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3. Population Immunity and Polio Eradication.

Author

Fine, Paul E. M.

Subjects
POLIO, HERD immunity, IMMUNE system, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, POLIOVIRUS
Abstract

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative made immense progress after its establishment in 1988 as a consequence of high coverage with various poliovirus vaccines in all populations of the world. Problems have arisen in recent years, however, related to security issues in some countries, to the circulation of vaccine-derived polioviruses, and to the recognition that individuals with certain immune deficiencies can remain infected and infectious for many months or years. As natural infection and different vaccines have different effects on the immune system, the patterns of humoral and mucosal immunity to polioviruses in the world today are complex but are crucial to the ultimate success of the eradication initiative. This paper describes the background of the current situation and current immunological patterns and discusses their implications for managing population immunity to polioviruses in the years ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. On the Origin of Leprosy

Author

Monot, Marc, Honoré, Nadine, Garnier, Thierry, Araoz, Romulo, Coppée, Jean-Yves, Lacroix, Céline, Sow, Samba, Spencer, John S., Truman, Richard W., Williams, Diana L., Gelber, Robert, Virmond, Marcos, Flageul, Béatrice, Cho, Sang-Nae, Ji, Baohong, Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto, Convit, Jacinto, Young, Saroj, Fine, Paul E., Rasolofo, Voahangy, Brennan, Patrick J., and Cole, Stewart T.

Published
2005

6. Genome-wide association study of leprosy in Malawi and Mali

Author

Gilchrist, James J., primary, Auckland, Kathryn, additional, Parks, Tom, additional, Mentzer, Alexander J., additional, Goldblatt, Lily, additional, Naranbhai, Vivek, additional, Band, Gavin, additional, Rockett, Kirk A., additional, Toure, Ousmane B., additional, Konate, Salimata, additional, Sissoko, Sibiri, additional, Djimdé, Abdoulaye A., additional, Thera, Mahamadou A., additional, Doumbo, Ogobara K., additional, Sow, Samba, additional, Floyd, Sian, additional, Pönnighaus, Jörg M., additional, Warndorff, David K., additional, Crampin, Amelia C., additional, Fine, Paul E. M., additional, Fairfax, Benjamin P., additional, and Hill, Adrian V. S., additional

Published
2022
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15. Non-Specific Effects Of Vaccination

Author

Shann, Frank, Fine, Paul E. M., Aaby, Peter, Jensen, Henrik, Benn, Christine Stabell, Lisse, Ida Maria, Vaugelade, J., Simondon, F., Elguero, E., Pinchinat, S., and Guiella, G.

Published
2005

31. Risk of infection in patients with lymphoma receiving rituximab: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Ippolito Giuseppe, Prentice Archibald G, Fine Paul E, Molloy Aoife C, Lanini Simone, and Kibbler Christopher C

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Background The addition of Rituximab (R) to standard chemotherapy (C) has been reported to improve the end of treatment outcome in patients affected by CD-20 positive malignant lymphomas (CD20+ ML). Nevertheless, given the profound and prolonged immunosuppression produced by R there are concerns that severe infections may arise. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to determine whether or not the addition of R to C may increase the risk of severe infections in adults undergoing induction therapy for CD20+ ML. Methods Only randomised controlled trials comparing R-C to C standard alone in adult patients with CD20+ ML were included. Meta-analysis was performed on overall incidence of severe infection, risk of dying as the consequence of infection, risk of febrile neutropenia, risk of severe leucopenia, risk of severe granulocytopenia and overall response assuming a fixed effect model. Heterogeneity was investigated, if present and I2 >20%, according to several predefined baseline characteristics of the study populations. Results Several relevant results have emerged. First, the addition of R to standard C does not increase the overall risk of severe infections (RR = 1.00; 95% CI 0.87 to 1.14) nor does it increase the risk of dying as a consequence of infection (RR = 1.60; 95% CI 0.68 to 3.75). Second, we confirmed that the addition of R to standard C increases the proportion of overall response (RR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.15), but it also increases the risk of severe leucopenia (RR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.37) and granulocytopenia (RR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.12). Conclusions R-C is superior to standard C in terms of overall response and it does not increase the overall incidence of severe infection. However, data on special groups of patients (for example, HIV positive subjects and HBV carriers) are lacking. In our opinion more studies are needed to explore the potential effect of R on silent and chronic viral infections.

Published
2011
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33. Observational study to estimate the changes in the effectiveness of bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination with time since vaccination for preventing tuberculosis in the UK:BCG for tuberculosis in minority ethnic groups lasted at least 10 years and at least 20 years in white school-age children

Author

Mangtani, Punam, Nguipdop Djomo, Patrick, Keogh, Ruth, Trinder, Lucy, Smith, Peter G, Fine, Paul E M, Sterne, Jonathan, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Vynnycky, Emilia, Watson, John, Elliman, David, Lipman, Marc, and Rodrigues, Laura C.

