Search

This paper analyzes the issue of reindustrialization of Serbia, from the standpoint of industrial com- petitiveness. The authors believe that reindustrialization is necessary and possible only in those industries that have considerable potential for growth of competitiveness on the international market. The key assumptions for this are constant growth of innovation and productivity, as well as other fac- tors that essentially rely on new knowledge and new technology. This development trend is present in all advanced economies, including the European Union, to which Serbia aspires. In recent years, reindustrialization has become an increasingly dominant development strategy on a global scale. It involves a very ambitious plan related to the development of modern and sophisticated, environmen- tally responsible and energy-efficient industries, especially manufacturing sectors, which employ highly professional workers and foster close cooperation with universities and research institutes. In this context, governments, rather than the markets, are becoming the main change drivers, as they can contribute to creating the necessary industrial .state of mind., which implies new redistribution of tasks and effects of labor among the key stakeholders in the process of creating new values: em- ployees, owners, government, science, education, etc.

Applying irrigation get high production results and economics of investments in irrigation systems points out that this measure in agricultural production should be given a priority. By irrigation can stabilize, i.e. increase food production and encourage the development of livestock breeding, processing and other branches of economy in the region of Vojvodina and Srem area. Accordingly, the basic goals of the research are: 1) evaluation of factors of agricultural development with the analysis of impact to the planned construction and exploitation of the irrigation system, 2) market aspects of establishing the irrigation system with water of Srem region, 3) evaluation of market efficiency of agricultural production and 4) defining approach for determination of a new sowing structure under irrigation. Research has shown that irrigation increases the agricultural production efficiency, there makes impact to sowing structure change, and the market surpluses on the international market can be sold, by using the existing international agreements, signed by the Republic of Serbia. However, besides a great potential in the sector of agricultural production, as the result of favourable climatic conditions, natural land characteristics and available water resources, signed agreements on free trade – the potentials in agro-food sector have not been sufficiently used., Review Article

In this text you will have an insight on traditional (exogenous) and contemporary (endogenous) theories of economic development. In the frame of traditional theories, there are theoretical routes which are distinguished and are concerning theory of fased growth, theory of structural changes, theory of dependance and theory of neoclassical counter-revolution. Although in their basics, they remain deeply into neoclassical tradition, endogenous theories represent abrevation from the free market hipothesis and government policy withuot intervention.

Although economic theory has for a long time focused exclusively on manufactured and human capital (since it was thought that natural capital was readily available), at a time of exponential growth of populations and rapid economic development, this role is being taken over by natural capital. The minimum (mandatory) prerequisite for sustainable growth nowadays is the conservation of natural capital. In no other area is the sharp clash between the goals of sustainable and economic development more evident than in the sphere of the depletion of non-renewable energy sources. The entire global expenditure of energy in the last four decades has more than doubled. Besides this, not only is global energy consumption growing from year to year, but, most alarmingly, rapid increases in energy consumption are predicted in the decades to come. Energy consumption in transport is experiencing the most growth and has almost trebled in the past forty years. Crude oil, as an energy source, is losing its primacy in all sectors except transport, which almost exclusively depends on this energy source. Despite some prognoses that technological progress and globalization can render meaningless the further development of cities, we are experiencing precisely the opposite process, the spatial aspect of this phenomenon being the most important. The agglomeration economies are not diminishing, but, on the contrary, encouraging spatial concentration. It is expected that the rapid process of urbanization will by the mid-21st century lead to two-thirds of the world’s population living in cities. In recent decades, more and more