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Tuberculosis and Pneumonia are among the major airborne diseases that shares common clinical traits with high human morbidity and mortality impacts. Thus, the co-infection of the two diseases becomes unavoidable in a community of comorbid populations. Due to scare resources, the huge disease burden co-imposed by these endemics requires an effective intervention to cushion the effect. To achieve this goal, cost–benefit analysis for the optimal controls is deemed necessary. In this study, an SEIR model for the co-dynamics of tuberculosis and pneumonia is formulated. The model was shown to have a globally stable disease-free (endemic) equilibrium where the reproduction number is less (greater) than unity. Sensitivity analysis by partial rank correlation coefficients shows that increasing infection recovery is only one among the three most influential parameters that reduces the magnitude of the diseases. Through Pontryagin′s maximum principle, the number of infected individuals and cost of controls (public health campaign, chemoprophylaxis, oral fluid intake and treatment) was minimized. In implementing the cost–benefit analysis, we employ three techniques: the Infection Averted Ratio (IAR), the Average Cost-effectiveness Ratio (ACER) and the Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratio (ICER). On comparing the strategies considering cases (A–E), the ICER results showed that, strategy with treating tuberculosis alone is the most effective and cost-saving strategy. But in terms of infections averted, strategy with all the control measures is the best; however, unaffordable since it is highly expensive. We hope that, the findings of this study should help policy-makers when dealing with the co-existence of tuberculosis and pneumonia.

Background: Post-abortion care (PAC) is a crucial component of emergency obstetric care, and many of the primary health care centres (PHC) in the internally displaced person (IDP) camps and host communities in Maiduguri lack it. Improved access to high-quality PACs is essential for meeting the reproductive health needs of the IDPs and reducing the maternal morbidity and mortality that can result from miscarriages. OBJECTIVE: To determine the trend in managing miscarriages in the IDP camps and host communities in Maiduguri and the impact of the volunteer obstetrician scheme (VOS) on PAC., Methodology: We conducted a longitudinal study in selected PHCs serving IDP camps and host communities in Maiduguri. The study spanned five (5) years, and we compared the management of miscarriages and PAC services one year before the VOS project, two years during the project and two years after the project. During the two-year VOS project, staff manning the PHCs had supportive supervision with hands-on training on PAC. Chi-square for trend and odd ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used as appropriate to compare the trend in PAC services provided during the study period., Results: One thousand eight hundred and eight (1808) women presented with miscarriages, and 1562 (86.4%) required uterine evacuation. Medical evacuation with oral misoprostol was offered to 974 (62.4%), and manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) was used in 422 (27.0%) of the women who needed uterine evacuation. There was a statistically significant rise in the use of medical evacuation throughout the study period (52.2% before VOS, and 71.4% by the second year of VOS) with ꭓ2=41.64 and P<0.001. In comparison, the use of MVA fell from 38.6% in 2015 to 27.7% in 2019 (ꭓ2=34.74 and P<0.001). Similar rising trends were also observed in postabortion family planning acceptance (ꭓ2=22.27, P<0.001)., Conclusion: The Volunteer Obstetrician Scheme project appears to have improved PAC services, especially medical evacuation and family planning uptake in the PHCs in IDP camps and host communities in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. We recommend task shifting of PAC services and periodic supportive supervision to ensure the quality of care., Competing Interests: The Authors declare that no competing interest exists, (Copyright © 2024 by West African Journal of Medicine.)