Abstract

Background Until recently, evidence that protection from the bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination lasted beyond 10 years was limited. In the past few years, studies in Brazil and the USA (in Native Americans) have suggested that protection from BCG vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) in childhood can last for several decades. The UK’s universal school-age BCG vaccination programme was stopped in 2005 and the programme of selective vaccination of high-risk (usually ethnic minority) infants was enhanced. Objectives To assess the duration of protection of infant and school-age BCG vaccination against TB in the UK. Methods Two case–control studies of the duration of protection of BCG vaccination were conducted, the first on minority ethnic groups who were eligible for infant BCG vaccination 0–19 years earlier and the second on white subjects eligible for school-age BCG vaccination 10–29 years earlier. TB cases were selected from notifications to the UK national Enhanced Tuberculosis Surveillance system from 2003 to 2012. Population-based control subjects, frequency matched for age, were recruited. BCG vaccination status was established from BCG records, scar reading and BCG history. Information on potential confounders was collected using computer-assisted interviews. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as a function of time since vaccination, using a case–cohort analysis based on Cox regression. Results In the infant BCG study, vaccination status was determined using vaccination records as recall was poor and concordance between records and scar reading was limited. A protective effect was seen up to 10 years following infant vaccination [ 10 years after vaccination. Conclusions Infant BCG vaccination in a population at high risk for TB was shown to provide protection for at least 10 years, whereas in the white population school-age vaccination was shown to provide protection for at least 20 years. This evidence may inform TB vaccination programmes (e.g. the timing of administration of improved TB vaccines, if they become available) and cost-effectiveness studies. Methods to deal with missing record data in the infant study could be explored, including the use of scar reading. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme. During the conduct of the study, Jonathan Sterne, Ibrahim Abubakar and Laura C Rodrigues received other funding from NIHR; Ibrahim Abubakar and Laura C Rodrigues have also received funding from the Medical Research Council. Punam Mangtani received funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.

Published
2017

35. Hospital Day Nurseries

Author

Alberman, Eva, Beral, V., Doyle, P., Fine, Paul E. M., Garelick, H., Graves, Patricia, Freeman, J. C., Miles, Simon, Osborn, J. F., Roman, E. A., and Zaba, Basia

Published
1978

39. BCG-induced increase in interferon-gamma response to mycobacterial antigens and efficacy of BCG vaccination in Malawi and the UK: two randomised controlled studies

Author

Black, Gillian F, Weir, Rosemary E, Floyd, Sian, Bliss, Lyn, Warndorff, David K, Crampin, Amelia C, Ngwira, Bagrey, Sichali, Lifted, Nazareth, Bernadette, Blackwell, Jenefer M, Branson, Keith, Chaguluka, Steven D, Donovan, Linda, Jarman, Elizabeth, King, Elizabeth, Fine, Paul E M, and Dockrell, Hazel M

Subjects
BCG vaccination -- Evaluation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Interferon gamma, Malawi -- Health aspects, United Kingdom -- Health aspects
Published
2002

41. The duration of protection of school-aged BCG vaccination in England: a population-based case-control study.

Author

Mangtani, Punam, Nguipdop-Djomo, Patrick, Keogh, Ruth H, Sterne, Jonathan AC, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Smith, Peter G, Fine, Paul EM, Vynnycky, Emilia, Watson, John M, Elliman, David, Sterne, Jonathan A C, Fine, Paul E M, Lipman, Marc, and Rodrigues, Laura C

Subjects
VACCINATION, TUBERCULOSIS transmission, SCHOOL-age child care, CONFIDENCE intervals, COHORT analysis
Abstract