attention is being paid to urban transport. Total global mobility has been steadily rising as a result of the increase in living standards and level of motorization. The conducted theoretical analysis and literature review in this field show that there is a pronounced interdependence between the numerous determinants of energy consumption in urban transport. Iako je ekonomska teorija dugo bila fokusirana isključivo na stvoreni i ljudski kapital (jer se smatralo da je prirodni kapital dostupan u izobilju), danas, u doba eksponencijalno narastajućeg broja stanovnika i ubrzanog ekonomskog razvoja, tu ulogu očigledno preuzima prirodni kapital. Pri tome se kao minimalni (neophodan) uslov za postizanje održivog razvoja javlja očuvanje prirodnog kapitala. Ni u jednoj oblasti nije toliko evidentna oštra kolizija između ciljeva održivog i ekonomskog razvoja, kao u sferi iscrpljivanja neobnovljivih energetskih izvora. Ukupna svetska potrošnja energije se u protekle četiri decenije više nego duplirala. Pored toga, ne samo da svetska potrošnja energije raste iz godine u godinu, već su posebno zabrinjavajuće nagle stope rasta i prognoze potrošnje energije u decenijama koje slede. Potrošnja energije u saobraćaju raste po najvećoj stopi - u poslednje četiri decenije se skoro utrostručila. Nafta kao energetski izvor gubi na značaju u svim sektorima osim u saobraćaju, koji se skoro u potpunosti oslanja na ovaj izvor. Uprkos nekim prognozama da tehnološki progres i globalizacija mogu obesmisliti dalji razvoj gradova, dešava se upravo suprotan proces - prostorni aspekt je bitniji nego ikad. Aglomeracijske ekonomije ne samo da ne slabe, već sve više podstiču prostornu koncentraciju. Očekuje se da će zahuktali proces urbanizacije već do sredine ovog veka dovesti do toga da će dve trećine svetske populacije živeti u gradovima. Poslednjih decenija sve se više pažnje posvećuje problematici gradskog saobraćaja. Ukupna globalna mobilnost je u konstantnom porastu pod uticajem povećanja životnog standarda i stepena motorizacije. Sprovedena teorijska analiza i pregled literature iz ove oblasti pokazuju da između brojnih determinanti potrošnje energije u gradskom saobraćaju postoji izražena međuzavisnost. Empirijsko istraživanje sprovedeno u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji obuhvata širok spektar socio-ekonomskih, prostornih, saobraćajnih i infrastrukturnih faktora na uzorku od 27 svetskih gradova. Pomoću eksploratorne faktorske analize i analize panel podataka od 28 nezavisnih promenljivih identifikovane su četiri ključne determinante potrošnje energije u gradskom saobraćaju: 1) urbana gustina naseljenosti, 2) obim putničkih kilometara automobilom po stanovniku, 3) dužina gradskih puteva po stanovniku i 4) ukupan obim vozilo-kilometara JGS-om po stanovniku.

nnovativity is a complex phenomenon, closely related to scientific development and acquiring new knowledge which is developed and materialized through the innovation process. Innovations enable creation of a new value which underlies economic growth and increase of employment, prosperity and cohesion in a society. That is the reason why economic growth in modern conditions is predominantly determined by its ability to create, transfer, apply and commercialize new knowledge through innovation. Its topicality give rise to the question of whether improvement of economic innovativity per se leads to convergence of countries of different initial levels of economic development. The answer to this question is not simple at all, despite the fact that in theory and policy of economic growth, the starting point is the message of the neoclassical growth model by Robert Solow, about the inevitability of catching up with countries with a higher level of economic development by economically less developed economies, whereby technological changes represent a crucial factor of economic growth in the long run. Research results have shown that the hypothesis about absolute convergence of neoclassical economists can be accepted for a certain number of countries, whereas for others it must be rejected, which indicates the need for including new growth factors (population, investment, rule of law, education, innovativity, education, etc.) into research of economic growth and convergence among countries. Empirical analysis of the conditional convergence model has shown that economies grow faster when they are further away from its balanced state, and the rate of convergence depends on the rule of law, the propensity to save and innovate, which confirms the initial assumption about positive and significant effects of innovations on economic growth and the rate of convergence among countries of different initial level of development. The obtained results indicate that countries should invest more in improving economic innovativity because that will in turn accelerate economic growth and create a basis for its long-term sustainability.

