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Lindsay K Finkas,1 Navneet Ramesh,2 Lawrence S Block,3 Bing Q Yu,3 Mei-Tsung Lee,3 Meng Lu,3 Jacek Skarbinski,2,3 Carlos Iribarren3 1Kaiser Permanente San Rafael Medical Center, San Rafael, CA, USA; 2Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA; 3Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USACorrespondence: Carlos Iribarren, Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA, Email Carlos.Iribarren@kp.orgIntroduction: Previous studies on the outcomes of asthma and COVID-19 have shown inconsistent results. This study aimed to elucidate the association between asthma and COVID-19 outcomes.Methods: We conducted a prospective study with a large health plan to compare the incidence of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and ICU admission in a cohort of 41,282 patients with asthma and a 1:1 age-, sex-, and race-ethnicity-matched cohort without asthma across the following pandemic periods: pre-Delta (03/01/2020 to 05/31/2021), Delta (06/01/2021 to 12/31/2021), and Omicron (01/01/2022 to 08/13/2022). Demographic factors, comorbidities, COVID-19 test results, inpatient utilization, and COVID-19 vaccination status were collected from electronic health records.Results: Subjects with asthma were more likely than controls to undergo COVID-19 testing during the three pandemic periods and were less likely to test positive in the Omicron period (fully adjusted odds ratio=0.92; 95% CI=0.86– 0.98; p=0.01). Relative to controls, patients with asthma had an increased risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 (fully adjusted hazard ratio=1.33; 95% CI=1.08– 1.64; p=0.01) and borderline significant (p=0.05) higher rates of ICU admissions in the pre-delta period but not during the delta or Omicron periods. The increased risk of COVID-19 hospitalization associated with asthma was more pronounced in patients with severe asthma and in women compared with men. None of the associations were significantly modified by vaccination status.Conclusion: Asthma was associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 infection but only during the Omicron period. Asthma was an independent risk factor for hospitalization for COVID-19 in the pre-delta period and this association was stronger for severe asthma and in women.Keywords: asthma, COVID-19, severe asthma, cohort study

Asthma is an inflammatory condition of both the small and large airways. Recently the small airways have gained attention as studies have shown significant inflammation in the small airways in all severities of asthma. This inflammation has correlated with peripheral airway resistance and as a result, noninvasive methods to reliably measure small airways have been pursued. In addition, recent changes in asthma inhalers have led to alterations in drug formulations and the development of extrafine particle inhalers that improve delivery to the distal airways., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Clinical performance examinations (CPX) with standardized patients (SPs) have become a preferred method to assess communication skills in US medical schools. Little is known about how trainees' backgrounds impact CPX performance., Objective: The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of student ethnicity, primary childhood language, and experience of diversity on the communication scores of a high-stakes CPX using SPs., Design: This research was designed as an observational study., Participants: The participants of this study were third-year medical students at one US medical school., Measurements and Main Results: The measurements used in this study were CPX scores from mandatory exam, student demographics and experience with diversity measured by self-report on a survey, and Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores. A total of 135 students participated. Asian and black students scored lower than white students on the communication portion of the CPX by approximately half a standard deviation (Asian, 67.4%; black, 64.4%; white, 69.4%, p < .05). There were no differences by ethnicity on history/physical exam scores. Multivariate analysis controlling for MCAT verbal scores reduced ethnic differences in communication scores (Asian-white mean differences = 1.95, p = 0.02), but Asian-white differences were eliminated only after sequential models included primary childhood language (difference = 0.57, p = 0.6)., Conclusions: Even after controlling for English language knowledge as measured in MCAT verbal scores, speaking a primary childhood language other than English is associated with lower CPX communication scores for Asian students. While poorer communication skills cannot be ruled out, SP exams may contain measurement bias associated with differences in childhood language or culture. Caution is indicated when interpreting CPX communication scores among diverse examinees.