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In this study, the production of inulinase from Aspergillus wentii, the optimum conditions of that production and how those conditions influence gene expression levels of the enzyme were examined. For inulinase of A. wentii, the time of production was determined as 3 days, the temperature of production as 30°C, the starting pH of the production medium as 6.0, and concentration of Jerusalem artichoke added in to production medium as 3%. When the effect of C and N resources added to growth mediums on inulinase activity was investigated, the highest activity was observed in the medium containing 1% maltose. The medium containing 1% (NH4)2HPO4 was determined to be best growth medium. The enzyme was observed to be stable at pH 5.0-6.0 and to maintain its activity at 50°C for 30 minutes. It was found that gene expression was maximum at 2% Jerusalem artichoke concentration, pH 6.0, 35°C on the 1st day of production. The enzyme gene expression levels were higher compared to other studied resources when 1% cellulose was used as the carbon resource and 1% NH4H2PO4 as the nitrogen resource.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of some biochemical parameters during the amelioration after period o short term treatment of wheat with arsenic, cadmium and lead. A decrease was observed in the experimental groups, in which 15 μM, 30 μM, and 60 μM (arsenic, lead, and cadmium) metal ion mixture was applied, in terms of the germination rate depending on the increased concentration, and a decrease was observed in the root and stem dry weights of the plants in all groups. MDA levels were determined to increase at all doses. It was determined that heavy metals accumulated by increasing in the tissues due to the increased concentration of heavy metals in the heavy metal ion-applied groups. There were significant changes in the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes. As a result, it was determined in the study that there were significant changes in some biochemical and physiological parameter�s which are the primary response to oxidative stress in plants exposed to heavy metals, depending on the stress. This reason it can be concluded that arsenic, lead and cadmium contents in media can be the responsible for growth inhibition.

We aimed to evaluate the ultrastructural effect of reversing cellular damage, occurring in rats due to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in the intestine, with naringin implementation through biochemical parameters. Rats were divided the sham/control, I/R and the naringin groups (n = 7). For I/R group, 120 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion was applied to the superior mesenteric artery. In the naringin group, after 120 min, 50 mg/kg naringin was implemented, and then 120 min of reperfusion was applied. Morphological evaluation was performed via Chiu score and electron microscopy. The antioxidant parameters were examined. Chiu score in I/R (p

We investigated the effects of naringin on small intestine, liver, kidney and lung recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the gut. Rats were divided randomly into four groups of eight. Group A was the sham control; group B was ischemic for 2 h; group C was ischemic for 2 h and re-perfused for 2 h (I/R); group D was treated with 50 mg/kg naringin after ischemia, then re-perfused for 2 h. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions were detected by immunolabeling. We also measured arginase activity, amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and total protein. iNOS was increased significantly in the small intestine, liver and kidney in group C. iNOS was decreased significantly only in small intestine and lung in group D. eNOS was increased significantly in the small intestine, liver and lung in group C. eNOS was decreased in small intestine, liver and lung in group D; however, eNOS was decreased in the kidney in group C and increased in the kidney in group D. The amount of NO was decreased significantly in all tissues in group D, but arginase activity was decreased in the small intestine and lung, increased in the kidney and remained unchanged in the liver in group D. The total protein increased in the small intestine and liver in group D, but decreased significantly in the kidney and lung in group D. Naringin had significant, salutary effects on the biochemical parameters of I/R by decreasing the NO level, equilibrating iNOS and eNOS expressions, and decreasing arginase activity.

Starting in the USA housing sector in June 2007 and acquiring global dimension in September 2008, many macroeconomic factors played influential roles in the formation of the recent global economic crisis. Spreading from the USA to other developed economies at first and to developing economies afterward , the crisis gradually acquired a real dimension. Though as a consequence of the measures taken, there have been some signs of recovery in the global economy since the second half of 2009; it is thought that there are still some significant risks in the process of permanent recovery process. This study an examination of the policies applied and the result achieved has been done in the context of the globe in general and Turkey in specific. The scrutiny led to some policy recommendations for facing similar crisis in the future.