Social sciences / economic development Уобичајен начин мерења привредног успеха представља мерење привредног раста, као јединог циља економске политике базиране на постулатима неокласичне економије. Искључива посвећеност привредном расту на значају добија нарочито у периодима кризе када се једини излаз види искључиво у повољним индексима раста. Раст, као увећање материјалне базе, је неопходан како би се повећала запосленост, остварили предуслови за напредак и технолошка достигнућа. У сиромашном свету раст представља једини излаз из беде и свеопште немаштине. Друштвено благостање, загађење околине, па и социјално задовољство, постају лако занемарљиви зарад раста. За мерење привредног раста развијени су и у употреби су значајни показатељи, од којих су најзаступљенији макроекономски агрегати којима се сумирају привредне активности, међу којима предњачи бруто домаћи производ. Иако представља меру производње, а не дохотка, бруто домаћи производ се веома често користи као апроксимативна мера благостања, односно животног стандарда становништва које није монетарна категорија. Лакоћа примене и доступност података учинила је овај показатељ готово незаменљивим. Одрживи развој подразумева раст као излаз из сиромаштва и путању ка развијеном стању које се може одржати на веома дугачак период. У ефикасној привреди, раст или развој претпоставља одвајање ресурса од потрошње тренутне генерације зарад инвестиција које ће повећати продуктивност будуће генерације. Да би развој био одржив путања развоја привреде мора бити у оквиру еколошких и технолошких ограничења. The standard way to measure economic success is by measuring economic growth, as the sole goal of the economic policy based on the principles of neoclassical economics. Exclusive orientation towards economic growth gains special importance in times of crises, when favourable growth indexes are seen as the only solution. Growth, together with the enlargement of the material base, is inevitable in order to increase employment and provide preconditions for development and technological advancement. In underdeveloped parts of the world, growth is the only way out of crisis and general poverty. Social welfare, environmental pollution and even social satisfaction are easily neglected in favor of growth. There are significant indicators available for measuring economic growth; the most widely used being macroeconomic aggregates that represent a sum of economic activity, with gross domestic product as the most prominent one. Even though it measures production rather than income, gross domestic product is often used as a proxy for welfare, i.e. the standard of living although a non-monetary value. Its ease of use and data availability are what makes this indicator almost indispensable. Sustainable development refers to growth as a means to ending poverty and taking the trajectory to a developed state that can be obtained for a very long period of time. In an efficient economy, growth or development means taking the resources from the current spending, in order to make investments that will increase the productivity of future generations. For development to be sustainable, the trajectory of economic development must remain within the limits of environmental and technological constraints. The problem of presenting the sustainability is of utmost importance, with several parameters having been defined to that effect, such as constant savings rate, constant capital to output ratio, balanced growth, constant pleasure, utility and so on.

Beginning with the theoretical survey of social, economic, ecological and institutionalrelevancy of rural development, the work explores vital potentials, priorities andchallenges of rural development, together with basic reasons for contrivance of themodel of rural development in the Republic of Serbia and the countries of the WesternBalkans in the conditions of Euro integrations. After the insight into the relatedliterature, the necessity of solving problems of rural development as integrated andcompatible with specificity of particular region in contemporary conditions isemphasized, since no generally accepted universal model of sustainable ruraldevelopment exists, but depends on rural developmental potentials and social andeconomic surroundings. Although