce.

Contains fulltext : 231159.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), The transition to parenthood is both a joyous and a challenging event in a relationship. Studies to date have found mostly negative effects of the birth of the first child on the parental relationship. We propose that partners' pre-pregnancy individual happiness may serve as a buffer against these negative effects. We predicted that parents who are happy prior to pregnancy fare better in terms of relationship commitment after childbirth than unhappy parents. To test our prediction, we used data of a 5-wave longitudinal study among 109 Dutch newlywed couples who had their first child during the study and a comparison group of 55 couples who remained childless. We found that the relationship commitment of fathers with higher pre-pregnancy happiness and fathers with a partner with higher pre-pregnancy happiness increased slightly in the years after childbirth, whereas the relationship commitment of fathers with lower pre-pregnancy happiness and fathers with a partner with lower pre-pregnancy happiness decreased. In addition, the relationship commitment of mothers with a happier partner prior to pregnancy decreased only slightly across the transition to parenthood but showed a steeper decline for mothers with a partner with average or lower pre-pregnancy happiness. In line with the idea that happiness acts as a resource when partners have to deal with relationship challenges, individual happiness predicted changes in relationship commitment for parents, but not for partners who remained childless.

Although previous research established a positive association between perceived social support and adolescent life satisfaction, little is known about the relative importance of different sources of support for adolescent life satisfaction and cross-country variations in this respect. Using large-scale representative samples from the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, this study examined to what extent the association between social support and life satisfaction in early adolescence varied across different social sources and countries. Also, it examined whether cross-country variations are explained by national-level generalized trust, a sociocultural factor that shapes adolescent socialization. National-level data were linked to data from 183,918 early adolescents (Mage = 13.56, SD = 1.63, 52% girls) from 42 European and North American countries/regions obtained from HBSC. Multilevel regression analyses yielded a positive association between support from different sources and life satisfaction. The strongest associations were found for support from families, followed by teachers and classmates, and weakest for support from friends. Associations varied across different countries/regions. National-level trust amplified the association between perceived classmate support and adolescent life satisfaction. The revealed cross-country differences open avenues for future cross-cultural research on explanations for cross-cultural differences in the association between social support from different sources and life satisfaction in early adolescence.

Samenvatting In dit onderzoek is de kwaliteit van de moeder-kindrelatie en het verband met psychopathologie na seksueel misbruik onderzocht. Participanten waren 27 kinderen die seksueel misbruik hadden meegemaakt en 58 niet-misbruikte kinderen (7–16 jaar) en hun moeders. Kinderen vulden een vragenlijst in en voerden een impliciete-associatietest uit om de kwaliteit van de moeder-kindrelatie te meten. Moeders vulden een vragenlijst in betreffende psychopathologie van hun kind. Moeders van misbruikte kinderen rapporteerden meer psychopathologie dan moeders van niet-misbruikte kinderen. Er bleek geen verschil in kwaliteit van de moeder-kindrelatie. Een lagere kwaliteit van de moeder-kindrelatie, gemeten met de vragenlijst, hing samen met meer psychopathologie. De impliciete maat hing niet samen met psychopathologie. Deze verbanden waren gelijk voor misbruikte en niet-misbruikte kinderen. De kwaliteit van de moeder-kindrelatie lijkt de effecten van seksueel misbruik niet te bufferen. Verder onderzoek naar de betrouwbaarheid en validiteit van impliciete metingen van de moeder-kindrelatie is wenselijk. Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the quality of the mother-child relationship and its association with psychopathology following child sexual abuse. The participants were 27 sexually abused children and 58 non-abused children (aged 7–16) and their mothers. The children completed a questionnaire and an implicit association test to measure the quality of the mother-child relationship. The mothers completed a questionnaire to measure psychopathology in their child. The mothers of abused children perceived more psychopathology than the mothers of non-abused children. There were no differences in the quality of the mother-child relationship. A lower quality mother-child relationship, as measured by the questionnaire, was associated with more psychopathology. IAT scores did not predict psychopathology. These results were the same for abused and

Cross‐sectional research shows that adolescents’ social media use (SMU) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐symptoms are related, but it is unclear whether this relation is explained by SMU intensity or by addiction‐like SMU problems. Also, due to the lack of longitudinal studies, the direction of this relation remains unknown. This study aims to disentangle which type of SMU is related to ADHD‐symptoms, and in which direction, using a three‐wave longitudinal study among Dutch adolescents aged 11–15 years (n = 543). Findings suggest a unidirectional relation: SMU problems increased ADHD‐symptoms over time, SMU intensity did not. This implies that problematic use, rather than the intensity of use harmfully affects adolescents’ ADHD‐symptoms.

