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Starting with a reduced form derived from standard urban economics theory, this paper estimates the possible job-shortfall across UK and EU regions using a time-space dynamic panel data model with a spatial moving average random effects structure of the disturbances. The paper provides a logical rational for the presence of spatial and temporal dependencies involving the endogenous variable, leading to estimates based on a state-of-the-art dynamic spatial generalized moments estimator proposed by Baltagi et al. (Reg Sci Urban Econ, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.04.013). Given reliable interregional trade estimates, the simulations are based on a linear predictor which utilizes different regional interdependency matrices according to assumptions about interregional trade post-Brexit. The results indicate that heightened barriers to trade will evidently cause job-shortfalls both in the UK and across the EU, but it is also shown that there is a considerable amount of asymmetry in the outcomes across regions and sectors.

In this editorial we summarise and comment on papers published in issue 9.1. The first paper is by Raffaele Paci, Emanuela Marrocu and Stefano Usai 'The Complementary Effects of Proximity Dimensions on Knowledge Spillovers'. Second, we have the paper by Karyn Morrissey, Cathal O'Donoghue and Niall Farrell entitled 'The Local Impact of the Marine Sector in Ireland: A Spatial Microsimulation Analysis'. The third paper is 'Explaining Total Factor Productivity at Firm Level in Italy: Does Location Matter?' by Francesco Aiello, Valeria Pupo and Fernanda Ricotta. Fourth, we have the paper entitled 'The Relationship between Total Employment and Cooperative Employment: A Convergence and Causality Analysis' by Millan Diaz-Foncea and Carmen Marcuello. The final paper is by Jyh-Bang Jou and entitled 'Determinants of Efficient Growth Boundaries with Balanced Budgets and Stochastic Rents'.

In this editorial we summarize and comment on papers published in issue 7.4. The first paper is 'Spatial Econometrics of Innovation: Recent Contributions and Research Perspectives', by Corinne Autant-Bernard. Then we have the contribution by Martin Andersson & Jan Weiss on 'External Trade and Internal Geography: Local Export Spillovers by Industry Characteristics and Firm Size'. Next Rhydian James, Peter Midmore & Dennis Thomas write about 'Public Sector Size and Peripherality' and the final paper is by Jesus Felipe & John McCombie entitled 'Agglomeration Economies, Regional Growth, and the Aggregate Production Function: A Caveat Emptor for Regional Scientists'.

In this editorial we summarise and comment on papers published in issue 8.4. The first paper is by Frederick Guy, entitled `Small, Local and Cheap? Walkable and Car-oriented Retail in Competition'. Secondly we have the paper by Nicola Francesco Dotti, Ugo Fratesi, Camilla Lenzi & Marco Percoco entitled `Local Labour Markets and the Interregional Mobility of Italian University Students'. The third paper is `Detecting Dependence Between Spatial Processes' by Marcos Herrera, Manuel Ruiz & Jesus Mur. Fourthly, we have the paper entitled `Space-varying Coefficient Simultaneous Autoregressive Models for the Structural Analysis of Residential Water Demand' by Koji Miyawaki. The final paper is by An-Ming Wang & Chung-Hsin Yang and entitled `The Price Effect on Spatial Structure: Revisiting the New Economic Geography Model'.

Spatial econometrics has been criticized by some economists because some model specifications have been driven by data-analytic considerations rather than having a firm foundation in economic theory. In particular this applies to the so-called W matrix, which is integral to the structure of endogenous and exogenous spatial lags, and to spatial error processes, and which are almost the sine qua non of spatial econometrics. Moreover it has been suggested that the significance of a spatially lagged dependent variable involving W may be misleading, since it may be simply picking up the effects of omitted spatially dependent variables, incorrectly suggesting the existence of a spillover mechanism. In this paper we review the theoretical and empirical rationale for network dependence and spatial externalities as embodied in spatially lagged variables, arguing that failing to acknowledge their presence at least leads to biased inference, can be a cause of inconsistent estimation, and leads to an incorrect understanding of true causal processes.

In multilevel modelling, interest in modeling the nested structure of hierarchical data has been accompanied by increasing attention to different forms of spatial interactions across different levels of the hierarchy. Neglecting such interactions is likely to create problems of inference, which typically assumes independence. In this paper we review approaches to multilevel modelling with spatial effects, and attempt to connect the two literatures, discussing the advantages and limitations of various approaches.

