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Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants. Ancient DNA data generation Before the LGM LGM in southwestern and western Europe Post-LGM in the Italian peninsula Post-LGM in western and central Europe Post-14 ka to Neolithic Phenotypically relevant variants Discussion and conclusions Methods

The article reveals the problem of forming a holistic perception of the world around a junior student in the lessons "I explore the world". It is noted that to form in students a holistic image of the world (holistic picture of the world, worldview) is possible provided a correct understanding of its essence. The concept of "worldview" is revealed, and it is noted that close in meaning to the concept of "worldview" are the concepts: "general scientific picture of the world", "holistic picture of the world", "worldview", "worldview" and "worldview". The difference between the concepts of "worldview" and "picture of the world" is that the worldview acts as a methodology for constructing a general scientific picture of the world. We have determined that the process of forming a holistic picture of the world is a complex, multi-stage process. The main aspects of which can be distinguished: perception, refraction through the "I" of new knowledge and sensations; awareness of information related to mental and sensory activities; formation of one's own picture of the world in the mind of the individual. All these stages are interconnected and interdependent. There is a direct relationship between the worldview of man and knowledge. Yes, lack of knowledge makes the picture of the world of the individual incomplete. Perceptions of the world are correlated with the main components of the holistic picture of the child's world, including such concentrates as Nature, Man, Society, Culture, Science. Thus, the formation of a holistic picture of the world is, on the one hand, the student's awareness of the many connections and dependencies between objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality, and on the other - the ability to see the world in its various aspects, from different positions: through scientific knowledge facts, image design, attitude and establishing human relationships with the outside world. We noted that the picture of the individual's world depends on a number of objective and subjective factors. Therefore, for the younger student, an important source of spiritual life is the world of things - their essence, causation and dependence.

Currently, the main treatment facilities in the sewage system of mine waters are ponds. Their construction leads to flooding and flooding of large areas of adjacent inguinal lands. In this regard, it is proposed to replace them with horizontal settlers, the calculation of which is recommended to be carried out using a method based on the results of modeling their work in a hydraulic tray., В настоящее время основными очистными сооружениями в системе канализации шахтных вод являются пруды-отстойники. Их строительство приводит к затоплению и подтоплению больших площадей прилегающих паховых земель. В связи с этим предлагается заменить их горизонтальными отстойниками, расчет которых рекомендуется проводить методом, основанном на результатах моделирования их работы в гидравлическом лотке., В даний час основними очисними спорудами в системі каналізації шахтних вод є ставки-відстійники. Їх будівництво призводить до затоплення і підтоплення великих площ прилеглих пахових земель. У зв'язку з цим пропонується замінити їх горизонтальними відстійниками, розрахунок яких рекомендується проводити методом, заснованому на результатах моделювання їх роботи в гідравлічному лотку.

Background. to comparatively investigate cytokine gene expression in the skin and peripheral blood of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and healthy individuals. Methods. Samples of skin and peripheral blood from 48 severe AD patients SCORAD (Scoring Atopic Dermatitis) 78,5 [57; 89], IGA (Investigators Global Assessment) 4,2 [3,9; 4,7]) at the age of 17 to 45 years and 20 healthy donors aged from 19 to 32 years were analyzed for gene expression of cytokines using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results. In the skin of patients with AD, a significant increase of the level of gene expression was observed for interleukin IL2R (interleukin) (р=0,0023), IL5 (р=0,002), IL6 (р=0,0023), IL8 (р=0,01), IL12β (р=0,0023), IL10 (р=0,0023), IL23 (р=0,002), IL29 (р=0,0023), and TGFβ (transforming growth factor) (p=0,0023) as compared to healthy individuals. In contrast, no difference between AD patients and healthy donors was detected with respect to cytokine gene expression in the peripheral blood. Conclusions. Activity of IL-2R, IL-8, IL-12β, IL-23, IL-29, and TGFβ that are markers of chronic inflammation and Th1 immune response in severe AD and IL-5, IL-10 that are anti-inflammatory cytokines and markers of Th2 response was predominant in the skin but not in the blood of AD patients.