Background: Evidence of protection from childhood Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) against tuberculosis (TB) in adulthood, when most transmission occurs, is important for TB control and resource allocation.Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study of protection by BCG given to children aged 12-13 years against tuberculosis occurring 10-29 years later. We recruited UK-born White subjects with tuberculosis and randomly sampled White community controls. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using case-cohort Cox regression, adjusting for potential confounding factors, including socio-economic status, smoking, drug use, prison and homelessness. Vaccine effectiveness (VE = 1 - hazard ratio) was assessed at successive intervals more than 10 years following vaccination.Results: We obtained 677 cases and 1170 controls after a 65% response rate in both groups. Confounding by deprivation, education and lifestyle factors was slight 10-20 years after vaccination, and more evident after 20 years. VE 10-15 years after vaccination was 51% (95% CI 21, 69%) and 57% (CI 33, 72%) at 15-20 years. Subsequently, BCG protection appeared to wane; 20-25 years VE = 25% (CI -14%, 51%) and 25-29 years VE = 1% (CI -84%, 47%). Based on multiple imputation of missing data (in 17% subjects), VE estimated in the same intervals after vaccination were similar [56% (CI 33, 72%), 57% (CI 36, 71%), 25% (-10, 48%), 21% (-39, 55%)].Conclusions: School-aged BCG vaccination offered moderate protection against tuberculosis for at least 20 years, which is longer than previously thought. This has implications for assessing the cost-effectiveness of BCG vaccination and when evaluating new TB vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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42. Genome-wide association analyses identifies a susceptibility locus for tuberculosis on chromosome 18q11.2

Author

Thye, Thorsten, Vannberg, Fredrik O, Wong, Sunny H, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Osei, Ivy, Gyapong, John, Sirugo, Giorgio, Sisay-Joof, Fatou, Enimil, Anthony, Chinbuah, Margaret A, Floyd, Sian, Warndorff, David K, Sichali, Lifted, Malema, Simon, Crampin, Amelia C, Ngwira, Bagrey, Teo, Yik Y, Small, Kerrin, Rockett, Kirk, Kwiatkowski, Dominic, Fine, Paul E, Hill, Philip C, Newport, Melanie, Lienhardt, Christian, Adegbola, Richard A, Corrah, Tumani, Ziegler, Andreas, African TB Genetics Consortium, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Morris, Andrew P, Meyer, Christian G, Horstmann, Rolf D, and Hill, Adrian VS

Abstract

We combined two tuberculosis genome-wide association studies from Ghana and The Gambia with subsequent replication in a combined 11,425 individuals. rs4331426, located in a gene-poor region on chromosome 18q11.2, was associated with disease (combined P = 6.8 x 10(-9), odds ratio = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.13-1.27). Our study demonstrates that genome-wide association studies can identify new susceptibility loci for infectious diseases, even in African populations, in which levels of linkage disequilibrium are particularly low.

Published
2010

43. Population differences in immune responses to BCG in infancy1

Author

Lalor, Maeve K., Ben-Smith, Anne, Gorak-Stolinska, Patricia, Weir, Rosemary E., Floyd, Sian, Blitz, Rose, Mvula, Hazzie, Newport, Melanie J., Branson, Keith, McGrath, Nuala, Crampin, Amelia C., Fine, Paul E. M., and Dockrell, Hazel M.

Subjects
Interferon-gamma, Vaccination, BCG Vaccine, Infant, Newborn, Humans, Infant, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, complex mixtures, Article, United Kingdom
Abstract

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces a marked increase in the interferon (IFN)-gamma response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified protein derivative (Mtb PPD) in UK adolescents, but not in Malawian adolescents. We hypothesized that Mtb PPD-induced IFN-gamma after BCG vaccination would be similar in infants from these 2 countries. Infants were vaccinated with BCG during the first 3-13 weeks of life. Three months after BCG vaccination, 51 (100%) of 51 UK infants had an IFN-gamma response to Mtb PPD, compared to 41 (53%) of 78 of Malawian infants, in whom responses varied according to their season of birth. We conclude that population differences in immune responses after BCG vaccination are observed among infants, as well as among young adults.

Published
2009

50. Timing and Reconstruction of the Most Recent Common Ancestor of the Subtype C Clade of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Author

Travers, Simon A. A., Clewley, Jonathan P., Glynn, Judith R., Fine, Paul E. M., Crampin, Amelia C., Sibande, Felix, Mulawa, Dominic, McInerney, James O., McCormack, Grace P., Travers, Simon A. A., Clewley, Jonathan P., Glynn, Judith R., Fine, Paul E. M., Crampin, Amelia C., Sibande, Felix, Mulawa, Dominic, McInerney, James O., and McCormack, Grace P.

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C is responsible for more than 55% of HIV-1 infections worldwide. When this subtype first emerged is unknown. We have analyzed all available gag (p17 and p24) and env (C2-V3) subtype C sequences with known sampling dates, which ranged from 1983 to 2000. The majority of these sequences come from the Karonga District in Malawi and include some of the earliest known subtype C sequences. Linear regression analyses of sequence divergence estimates (with four different approaches)were plotted against sample year to estimate the year in which there was zero divergence from the reconstructed ancestral sequence. Here we suggest that the most recent common ancestor of subtype C appeared in the mid- to late 1960s. Sensitivity analyses, by which possible biases due to oversampling from one district were explored, gave very similar estimates.

Published
2004

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