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This paper presents the intra prediction and mode coding of the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard. This standard was collaboratively developed by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET). It follows the traditional architecture of a hybrid block-based codec that was also the basis of previous standards. Almost all intra prediction features of VVC either contain substantial modifications in comparison with its predecessor H.265/HEVC or were newly added. The key aspects of these tools are the following: 65 angular intra prediction modes with block shape-adaptive directions and 4-tap interpolation filters are supported as well as the DC and Planar mode, Position Dependent Prediction Combination is applied for most of these modes, Multiple Reference Line Prediction can be used, an intra block can be further subdivided by the Intra Subpartition mode, Matrix-based Intra Prediction is supported, and the chroma prediction signal can be generated by the Cross Component Linear Model method. Finally, the intra prediction mode in VVC is coded separately for luma and chroma. Here, a Most Probable Mode list containing six modes is applied for luma. The individual compression performance of tools is reported in this paper. For the full VVC intra codec, a bitrate saving of 25% on average is reported over H.265/HEVC using an objective metric. Significant subjective benefits are illustrated with specific examples.

This paper describes a joint response to the Call for Proposals by Samsung, Huawei, GoPro, and HiSilicon on Video Compression with Capability beyond HEVC/H.265, jointly issued by ITU-T SG16 Q.6 (VCEG) and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG). In the proposed codec, the coding framework supports hierarchical splitting with binary and ternary trees and flexible coding order representations. Additionally, novel compression tools on inter/intra prediction, in-loop filtering, and entropy coding have been proposed. The proposed compression scheme provides significantly higher compression capability than the state-of-the-art HEVC/H.265 standard for SDR (Standard Dynamic Range) category while maintaining complexity acceptable for emerging applications. When all the proposed algorithmic tools are used, the proposed video codec achieves approximately 40% bit-saving for the SDR cetegory on average compared to HEVC/H.265 anchor.

Статья посвящена исследованию и сравнительному анализу программной и аппаратной реализации операции суммирования транспонированных матриц и её модифицированного варианта: операции транспонирования суммы матриц. Особенностью исследования является использование для получения аппаратной реализации средств высокоуровневого синтеза. Актуальность исследования обусловлена широким использованием матричных операций для решения задач различных классов, степенной асимптотической сложностью матричных вычислений и отсутствием данных об использовании данного инструментария в задачах создания аппаратных устройств для матричных вычислений. Предложен пошаговый метод синтеза и оптимизации аппаратного устройства. Проведено сравнительное исследование программных и аппаратных реализаций двух вычислительных задач. Показано, что большой выигрыш производительности аппаратных реализаций получается за счет увеличения степени параллелизма вычислений. Дополнительно сделаны выводы о неэффективности попыток достичь высоких тактовых частот, а также об увеличении затрачиваемых ресурсов при увеличении быстродействия за счет распараллеливания., The article is devoted to the study and comparative analysis of the software and hardware implementation of the operation of summing transposed matrices and its modified version – the operation of transposing the sum of matrices. A feature of the study is the use of high-level synthesis tools to obtain a hardware implementation. The relevance of the study is due to the widespread use of matrix operations for solving problems of various classes, the power asymptotic complexity of matrix calculations and the lack of data on the use of this toolkit in the tasks of creating hardware devices for matrix calculations. A step-by-step method of synthesis and optimization of a hardware device is proposed. A comparative study of software and hardware implementations of two computational tasks is carried out. It is shown that a large gain in the performance of hardware implementations is obtained by increasing the degree of parallelism of calculations. Additionally, conclusions are drawn about the inefficiency of attempts to achieve high clock frequencies, as well as about the increase in resources spent with increased speed due to parallelization.

This document provides requirements for a video codec designed mainly for use over the Internet. In addition, this document describes an evaluation methodology needed for measuring the compression efficiency to ensure whether the stated requirements are fulfilled or not.

The focus of this work is on intra-prediction tools that distinguish Versatile Video Coding (VVC) [1] from its predecessors and do not add RD-checks on the encoder side, i.e. their coding efficiency is achieved due to their inherent properties but not by additional encoder-side complexity increase.