Socioeconomic status (SES) affects the development of childhood behavioral problems. It has been frequently observed that children from low SES background tend to show more behavioral problems. There also is some evidence that SES has a moderating effect on the causes of individual differences in childhood behavioral problems, with lower heritability estimates and a stronger contribution of environmental factors in low SES groups. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems suggests the presence of protective and/or harmful effects across socioeconomic strata, in two countries with different levels of socioeconomic disparity: the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. We analyzed data from 7-year-old twins from the Netherlands Twin Register (N = 24,112 twins) and the Twins Early Development Study (N = 19,644 twins). The results revealed a nonlinear moderation effect of SES on the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in childhood behavioral problems. The heritability was higher, the contribution of the shared environment was lower, and the contribution of the nonshared environment was higher, for children from high SES families, compared to children from low or medium SES families. The pattern was similar for Dutch and UK families. We discuss the importance of these findings for prevention and intervention goals.

Self-control is the ability to control one's impulses when faced with challenges or temptations, and is robustly associated with physiological and psychological well-being. Twin studies show that self-control is heritable, but estimates range between 0% and 90%, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to provide a quantitative overview of the heritability of self-control. A systematic search resulted in 31 included studies, 17 reporting on individual samples, based on a sample size of >30,000 twins, published between 1997 and 2018. Our results revealed an overall monozygotic twin correlation of .58, and an overall dizygotic twin correlation of .28, resulting in a heritability estimate of 60%. The heritability of self-control did not vary across gender or age. The heritability did differ across informants, with stronger heritability estimates based on parent report versus self-report or observations. This finding provides evidence that when aiming to understand individual differences in self-control, one should take genetic factors into account. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Background: Understanding different longitudinal patterns of traumatic stress reactions in children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) can promote early identification of at-risk children. Objective: Our study aims to explore trajectories of traumatic stress reactions following childhood IPV exposure, and their relation with par

Although the potential consequences of Dutch adolescents’ risen school stress on well-being have been addressed in many previous studies, the examination of differences in ethnicity and gender is scarce. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship of high levels of school stress and a low well-being, considering whether this association differs across ethnicity and gender. To test the hypotheses, the dataset of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study (HBSC) was used. Analyses were based on data of 11-16-year-old adolescents in the Netherlands (N=8306). Well-being was measured with the separated and total score of the following constructs: emotional,- conduct,- hyperactivity,- and peer problems. Adolescents were divided into a nonwestern ethnic minority group consisting of Moroccan, Turkish, Surinam and Antillean adolescents and the Dutch majority group. As hypothesized, experiencing more school stress was related to a lower well-being. The results provide no support that this association differs with ethnicity nor across boys or girls. Surprisingly, the results demonstrate that the ethnic minority groups seem to have more emotional problems, independently of school stress. The results emphasize the need for intervention programs on how to positively cope with school stress in order to increase adolescents’ well-being.