the policy of sustainable rural development ofEuropean Union is not perfect per se, it still provides the best and strongest support tosocial and territorial cohesion of rural regions and is significant primarily as a referencebase for the outline of further strategy and policy of rural development of the Republicof Serbia and the countries of the Western Balkans from the viewpoint of their moreeffective endogenic development and EU integration. The countries of the WesternBalkans have suitable preconditions for successful application of the concept of integralrural development; however, there are numerous limitations in the development of theseregions in the process of European integrations. These countries are faced withsignificant structural changes in the economic, organizational and managementstructure in terms of new EU rural policy. Therefore, all countries conduct reformsaimed at harmonization and strengthening connections with major priorities of EU ruraldevelopment; hence a suitable model of rural development is still being shaped inpractice. The ultimate effect of these changes is related to strengthening of localentrepreneuring and organizational activities and initiatives, the network of localorganizations of civic society and local action groups in the function of improvement ofcompetitive abilities of rural economy. Defining clear and realizable strategic aims andpriorities, as well as their implementation will be of decisive importance forcontrivance of the model of rural development in the Republic of Serbia and othercountries of the Western Balkans in the future. Significant unsolved issued wereidentified together with the courses of regulatory reforms of development of ruralregions in these countries.Intersectoral and interregional connection, decentralization and strengthening the roleof local factors in the creation and realization of strategies in policy, model and practiceof rural development have a strong effect on more efficient activation of localresources, increase of attractiveness for investment in rural regions and more rationalutilization of finance for the development of rural communities. Demographicrevitalization of rural regions, promotion of rural economy and entrepreneurialstimulation of the programs of development of small and medium enterprises, as well asenvironmental protection and facilitation are of vital significance

Predmet istraţivanja ove doktorske disertacije je odreĊivanje znaĉaja preduzetništva kao faktora razvoja agro(privrede) Republike Srpske. Preduzetništvo je vaţan element ekonomskog razvoja i konkurentnosti privrede, gde je Republika Srpska tipiĉan primer zemlje tranziciji. Stoga je aspekt preduzetništva posmatran na makro nivou, da bi se uspešno moglo sagledati i na jednom segmentu privrede – agroprivreda, a zatim i mikro nivou. U konkretnom primeru Republike Srpske, kao tranzicione zemlje, postoje još uvek odreĊena ograniĉenja da bi se uspešno sprovela reforma i agrarnog i prehrambenog sektora. Glavna ograniĉenja u daljem razvoju ova dva sektora su: nezadovoljavajuća agrarna struktura, nerešeno agrarno zakonodavstvo, nekonkurentnost proizvoda, slaba iskorišćenost proizvodnih kapaciteta i sl. U prelaznoj fazi kod transformisanja agrarnog i prehrambenog sektora u savremeniji trţišni model odluĉujuću ulogu ima agro(preduzetništvo). Rezultat ovog istraţivanja ukazuje da Republika Srpska ima znaĉajne potencijale za razvoj oba sektora, ali su nedovoljno razvijeni. Naime, sadašnji agrarni i prehrambeni sektor zadovoljava potrebe domaćeg stanovništva. Sa druge strane postoje znaĉajni potencijali za takav razvoj agroprivrede koji bi obezbedio plasman ovih proizvoda na inostranom trţištu. Rezultati istraţivanja ukazuju da je potrebno dinamiĉnije razviti sektor malih i srednjih preduzeća u agroprivredi Republike Srpske. U prilog tome govore rezultati sprovedene ankete za potrebu istraţivanja u disertaciji. Naime, rezultati ukazuju da znaĉajniji udeo u preduzetništvu agroprivrede Republike Srpske imaju mikro preduzeća u odnosu na mala i srednja preduzeća. U tom kontekstu je opravdanije formiranje malih i srednjih preduzeća u primarnoj proizvodnji, dok u prehrambenoj proizvodnji je opravdanije formiranje srednjih preduzeća. TakoĊe, za uspešno poslovanje MSP sektora u