The article is devoted to the research of efficiency of Xilinx’s high-level synthesis tools, the Vivado HLS package version 2019.2, for synthesis of a hardware implementation of sorting algorithms. The relevance of creating hardware implementation of sorting algorithms is determined by modern approaches to building high-performance heterogeneous computing systems and modern criteria for the efficiency of such systems – the ratio of performance to power consumption and the ratio of real performance to peak performance. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of the implementation of the selected sorting algorithms on a universal processor and on the basis of the VLSI Xilinx submarine research. The article discusses approaches to optimize the description of algorithms and control the Vivado HLS package to achieve optimal performance of the resulting hardware solutions. The article shows that the main performance gain is provided by parallelizing of the source arrays processing, which is achieved both by the settings of the design tool, the Vivado HLS package, the selected description style, as well as the features of the sorting algorithm selected for hardware implementation., Статья посвящена исследованию эффективности средств высокоуровневого синтеза компании Xilinx, пакета Vivado HLS версии 2019.2, для создания аппаратной реализации алгоритмов сортировки. Актуальность создания аппаратной реализации алгоритмов сортировки определяется современными подходами к построению высокопроизводительных гетерогенных вычислительных систем и современными критериями эффективности таких систем: отношению производительности к энергопотреблению и отношению реальной производительности к пиковой производительности. Проведен сравнительный анализ реализации выбранных алгоритмов сортировки на универсальном процессоре и на базе СБИС ПЛ компании Xilinx. Рассмотрены подходы и способы оптимизации описания алгоритмов и управления пакетом Vivado HLS для достижения оптимальных показателей эффективности полученных аппаратных решений. Показано, что основной выигрыш в производительности дает возможность частичного распараллеливания процесса обработки исходных массивов, что достигается как настройками средства проектирования – пакета Vivado HLS, выбранным стилем описания, так и особенностями алгоритма сортировки, выбранного для аппаратной реализации.

Design of the emerging Versatile Video Coding standard has two primary goals: to specify a video coding technology with a substantially higher compression capability, and to make it highly versatile, i.e. to make it effective for a broadened range of applications. This paper gives an overview of the core of video coding standard, namely intra prediction tools that were developed recently. Most of the developments has been studied previously during the first exploration phase started in October 2015 and eventually adopted to the VVC standard draft during the second phase that had begun in April 2018.

The idea of reducing the mass of cars through the use of lightweight materials is not new Among them are aluminum alloys which at a relatively affordable price are significantly lighter than steel alloys The decrease in the vehicle rsquo s own mass leads to an increase in their fuel economy reduction in the amount of harmful substances and compounds released into the atmosphere and plays an important role in reducing the ldquo greenhouse effect rdquo Structural materials in the manufacturing process of car parts are subjected to various technological treatments including plastic deformation operations Vehicle operation is associated with significant vibration loads However information on the influence of the mode of technology for manufacturing parts from aluminum alloys on the resistance to fatigue failure in air is limited and in a corrosive environment it is practically absent The paper considers the possibility of using lightweight high strength aluminum alloys in the automotive industry taking into account the increase in their operational reliability by optimizing the manufacturing technology of parts The results of the study of the influence of the degree and rate of plastic deformation during technological processing on the kinetics of fatigue fracture and the operational properties of some aluminum alloys are presented