Background: Mesenchymal stemcells (MSCs) may have beneficial effects in reversing intestinal damage resulting fromcirculatory disorders. The hypothesis of this study is thatMSCs increase antioxidant capacity of small bowel tissue following intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) damage. Methods: A total of 100 rats were used for the control group and three experimental groups, as follows: the sham control, local MSC, and systemic MSC groups. Each group consisted of 10 animals on days 1, 4, and 7 of the experiment. Ischemiawas established by clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 45min; following this, reperfusion was carried out for 1, 4, and 7 days in all groups. In the local and systemic groups, MSCs were administered intravenously and locally just after the ischemia, and they were investigated after 1, 4, and 7 days. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total protein levels, were measured. Histopathological analysis was performed using light and electron microscopy. The indicators of proliferation from the effects of anti-and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: MDA was increased (P < 0.05) in the sham control group and decreased (P < 0.05) in the MSC groups. SOD, CAT, and Gpx were decreased in the localMSC group (P < 0.05). The highest level of amelioration was observed on day 7 in the local MSC group via light and electron microscopy. It was found that the MSCs arrived at the damaged intestinal wall in the MSC groups immediately after injection. Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta(IL1 beta), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), IL6, MIP2, and MPO decreased (P < 0.05), while anti-inflammatory cytokines EP3 and IL1ra increased (p < 0.05) in the local and systemic MSC groups. In addition, proliferation indicators, such as PCNA and KI67, increased (P < 0.05) in the local and systemic MSC groups. Conclusions: Parallel to our hypothesis, MSC increases the antioxidant capacity of small bowel tissue after intestinal I/R damage. The MSCs migrated to the reperfused small intestine by homing and reduced oxidative stress via the effects of SOD, CAT, and Gpx, as well as reducing the MDA level; thus, they could increase antioxidant capacity of intestine and have a therapeutic effect on the damaged tissue. We think that this effectwas achieved via scavenging of oxygen radicals, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [112S124] The authorswould like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), as this project was supported by grants from this institution (no. 112S124). The authors would also like to thank the staff of KOGEM, Kocaeli, Turkey, for their support in the isolation, characterization, identification, and monitoring of MSCs, as well as the preparation of histological sections; the Electron Microscope Laboratory of Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey, for preparation of electron microscopic sections; and the Experimental Animal Breeding and Research Unit of Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey for the care and preparation of rats for the experimental surgical procedure. WOS:000405362500025 28118930 Q2

In this study, seed germination percentages, effects on phases of mitosis and α-amylase enzyme activity of lentil seeds treated with four different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) of Fusilade (Fluazifop-p-butyl) were determined. Median EC (effective concentration) values were calculated according to seed germination percentages after treatment for 72 h. Germination percentages of primary lentil roots decreased with increasing Fusilade concentrations. Cytological observations showed that the mitotic frequency in root meristematic cells were decreased parallel to the increase in concentrations and all Fusilade concentrations applied decreased the activity of α-amylase enzyme in lentil seeds. The obtained results indicate that the herbicide Fusilade had the ability to cause reduction in seed germination, mitotic frequency and also α-amylase activity of lentil seeds.

Arsenic (As) is toxic to plants and animals. We tested the effects of arsenite and arsenate (0-16 mg/L) on seed germination, and on relative root and shoot length, α-amylase activity, reducing sugars and soluble total protein contents, and malondialdehyde content in barley seedlings. We also measured As accumulation in barley stems and roots. The α-amylase activity, relative root and shoot length, and seed germination decreased with increasing concentrations of arsenate and arsenite. The reducing sugars content in barley seedlings increased after 4 days of growth on media containing As. In general, the protein content in roots and seedlings decreased with increasing doses of As. Arsenic in the tissues was quantified by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. To confirm the accuracy of the method, we analyzed the certified reference material WEPAL-IPE-168. The limit of detection was 1.2 μg/L and the relative standard deviation was

Economic growth is one of the most important macroeconomic targets, due to its relatively important effects on the other macroeconomic variables. Among many others, productivity of labor, accumulation of capital, technological improvements, enhancement of human capital, existence of natural resources are considered to be the most important factors affecting economic growth. In this study, the effect of energy usage on industrial production is examined. The contribution of energy on industrial production is beyond any dispute. The use of energy is impulsive for technological improvement and the most important component of the increase in labor productivity. Machines and capital equipments can not be made use of, unless necessary energy input is obtained. In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption of industry and economic growth for 1970 to 2010 period in Turkey is examined using regression analysis. Key words: Turkish economy, A±ndustrial energy consumption, economic growth.

Starting in the USA housing sector in June 2007 and acquiring global dimension in September 2008, many macroeconomic factors played influential roles in the formation of the recent global economic crisis. Spreading from the USA to other developed economies at first and to developing economies afterward , the crisis gradually acquired a real dimension. Though as a consequence of the measures taken, there have been some signs of recovery in the global economy since the second half of 2009; it is thought that there are still some significant risks in the process of permanent recovery process. This study an examination of the policies applied and the result achieved has been done in the context of the globe in general and Turkey in specific. The scrutiny led to some policy recommendations for facing similar crisis in the future.