agroprivredi Republike Srpske potrebno je povoljno makroekonomsko okruţenje (bruto društveni proizvod, inflacija, trţište rada, spoljnotrgovinsko poslovanje i priliv stranih direktnih investicija). Odluĉujuću ulogu daljem razvoju agropreduzetništva Republike Srpske imaju institucionalni i pravni okviri razvoja preduzetništva, kroz razvoj ĉitavog niza zakona i strategija, kao i institucija koji su u funkciji razvoja agroprivrede. TakoĊe, razvoj preduzetniĉke infrastrukture je znaĉajan faktor unapreĊenja preduzetništva u agroprivredi Republike Srpske, ali i za ekonomski razvoj lokalne zajednice. Konaĉno, razvoj preduzetništva u Republici Srpskoj višestruko doprinosi razvoju agroprivrede preko: većeg stepena iskorišćavanja poljo(privrednih) potencijala, većeg stepena finalizacije poljoprivrednih proizvoda, revitalizaciji sela, smanjenja depopulacije seoskog stanovništva, rasta konkurentnosti, veće zaposlenosti radno sposobnog stanovništva, pa konaĉno i celokupnog ekonomskog razvoja Republike Srpske., Subject of this dissertation is to determine the importance of entrepreneurship as a factor in the development of agro(business) of Republic of Srpska. Entrepreneurship is an important element of economic development and competitiveness of the economy, and Republic of Srpska is typical example of a country in transition. Therefore, the aspect of entrepreneurship monitored on a macro level, in order to successfully be seen in a segment of the economy - agrobusiness, and then the micro level. In the specific case of the Republic of Serbian, as well as a country in transition, there are still some limitations in order to successfully implement the reform of agricultural and food sector. The main limitations to the further development of these two sectors are unsatisfactory agrarian structure, unresolved agrarian legislation, deficiency of product competitiveness, low utilization of production capacity, etc. In the transitional phase of transformation the agricultural and food sector in the modern market model the crucial role is played by agro(entrepreneurship). The results of this study indicate that in Republic of Srpska has significant potential in both sectors, but they are under-developed. The current agricultural and food sector satisfies the nutritional needs of the local population. On the other hand, there is significant potential for development of agrobusiness which would be provided distribution of these products on the international market. The results indicate the need for more dynamic develop of sector of small and medium-sized enterprises in agrobusiness in Republic of Srpska This assertion confirmed by the results of the survey for the need of research in this dissertation. The results indicate that more signigicant share in agroentrepreneurship in Republic of Srspka have micro- enterprises than small and medium-sized enterprises. In this context, it is justifiable to formation of small and medium enterprises in primary production, while food production has more justified the formation medium-sized companies. Also, for successful management of SME sector in agrobusiness in Republic of Srpska is necessary to provide favorable macro-economic environment (GDP, inflation, labor market, foreign trade and foreign direct investment). Crucial role in further development of agroentrepreneurship in Republic of Srpska have institutional and legal framework for the development of entrepreneurship, through the development of a series of laws and policies, and institutions which are in in the function of development of agrobusiness. Also, the development of entrepreneurial infrastructure is an important factor in promoting entrepreneurship in agrobusiness of Republic of Srpska, but also for the economic development of local communities. Finally, the development of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Srpska have multiple contributions for the development agrobusiness through: a higher level of exploitation agricultural(economic) potential, the greater the level of finished agricultural products, the revitalization of the village, to reduce rural depopulation, increase competitiveness, increasing employment rate of working-age population, and finally and the overall economic development of the Republic of Srpska.

