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10. Underlag för kostnadsberäkning av sanering efter ett utsläpp från en kärnteknisk olycka : Tvärvetenskapligt forskningsprojekt vid Lunds, Göteborgs och Örebro universitet på uppdrag av Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap

Author

Finck, Robert, Rääf, Christopher, Finck, Robert, and Rääf, Christopher

Abstract

Direkta saneringskostnader efter en kärnteknisk olycka för ett typiskt svenskt bostadsområde med enfamiljshus uppskattades genom att skicka ett underlag liknande en offertförfrågan till en entreprenör med verksamhet riktad mot bl.a. konventionell sanering av fastigheter. Det fiktiva uppdraget omfattade en rad saneringsmetoder som tidigare beskrivits i olika handböcker för sanering av radioaktiv beläggning av mark och ytor. Kostnader för olika saneringsmetoder, samt i vissa fall övriga kommentarer av värde för ett saneringsuppdrag, sammanställs i denna rapport. Sanering av en fastighet med ett friliggande enfamiljshus i ett villaområde bedöms medföra en direkt kostnad av drygt 750 000 kronor (i 2021 års prisnivå), exklusive transport och deponikostnader av avfall som genererats av saneringen samt andra tillkommande infrastrukturkostnader. Detta belopp kan justeras upp till 1 miljon kronor när andelen i transport-, deponi- och infrastrukturkostnader inkluderas, baserat på uppskattningar gjorda efter Fukushimaolyckan i Japan. För ett typiskt svenskt bostadsområde med enfamiljshus svarar denna kostnad mot ca 765 miljoner kronor per kvadratkilometer i 2021 års prisnivå. I beräkningen ingår inte den enskildes kostnader. Inkluderas också de enskilt drabbades kostnader bedöms den totala kostnaden för sanering av typiska svenska bostadsområden med enfamiljshus bli en miljard kronor per kvadratkilometer.

Published
2023

12. COMBMORC - Combined analysis of primary and scattered components in mobile gamma spectrometric data for detection of materials out of regulatory control, NKS-B COMBMORC Report 2021

Author

Finck, Robert, Almeen, Einar, Baranwal, Vikas C., Bronner, Marco, Bukartas, Antanas, Drefvelin, Jon, Eriksson, Johannes, Gudnason, Kjartan, Jónsson, Gísli, Jönsson, Mattias, Karlsson, Simon, Kock, Peder, Davidsdóttir, Marie Lundgaard, Smolander, Petri, Westin, Mikael, and Rääf, Christopher

Published
2023
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14. Decontamination efficiency and waste generation for the decontamination of radioactively contaminated urban and rural environments

Author

Martinsson, Johan, Finck, Robert, Rääf, Christopher, Martinsson, Johan, Finck, Robert, and Rääf, Christopher

Abstract

A radioactive fallout following a nuclear accident can result in contamination of large areas of land. In order to protect human health against ionizing radiation, large-scale decontamination that includes multiple sets of clean-up measures may be necessary. Sweden lacks national experience of this type of large-scale decontamination. There are thus great uncertainties in the effect of such a decontamination which is dependent on the efficiency and waste generation of the individual remediation measures. In this report, the results from a literature review of the Japanese experience of decontamination after the nuclear accident in Fukushima-Daiichi, 2011, are highlighted. We show that the Japanese decontamination efficiency was on average about 12 percentage points lower than the decontamination efficiencies listed in reference literature on radioactive material decontamination. Removed contaminated soil is by far the largest contribution to radioactive waste production during decontamination. There is a positive correlation between reduced radiation dose rate and amount of soil removed during decontamination. Over time, however, ecological processes contribute by far the most to reduced radiation dose rates. The results can be an important contribution to current decontamination strategies and valuable for responsible agencies and authorities in the case of nuclear fallout incident.

Published
2022

16. Bayesian algorithm to estimate position and activity of an orphan gamma source utilizing multiple detectors in a mobile gamma spectrometry system

Author

Bukartas, Antanas, Wallin, Jonas, Finck, Robert, and Rääf, Christopher

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Science, Transportation, Research and Analysis Methods, Civil Engineering, Gamma Spectrometry, Time Measurement, Spectrum Analysis Techniques, Radiation Monitoring, Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics, Photons, Measurement, Radiation, Gamma Radiation, Applied Mathematics, Simulation and Modeling, Physics, Bayes Theorem, Equipment Design, Transportation Infrastructure, Roads, Spectrometry, Gamma, Gamma Rays, Physical Sciences, Ionizing Radiation, Engineering and Technology, Medicine, Mathematics, Algorithms, Elementary Particles, Research Article
Abstract

To avoid harm to the public and the environment, lost ionizing radiation sources must be found and brought back under the regulatory control as soon as possible. Usually, mobile gamma spectrometry systems are used in such search missions. It is possible to estimate the position and activity of point gamma sources by performing Bayesian inference on the measurement data. The aim of this study was to theoretically investigate the improvements in the Bayesian estimations of the position and activity of a point gamma source due to introduction of data from multiple detectors with angular variations of efficiency. Three detector combinations were tested-a single 123% HPGe detector, single 4l NaI (Tl) detector and a 123% HPGe with 2x4l NaI (Tl) detector combination-with and without angular efficiency variations for each combination resulting in six different variants of the Bayesian algorithm. It was found that introduction of angular efficiency variations of the detectors did improve the accuracy of activity estimation slightly, while introduction of data from additional detectors lowered the signal-to-noise ratio threshold of the system significantly, increasing the stability and accuracy of the estimated source position and activity, for a given signal-to-noise ratio.