Jongeren die een ouderlijke scheiding hebben meegemaakt lopen een verhoogd risico op depressieve symptomen. Om dit te voorkomen is het belangrijk om meer kennis over zowel voorspellers als beschermende factoren van depressieve symptomen bij jongeren na een ouderlijke scheiding te vergaren. Een mogelijke voorspeller van depressieve symptomen bij jongeren van gescheiden ouders is oudergeoriënteerde zelfregulatie (OGZR), het gevoel dat jongeren sterk moeten zijn en de gevoelens van hun ouders moeten beschermen door hun emoties niet te uiten. Hoewel OGZR mogelijk gerelateerd is aan depressieve symptomen, zou het ervaren van sociale steun door vertrouwenspersonen een mogelijke beschermende factor kunnen zijn en de negatieve effecten van OGZR mogelijk kunnen verminderen. Het doel van deze cross-sectionele studie was het onderzoeken van de associatie tussen OGZR en depressieve symptomen bij jongeren waarvan de ouders gescheiden zijn en het modererende effect van sociale steun door vertrouwenspersonen. De steekproef bestond uit 303 jongeren met gescheiden ouders (Mleeftijd = 21.86 jaar, SD = 1.91). Consistent met de hypothese, was meer OGZR geassocieerd met meer depressieve symptomen. In tegenstelling tot onze verwachtingen was sociale steun door vertrouwenspersonen geen significante moderator. De implicaties van deze bevindingen voor onderzoek en interventies zijn besproken.

Depressive symptoms among adolescents are a growing societal problem with multiple adverse outcomes. These adverse outcomes underline the need to identify processes which may lead to the development of depressive symptoms among adolescents. One potential predictor of depressive symptoms among adolescents is perceived discrimination. Family support is a protective factor that might mitigate the association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms, but has received little empirical attention. This mitigating effect might be more pronounced for members of stigmatized groups, such as adolescents with a migration background and girls. The present cross-sectional study examines the association between perceived ethnic and gender discrimination, respectively, and depressive symptoms among adolescents, and the moderation effect of family support. Also, the moderation effects of ethnicity (when perceiving ethnic discrimination) and gender (when perceiving gender discrimination) are explored. Data from 2148 adolescents (Mage = 13.57, SD = 0.53) participating in a large cohort study were used. Multiple linear regression analyses showed a significant positive association between perceived ethnic and gender discrimination, respectively, and depressive symptoms. No moderation effects were found for family support, ethnicity, or gender. Future research should examine other factors that might mitigate the association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among adolescents.

Wereldwijd voldoet drie van de vier adolescenten niet aan de globale dagelijkse aanbevelingen van de World Health Organisation als het gaat om lichamelijke activiteit. Om gedragsverandering ten aanzien van lichamelijke activiteit tot stand te brengen is het van belang te weten welke onderliggende factoren invloed hebben op de sportfrequentie van adolescenten. Het doel van dit onderzoek was om te onderzoeken of sportgerelateerde self-efficacy het verband tussen oudersupport en sportfrequentie van adolescenten kan verklaren en of ervaren ouderlijke druk als moderator kan fungeren binnen deze relatie. Data, gebruikt in dit onderzoek, is afkomstig uit de longitudinale cohortstudie TRAILS onder 2190 (pre-) adolescenten (Wave 1). Er is gecontroleerd voor de sportfrequentie van ouders, sekse en leeftijd en via een multipele regressieanalyse is getracht onderbouwing te vinden voor de invloed van bovenstaande factoren op de relatie tussen oudersupport en sportfrequentie van adolescenten. Resultaten toonden een significante positieve relatie tussen oudersupport en sportfrequentie van adolescenten en deze relatie werd partieel verklaard door sportgerelateerde self-efficacy. Er is geen significant interactie gevonden voor het effect van ervaren ouderlijke druk op deze relatie. Deze bevindingen demonstreren dat beleid gericht zou moeten zijn op zowel oudersupport als sportgerelateerde self-efficacy om een optimale sportfrequentie van adolescenten te waarborgen.

Do partners’ levels of self-control and forgiveness change over the course of marriage? Based on the idea that marriage may function as a training ground for these vital relationship abilities, we hypothesized that people increase their levels of self-control and forgiveness over time and that these developments take place simultaneously. We tested these predictions among 199 newlywed couples in the first 4 years of marriage, using a dyadic latent growth curves analysis. Confirming our hypotheses, results showed significant increases in self-control and forgiveness as well as a positive concurrent correlation between these variables. However, the developments of self-control and forgiveness were unrelated. So, while people become more self-controlled and forgiving over the course of a marriage, these developments do not coincide. Keywords: Forgiveness, marriage, romantic relationships, self-control