Over the past two decades, China has embarked on an ambitious program of expressway network expansion. By facilitating market integration, this program aims both to promote efficiency at the national level and to contribute to the catch-up of lagging inland regions with prosperous Eastern ones. This paper evaluates the aggregate and spatial economic impacts of China's newly constructed National Expressway Network, focussing, in particular, on its short-run impacts. To achieve this aim, the authors adopt a counterfactual approach based on the estimation and simulation of a structural "new economic geography" model. Overall, they find that aggregate Chinese real income was approximately 6 percent higher than it would have been in 2007 had the expressway network not been built. Although there is considerable heterogeneity in the results, the authors do not find evidence of a significant reduction in disparities across prefectural level regions or of a reduction in urban-rural disparities. If anything, the expressway network appears to have reinforced existing patterns of spatial inequality, although, over time, these will likely be reduced by enhanced migration.

Rationale: IL-5 is a T helper 2 cytokine important in the trafficking and survival of eosinophils. Because eosinophils can be found in malignant pleural effusions (MPE) from mice and humans, we asked whether IL-5 is involved in the pathogenesis of MPE. Objectives: To determine the role of IL-5 in MPE formation. Methods: The effects of IL-5 on experimental MPE induced in C57BL/6 mice by intrapleural injection of syngeneic lung (Lewis lung cancer [LLC]) or colon (MC38) adenocarcinoma cells were determined using wild-type (il5+/+) and IL-5-deficient (il5-/-) mice, exogenous administration of recombinant mouse (rm) IL-5, and in vivo antibody-mediated neutralization of endogenous IL-5. The direct effects of rmIL-5 on LLC cell proliferation and gene expression in vitro were determined by substrate reduction and microarray. Measurements and Main Results: Eosinophils and IL-5 were present in human and mouse MPE, but the cytokine was not detected in mouse (LLC) or human (A549) lung and mouse colon (MC38) adenocarcinoma-conditioned medium, suggesting production by host cells in MPE. Compared with il5+/+ mice, il5-/- mice showed markedly diminished MPE formation in response to both LLC and MC38 cells. Exogenous IL-5 promoted MPE formation in il5+/+ and il5 -/- mice, whereas anti-IL-5 antibody treatment limited experimental MPE in il5+/+ mice. Exogenous IL-5 had no effects on LLC cell proliferation and gene expression; however, IL-5 was found to be responsible for recruitment of eosinophils and tumor-promoting myeloid suppressor cells to MPE in vivo. Conclusions: Host-derived IL-5 promotes experimental MPE and may be involved in the pathogenesis of human MPE.

In this paper, we assess the Fujita, Krugman and Venables (FKV) nonlinear model of wage differentials. Using a spatial econometric model incorporating a spatial autoregressive error process, we estimate a quadratic form using cross-sectional data for 98 countries from 1970 to 2000. The evidence suggests no necessary tendency for all countries to converge towards the stable upper root. Polarization is possible. This polarization may be permanent - generating persistent international wage differentials. Our findings suggest that moderating the transmission of shocks across countries should be a key element of international macroeconomic policy co-ordination.

Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is frequently over-expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the exact role of this observation remains unclear. In this regard, activation of the transcription factor may govern distinct steps of NSCLC progression, such as carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In these studies we attempted to dissect the effects of two proteins of the NF-κB pathway (p65/RelA and IκBα) on experimental metastasis of murine NSCLC, using a novel approach of bioluminescent detection of NF-κB activation in tumor cells. Stable integration of a NF-κB reporter confirmed high basal activation of the transcription factor in mouse NSCLC cells in vitro and during experimental metastasis to the lungs, like human NSCLC. In the mouse model of NSCLC metastasis, NF-κB-dependent luciferase expression served as a reliable indicator of tumor cell delivery to the lungs, establishment of metastatic tumors, and lung tumor burden. In vitro transient p65/RelA and IκBα gene transfer to mouse NSCLC cells resulted, respectively, in significant NF-κB activation and inhibition, without affecting cell growth. However, p65/RelA overexpression in NSCLC cells drastically reduced in vivo metastasis to the lungs, while overexpression of IκBα had no effect. In conclusion, using bioluminescent detection of NF-κB activation in mouse lug adenocarcinoma cells, we found a negative impact of p65/RelA on NSCLC metastasis. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.