Ensuring the operability of the cars’ parts and components is one of the most topical problems in the modern automotive industry. Most of the car parts are under cyclic loads leading to materials’ destruction. Therefore, one of the important factors affecting the performance of products is the fatigue strength of the material. In this paper, the existing methods of fatigue tests are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages are presented. The methodology of fatigue tests of sheet automobile materials was developed. The main idea of this methodology is that it enables to study the fatigue of sheet automobile materials based on single-plane pure bending. This scheme is very close to the conditions of the actual load of car body structural elements. The results of the study of fatigue strength obtained using this methodology allow studying the kinetics of the failure process, fixing the beginning of macrofailure, crack growth rate and, as a consequence, maintainability of the structure.Comparative tests enable to determine the material that best meets the operating requirements and provides the reduction of the failure rate of the car metal structures.In this paper, important characteristics of fatigue strength were obtained for a number of automobile structural steels 08kp and 20kp: service life to complete failure, fatigue limit, period to fatigue crack nucleation and rate of further propagation and, as a consequence, maintainability of the structure. So, for example, the number of cycles for 08kp steel to complete failure (262,000 cycles) and the period to fatigue crack nucleation (82,000 cycles) is greater, and the rate of further growth (5.38.10-5 mm/cycle) is lower than for 20kp steel (174,000, 68,000 cycles and 8.86.10-5 mm/cycle, correspondingly). Although these parameters were obtained at higher stress (265 MPa) for 08kp steel against only 235 MPa for 20kp steel. This explains the operating advantage of 08kp steel against 20kp steel in the process of car design.The obtained data enable to prevent failure of structural elements and parts under cyclic loads at the stage of car maintenance, and as a consequence, to increase the car operation safety, and to reduce the cost of repair, Проблема обеспечения работоспособности деталей и узлов автомобилей является одной из актуальных современного автомобилестроения. Большинство деталей автомобилей испытывают циклические нагрузки, приводящие к деструкции материалов. Поэтому одним из важных факторов, влияющих на работоспособность изделий, является усталостная прочность материала. В работе проведен анализ существующих методик усталостных испытаний, представлены их достоинства и недостатки. Разработана методика проведения усталостных испытаний листовых автомобильных материалов. Ее суть состоит в том, что она позволяет изучать сопротивление усталостному разрушению листовых металлических материалов по схеме чистого изгиба в одной плоскости. Эта схема максимально приближенна к условиям реального нагружения корпусных элементов конструкции автомобиля. Результаты исследования усталостной прочности, полученные реализацией этой методики, дают возможность изучать кинетику процесса разрушения, фиксировать начало макроразрушения, скорость роста трещины и, как следствие, ремонтопригодность конструкции.Сравнительные испытания позволяют определить материал, который в наибольшей степени отвечает эксплуатационным требованиям и обеспечивает снижение аварийности металлоконструкций автомобиля.В работе получены важные характеристики сопротивления усталостному разрушению ряда автомобильных конструкционных сталей 08кп и 20кп: долговечность до полного разрушения, предел выносливости, длительность периода до зарождения усталостных трещин и скорость их последующего развития и, как следствие, ремонтопригодность конструкции. Так, например, у стали 08кп число циклов до полного разрушения (262000 циклов) и период до зарождения усталостной трещины (82000 циклов) больше, а скорость ее дальнейшего роста (5.38.10-5 мм/цикл), чем у стали 20кп (174000, 68000 циклов и 8.86.10-5 мм/цикл, соответственно). Хотя эти параметры получены при большем (265 МПа) напряжении для стали 08кп против лишь 235 МПа для стали 20кп. Это обусловливает эксплуатационное преимущество в процессе конструирования автомобиля выбора стали 08кп против стали 20кп.Полученные данные позволяют на стадии технического обслуживания автомобиля предотвратить разрушение элементов конструкции и деталей под действием циклических нагрузок и, как следствие, повысить безопасность эксплуатации автомобиля, снизить затраты на ремонт

In this paper, we present a new adaptive filter of reference samples for increasing the RD-efficiency of the intra-prediction modes adopted for the HEVC/H.265 standard. This filter is based on a combination of different techniques and aimed at reducing (or even removing) artifacts of different types such as blockiness and impulse noise generated in an image sensor. In addition, the strength of intra-smoothing is adjusted in accordance with the smoothness of the blocks that the reference samples belong to. The proposed filter provides the coding gain of 1.8% for luma and 2.4% for chroma, on average.

In this paper, we present a novel data-hiding method that does not interfere with other data-hiding techniques (e.g., sign bits hiding) that are already included into state-of-the-art coding standards such as HEVC/H.265. One of the main features that are inherent to the proposed technique is its orientation on hierarchically-structured units (e.g., a hierarchy in HEVC/H.265 that includes coding, prediction and transform units). As shown in the paper, this method provides higher coding gain when applied to scalar-quantized values. Finally, we present experimental results that confirm the high RD-performance of this technique in comparison with explicit signaling and discuss its suitability for HEVC-compatible watermarking.

In this paper, the third type of wavelet decomposition is proposed that allows us to combine the plain hierarchical structure of Mallat pyramid and the adaptivity of wavelet packets. The proposed approach assumes local adaptive subband decomposition, i.e. after pyramid wavelet decomposition, each subband is segmented to find blocks that are profitable for the secondary transform in the terms of rate-distortion cost. It was suggested to encode groups of wavelet coefficients that have strong 1-D correlation (e.g., contours) using methods based on spatial-orientation trees, as rate-distortion performance of the explicit shape coding methods is low enough. The overall objective performance of the implemented encoder is estimated by rate-distortion curve. Experiments reveal 0.1-0.2 dB improvement for the same bit-rate over the coder based on space-frequency quantization.