U epicentru ovog istraživanja nalazi se spolјnotrgovinski deficit Srbije i to posmatran iz tri osnovne perspektive. Najpre smo krenuli od analize dinamike spolјnotrgovinske razmene u vremenskom periodu od 1987. do 2005. godine. Nakon toga usredsredili smo se na rasvetlјavanje strukturnih karakteristika spolјnotrgovinske razmene Srbije s cilјem da otkrijemo da li se jedan od uzroka spolјnotrgovinske neravnoteže krije u strukturnim distorzijama. Konačno, koristeći ekonometrijske tehnike pokušali smo da lociramo najvažnije determinante robnog izvoza, uvoza i spolјnotrgovinskog deficita. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je u periodu opšteg ekonomskog i socijalnog kolapsa od 1987. do 2000. godine, uprkos oštrom smanjenju izvoza i uvoza, spolјnotrgovinski deficit povećan oko četiri puta. Takođe, tokom stabilizacionog perioda (2001-2005.), uporedo sa rastom robnog izvoza i naglim skokom robnog uvoza, spolјnotrgovinski deficit je uvećan približno tri puta. S druge strane, struktura izvoza pogoršana je u periodu od 1987 do 2005. godine i to zbog povećanja udela primarnih i smanjenja udela industrijskih i tehnološki-intenzivnih proizvoda, ali i zbog divergencije u odnosu na prosečnu strukturu izvoza razvijenih zemalјa i prosečnu strukturu uvoza zemalјa u koje Srbija najviše izvozi. Suprotne tendencije uočene su kada je u pitanju robni uvoz. Osim toga, na ozbilјne strukturne distorzije ukazuje i činjenica da je struktura izvoza u okviru koga Srbija iskazuje otkrivene komparativne prednosti lošija od strukture ukupnog izvoza. Dakle, privreda Srbije se integriše u svetsko tržište i tržište EU prevashodno na bazi troškovne konkurentnosti i komparativnih prednosti zasnovanih na faktorskoj raspoloživosti. Ujedno, robna koncentracija izvoza i uvoza ne predstavlјa opasnost za platni bilans zemlјe, dok bi visoka geografska koncentracija izvoza mogla da bude uzrok povećanja spolјnotrgovinskog deficita. Rezultati ekonometrijskog istraživanja su pokazali da su precenjenost realnog efektivnog deviznog kursa i industrijska proizvodnja najznačajnije determinante ukupnog robnog uvoza. Nakon njih slede realne bruto plate sa nešto slabijim, ali ipak značajnim uticajem. Još slabiji uticaj vrše efektivne carinske stope, cena nafte i ukupan robni izvoz, dok je najslabiji uticaj imalo srednjoročno i dugoročno zaduživanje u inostranstvu. Ove varijable su, izuzimajući robni izvoz, istovremeno i najvažnije determinante spolјnotrgovinskog deficita, na šta ukazuje i veoma visoka direktna korelacija uvoza i deficita. Konačno, spolјnotrgovinski deficit je u periodu 2001-2005. uglavnom bio finansiran tekućim transferima, srednjoročnim i dugoročnim kreditima i stranim direktnim investicijama. In the core of this research there is the Serbian foreign trade deficit, viewed from three basic prospectives. Firstly, we started from the analysis of the international trade dynamics in the period between 1987 and 2005. Afterwards, we focused to structural characteristics of the Serbian foreign trade, aiming to discover whether one of the causes of foreign trade imbalance is hidden in structural distorsion. Finally, using econometric techniques, we have tried to locate most important determinants of import and export of goods, as well as foreign trade deficit. The results of the research have shown that during the period of general economic and social collapse between 1987 and 2000, dispite sharp fall in import and export, foreign trade deficit increased four times. Also, during stabilization period (2001-2005), along with increase in export of goods and sharp rise in import of goods, foreign trade deficit trebled. On the other hand, structure of export worsened in the period between 1987 and 2005, particularly because of the increase in share of primary and decrease in share of industrial and technology-intensive products, but also due to divergence in respect to average export structure of developed countries and average import structure of those countries towards which Serbia has majority of its export. Opposite tendencies have been noticed when talking about import of goods. Besides, serious structural distortions are also seen through the fact that export structure within which Serbia expresses revealed comparative advantages is worse than the structure of total export. So, Serbian economy is being integrated into the world market and the EU market predominantly on the basis of comparative advantages based on factor abundance. Also, commodity concentration of import and export does not represent danger for balance of payments, while high country concentration of export may be cause for the increase of foreign trade deficit. The results of econometric researches have shown that real effective foreign exchange rate and industrial production are the most significant determinants of total import of goods. These are followed by real gross wages with weaker, but still significant impact. Even weaker impact is made by effective tariff rates, price of oil and total export of goods, while the weakest impact is made by medium term and long term indebtedness abroad. These variables, except for export of goods, are at the same time most important determinants of foreign trade deficit, which is also pointed out by very high direct correlation between import and deficit. Finally, in the period between 2001-2005, foreign trade deficit was mostly financed with current transfers, medium term and long term loans and foreign direct investments