Published
2021

18. Decontamination after a nuclear fallout: A condensed review of case studies, methods and key references up to 2014

Author

Samuelsson, Christer, Finck, Robert, Martinsson, Johan, and Rääf, Christopher

Subjects
Environmental Sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Abstract

The objective of this work is to provide governmental agencies and the society a condensed overview of the current state of knowledge on the efficiency of applied restoration and remediation of areas affected by radioactive fallout. The most actual real-world case is the Fukushima accident in Japan in 2011: the accident and the following applied decontamination methods are in focus in this review study. This report was written in 2014 and reviewed and translated in 2018/2019. This work was financed by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency.

Published
2019

22. ECCOMAGS: Initial results from the RESUME 2002 exercise

Author

Lauritzen, B., Sanderson, David W., Cresswell, Alan, Scott, Marian, Finck, Robert R., and Karlsson, Simon

Subjects
Data processing, 11-S dosi, Cesium 137, Radiation monitoring, Aerial monitoring, Gamma Spectroscopy, Data analysis, Dose rates
Abstract

In the RESUME 2002 exercise (Rapid Environmental Surveying Using Mobile Equipment) areas in SW Scotland were surveyed for anthropogenic and natural radioactivity with Airborne Gamma Spectrometry (AGS), Car-borne Gamma Spectrometry (CGS) and in-situ measurements. Results from the exercise are presented, including composite maps and data produced at the exercise, and initial results from the post-exercise data analysis. A format for processed data exchange developed for the exercise is presented. The final data analysis will include comparisons within airborne and between airborne and ground based measurements.

Published
2003

28. Chasing the Chernobyl cloud.

Author

FINCK, ROBERT R.

Subjects
MILITARY missions, SWEDEN. Air Force, CHERNOBYL Nuclear Accident, Chornobyl, Ukraine, 1986, NUCLEAR power plant accidents, SAAB aircraft, DETECTION of radioactive substances, AIR sampling apparatus
Abstract

The article discusses the Swedish Air Force Lansens' missions after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Sweden reportedly started a surveillance programme in the 1950s to detect radioactive particles from nuclear bomb tests in the Soviet Union and the U.S. The programme involved air sampling which led to Sweden's building of high-altitude air sampling equipment installed on fighter planes including the J32B Lansen. An overview of the Swedish Air Force Lansens' Chernobyl missions is offered.

Published
2009

29. Statistical data evaluation in mobile gamma spectrometry: an optimization of on-line search strategies in the scenario of lost point sources

Author

Samuelsson, Christer, Hjerpe, Thomas, and Finck, Robert R.

Subjects
CESIUM, SPECTROMETRY, STATISTICS, RADIOACTIVITY, FORCE & energy, PLANNING
Abstract

There is a potential risk that hazardous radioactive sources could enter the environment, e.g., via satellite debris, smuggled radioactive goods, or lost metal scrap. From a radiation protection point of view there is a need for rapid and reliable methods for locating and identifying sources. The methods could also be used to locate hot spotsafter radioactive fallout. Carborne and airborne gamma spectrometry systems are suitable for the task. This work focuses on a situation where the radionuclide to search for is known, which is not an unlikely scenario. The possibility that the source is located near a road can be high, and thus motivating a carborne spectrometer system. The main object is to optimize on-line statistical methods in order to achieve a high probability for locating the point source and still have reasonably few false alarms caused by variations in the natural background radiation. Data were obtained from a carborne 3-L NaI(Tl) detector and two point sources located at various distances from the road. The nuclides used were 137Cs and 131I. Spectra were measured stationary on the road. From these measurements we havereconstructed counts in spectral windows applicable to different speed and sampling times; the time 3 s and speeds 32 and 54 km h-1 are used in this work. The maximum distance a source can be located from the road and still be detected is estimated with four different statistical analysis methods. This distance is called the critical distance, CD. The method is applied on gross counts in the full energy peak spectral window. For each method alarm levels have been calculated from background data obtained in Scania (Skane), in the southof Sweden. The results show large differences in CD. With the best approach, the two sources could be detected from about 180 m (137Cs, 6 GBq) and 170 m (131I, 4.5 GBq). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001

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